Endocrine online
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The document discusses the endocrine system and hormone function. It covers topics such as: - The main endocrine glands that release hormones and their functions in controlling cell activity and metabolism. - The two main mechanisms by which hormones act - through membrane receptors or by directly interacting with DNA. - How hormones bind to target cells and cause changes through second messengers or gene transcription. - Negative feedback loops help control hormone release by inhibiting upstream glands from producing more hormones.
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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMMeegsEstabillo2
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The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system and pituitary gland:
- The endocrine system regulates reproduction, growth, metabolism, and other processes via hormones transported by the bloodstream. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus play central roles by controlling hormone release.
- The hypothalamus regulates the posterior pituitary via neural connections and the anterior pituitary via hypothalamic-releasing hormones transported through a portal system.
- The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) under neural control. ADH deficiency or excess can cause diabetes insipidus or water retention disorders.10-INTRODUCTION-TO-ENDOCRINE-SYSTEM.pptx
10-INTRODUCTION-TO-ENDOCRINE-SYSTEM.pptxAminaAkhtar7
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The endocrine system is a network of glands producing hormones that regulate bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood. Hormones are classified into autocrine, paracrine, neurotransmitter, and endocrine messengers, with different mechanisms of action and stability based on their structure. Feedback control mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback, regulate hormone secretion, ensuring homeostasis and proper functioning of the endocrine system.Endocrine Physiology introduction.pptx
Endocrine Physiology introduction.pptxdina merzeban
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The endocrine system coordinates body functions through chemical messenger systems including hormones. Hormones can act locally as neurotransmitters or at distant sites as endocrine hormones. They are classified based on their site of secretion and target cells. The pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands and has anterior and posterior lobes that secrete hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, and oxytocin. Hormones act through cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling to regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.Endocrine system Physiology introduction.pptx
Endocrine system Physiology introduction.pptxdina merzeban
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"This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation provides a detailed overview of the physiology of the endocrine system. Explore the intricate network of glands, hormones, and their target tissues that regulate essential bodily functions. Learn about the mechanisms of hormone action, including receptor binding and signal transduction. Discover the roles of major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas in maintaining homeostasis. This presentation is ideal for students, educators, and healthcare professionals seeking a clear and concise understanding of endocrine physiology. Key topics covered include:
* Hormone classification and synthesis
* Feedback mechanisms and regulation
* Specific gland functions and associated hormones
* Common endocrine disorders and their physiological basis
* Clinical correlations and applications
Whether you're preparing for an exam, teaching a class, or simply interested in the fascinating world of endocrinology, this PowerPoint offers a valuable resource for mastering the core principles of endocrine physiology."
hormone final.pptx
hormone final.pptxYadav Raj
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Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands and circulate in the bloodstream. They control metabolic processes and trigger physiological responses in target cells. There are two main classes of hormones - lipophilic hormones like steroids that pass through cell membranes to bind intracellular receptors, and hydrophilic peptides/amines that bind surface receptors and trigger intracellular signaling cascades using second messengers like cAMP or calcium. The endocrine system coordinates key body functions through the action of hormones, maintaining homeostasis.Ad
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Endocrine online
- 1. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 15 Part I Overview Hormone types Hormone activity
- 2. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System Function Control cell activity metabolism Release hormones Slower control than CNS/PNS Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
- 3. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Endocrine System: Overview Some organs have endocrine and exocrine function pancreas and gonads adipose cells, thymus, small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart Hypothalamus has neural and endocrine functions
- 4. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.1 Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Parathyroid glands (on dorsal aspect of thyroid gland) Thymus Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovary (female) Testis (male)
- 5. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical Messengers Hormones: Long ranging chemical signals, travel through blood or lymph Autocrine: chemicals affect the cells that secretes them self stimulating Paracrine: locally acting chemicals that affect other cells
