Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts, allowing for mass production of firearms using standardized components that could be swapped in and out. This innovation helped Whitney win a contract to produce muskets for the U.S. government, as he estimated he could produce a musket every 13 minutes using an assembly line approach with interchangeable parts, far outpacing previous production methods. Whitney's use of interchangeable parts revolutionized manufacturing and helped establish the U.S. as a major industrial power.