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Editor's Notes

• #6: Print journalists usually report for newspapers or magazines. They may be full-time reporters for one particular publication or freelance writers who contribute to a variety of different publications. Oftentimes a print journalist will be paired with a photojournalist who will take pictures to complement the written story. Photojournalists are different from traditional photographers in that they are more interested in capturing images that tell a story than ones that just look nice. Photojournalists are generally highly-trained photographers who may have worked in a traditional photography medium like wedding photography before transitioning into journalism. Broadcast journalism encompasses both television and radio news. There are two ways that journalists can be involved in broadcast journalism: behind the scenes or on the air. Journalists working behind the scenes do a lot of research and reporting, but their faces or voices will not be broadcast. Journalists who work on the air may do their own reporting or read stories crafted by their colleagues. Multimedia Journalism: This is the newest field of journalism and also the fastest-growing. Multimedia journalism can encompass all the fields listed above because a web page can have a written story, still photos, video, and audio. Multimedia journalists are encouraged to have a wide set of storytelling abilities, as well as highly defined technical skills.
• #7: Types of journalist by task Within these different media, there are different types of journalists. In large organisations like RTE or BBC, journalists will probably specialise in only one task. But in smaller organisations such as any local newspaper, each journalist may have a number of tasks. So what are the different types of journalists? Reporters gather information and present it in a written or spoken form in news stories, feature articles or documentaries. Reporters may work on the staff of news organisations, but may also work freelance, writing stories for whoever pays them.General reporters cover all sorts of news stories, but some journalists specialise in certain areas such as reporting sport, politics or agriculture. Sub-editors take the stories written by reporters and put them into a form which suits the special needs of their particular newspaper, magazine, bulletin or web page. Sub-editors do not usually gather information themselves. Their job is to concentrate on how the story can best be presented to their audience. They are often called subs. The person in charge of them is called the chief sub-editor, usually shortened to chief sub. Photojournalists use photographs to tell the news. They either cover events with a reporter, taking photographs to illustrate the written story, or attend news events on their own, presenting both the pictures and a story or caption. The editor is usually the person who makes the final decision about what is included in the newspaper, magazine or news bulletins. He or she is responsible for all the content and all the journalists. Editors may have deputies and assistants to help them. The news editor is the person in charge of the news journalists. In small organisations, the news editor may make all the decisions about what stories to cover and who will do the work. In larger organisations, the news editor may have a deputy, often called the chief of staff, whose special job is to assign reporters to the stories selected. Feature writers work for newspapers and magazines, writing longer stories which usually give background to the news. In small organisations the reporters themselves will write feature articles. The person in charge of features is usually called the features editor. Larger radio or television stations may have specialist staff producing current affairs programs - the broadcasting equivalent of the feature article. The person in charge of producing a particular current affairs program is usually called the producer and the person in charge of all the programs in that series is called the executive producer or EP. Specialist writers may be employed to produce personal commentary columns or reviews of things such as books, films, art or performances. They are usually selected for their knowledge about certain subjects or their ability to write well. Again, small organisations may use general reporters for some or all of these tasks.
• #8: Some journalists define themselves not by the medium that they use to tell their stories but the kind of stories they tell. Oftentimes journalists are assigned 'beats,' particular topics that they will cover exclusively. These journalists have the opportunity to develop a high level of expertise in their beats and develop valuable contacts in the field. Some popular beats include: Sports Business Politics Arts and culture Education Crime
• #15: Make sure you understand the event. Is it a graduation? And award ceremony? What’s it’s history? When was it established? Make sure you double check the names of the people, their titles. You must spell proper nouns correctly. Look it up names of organizations or businesses to double check. Ask the person to spell their name and then have them check their name for correctness. Don’t be embarrassed to ask. It can’t be as embarrassing as printing an incorrect spelling. Make sure dates are correct. Double check on a calendar if you are not sure. Make sure you are recording the facts, not your opinion. Don’t write until you know what you want to say. Show; don’t tell. Put good quotes and human interest high in the story. Verify each fact and quote. Put relevant illustrations or anecdotes up high in the story. Use concrete nouns and colorful action verbs. Avoid adjectival exuberance and resist propping up verbs with adverbs. Avoid judgments and inferences. Let the facts talk. Don’t raise questions you cannot answer in your copy. Write simply, succinctly, honestly and quickly.
• #22: Timeliness/immediacy: What is happening now? Proximity: How close to the reader is the story happening? Can they connect to it? Impact/Consequence: How will the story impact your reader? If it doesn’t impact your reader, re-evaluate your story. Conflict: Is there conflict between people, or governments? Prominence/Celebrity: Is the person in the story well known? This could be well known in the community, not just famous people. Oddity/Rarity/Novelty: Is there something out of the ordinary about the story? Readers are often interested in the unusual. Things that happen less frequently are often considered more interesting. Human Interest/Emotion: How does the story impact you emotionally? Does it make you laugh? Cry? Get angry? Does it pull at your heart strings? Currency: Sometimes a story becomes news just because a lot of people are talking about it. For example: the water charges. News Value: The value is determined when a story has one or more of the elements of news. The more elements of news that are present, the more the story is said to have value.
• #23: Audience: Who is the story for? Policy: What is policy of your paper on the type of stories that they will cover. Some publications have policies on what and how a story can be written. Competition: Whatever other media your audience reads or watches. Presentation: How your story looks makes a difference. Take good photos, create interesting infographics, write an intriguing headline.
• #25: It’s important to have as many of these as possible in the first line of the story.
• #27: Who? What? How? Why? Where? When? Who? What? Where? When? Why? Who? What? When? Why? Where?
• #28: What? Where? When? Who? How? Why? What? Where? When? Who? Why?
• #29: When? What? Where? Who? Why? (Because he was accused in their deaths) When? What? Where? (BBC) How? (radio) Who?
• #30: Why? Where? (California) Who? (Dept. of Public Health) How? (issued a report) What? (the report) Why? Who? What? When?
• #31: Where? Who? When? (Winter) What? (hardship) Why? (War-stricken) Where? What? Why? Who? When?
• #32: How? Who? What? Where?
• #36: Break into groups of two or three.
• #37: Facts at ‘press conference’ with Superintendent Jessica Thompson: On Thursday night a Mrs Wolf reported her husband, Mr Big Bad Wolf missing. The search ended yesterday evening (Sunday) when the remains of a wolf were found in a large black pot in the home of a Mr Third Little Pig. Mr Little Pig has been brought in for questioning, along with his siblings, a Mr First Little Pig and a Miss Second Little Pig, both of whom reported the destruction of their houses early last week. The three had recently moved out of their mother, Mrs Pig’s home and were building homes of their own. The houses in question were not built according to regulations. One was made of straw and the other of sticks. The houses were allegedly blown down by Mr Wolf. Mr Third Pig told us that Mr Wolf attempted to blow his house, which was made of bricks, down on Friday afternoon, as he had allegedly done with the houses of Mr Little Pig’s siblings. Mr Pig reports that after failing to blow the house down, Mr Wolf banged on the windows and doors before climbing onto the roof. He says there was a pot of water boiling over a fire with no lid on it and the wolf fell in. The body in the pot was identified by Mrs Wolf has her missing husband last night. The three pigs are currently being questioned.