- 6. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Hormone Action How hormones cause change: 1. Open or close ion channels 2. Stimulate synthesis of proteins 3. Activate or deactivate enzymes 4. Induce secretion 5. Stimulate mitosis
- 7. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry of Hormones Two main classes 1. Amino acid-based hormones Water soluble ex. Proteins such as tryptophan 2. Steroids Non-water soluble Made from cholesterol ex. Estrogen & testosterone
- 8. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mechanisms of Hormone Action Two mechanisms, depends on chemical makeup 1. Water-soluble hormones (amino acidbased) Cannot enter target cells Cant pass through plasma membrane Bind to receptors on cell surface Initiate chain reactions inside cell
- 9. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Membrane Receptors and Second-Messengers Hormone signaling mechanism 1. Hormone (primary messenger) binds to surface receptor 2. Receptor activates internal signals(secondary messengers) 3. Triggers change in the cell Increased mitosis Protein production
- 10. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.2, step 1 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. Receptor Hormones that act via cAMP mechanisms: Epinephrine ACTH FSH LH Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm Glucagon PTH TSH Calcitonin 1 Figure 15.2, step 2 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. Receptor activates G protein (GS). Receptor G protein (GS) Hormones that act via cAMP mechanisms: Epinephrine ACTH FSH LH Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm GDP Glucagon PTH TSH Calcitonin 1 2 Figure 15.2, step 3 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. Receptor activates G protein (GS). G protein activates adenylate cyclase. Receptor G protein (GS) Adenylate cyclase Hormones that act via cAMP mechanisms: Epinephrine ACTH FSH LH Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm GDP Glucagon PTH TSH Calcitonin 1 2 3 Figure 15.2, step 4 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. Receptor G protein (GS) Adenylate cyclase Hormones that act via cAMP mechanisms: Epinephrine ACTH FSH LH Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm GDP Glucagon PTH TSH Calcitonin 1 2 3 4 Figure 15.2, step 5 Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. cAMP acti- vates protein kinases.Receptor G protein (GS) Adenylate cyclase Triggers responses of target cell (activates enzymes, stimulates cellular secretion, opens ion channel,etc.) Hormones that act via cAMP mechanisms: Epinephrine ACTH FSH LH Inactive protein Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm Active protein GDP Glucagon PTH TSH Calcitonin 1 4 5 cAMP is a common second messenger.
- 11. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mechanisms of Hormone Action 2. Lipid-soluble hormones (steroids) Can pass through plasma membrane Bind to intracellular receptors Directly activates gene Receptor + hormone binds to DNA Promotes transcription of mRNA mRNA then translated into protein
- 12. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.3, step 1 Receptor- hormone complex Receptor protein Cytoplasm Nucleus Extracellular fluid Steroid hormone The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor. Plasma membrane 1 Figure 15.3, step 2 Receptor- hormone complex Receptor protein Cytoplasm Nucleus Extracellular fluid Steroid hormone The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor. The receptor- hormone complex enters the nucleus. Plasma membrane 1 2 Figure 15.3, step 3 DNA Hormone response elements Receptor- hormone complex Receptor protein Cytoplasm Nucleus Extracellular fluid Steroid hormone The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor. The receptor- hormone complex enters the nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds a hormone response element (a specific DNA sequence). Plasma membrane 1 2 3 Figure 15.3, step 4 mRNA DNA Hormone response elements Receptor- hormone complex Receptor protein Cytoplasm Nucleus Extracellular fluid Steroid hormone The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor. The receptor- hormone complex enters the nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds a hormone response element (a specific DNA sequence). Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA. Plasma membrane 1 2 3 4 Figure 15.3, step 5 mRNA New protein DNA Hormone response elements Receptor- hormone complex Receptor protein Cytoplasm Nucleus Extracellular fluid Steroid hormone The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor. The receptor- hormone complex enters the nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds a hormone response element (a specific DNA sequence). Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA. The mRNA directs protein synthesis. Plasma membrane 1 2 3 4 5
- 13. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Target Cell Activation Target cell activation depends on: 1. Presence of receptor Target cells must have specific hormone receptors Receptors are often limited to specific tissues 1. Hormone concentration 2. Number of receptors on cell 3. binding of receptor and hormone
- 14. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Target Cell Activation Hormones can influence receptor numbers Up-regulation more receptors Down-regulation lose receptors
- 15. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Control of Hormone Release Negative feedback loops Help control hormone release Hormones produced inhibit upstream glands ex. To make hormone 3 you need hormones 1 and 2. Negative feedback loop is hormone 3 inhibits production of hormones 1 and 2. Prevents overproduction of hormones
- 16. Copyright 息 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15.4c Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Gonad (Testis) Pituitary gland 1 The hypothalamus secretes hormones that 2 stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that 3 stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones Negative feedbackNegative Feedback Loop