Endocrine System
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The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes the general features of endocrine glands, including that they are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. It then lists several major endocrine glands, their locations, and the hormones they secrete. These glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and pineal glands. The document concludes by describing the structure and cellular composition of each gland, as well as the functions of their major hormones.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system, including the pituitary gland and its regulation of other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. It describes the cell types and hormone secretions of each gland. The pituitary gland is located in the brain and connected to the hypothalamus. It regulates other glands via releasing and inhibiting hormones. The target glands include the thyroid, which produces hormones regulating metabolism, and the adrenals, which produce corticosteroids.More Related Content
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The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate metabolic processes. It includes glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas and gonads that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These target distant cells and trigger metabolic responses, with the hypothalamus and pituitary acting as the primary controllers of the other endocrine glands.ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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油
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The endocrine system comprises widely separated ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, influencing various physiological processes including growth, metabolism, and homeostasis. The pituitary gland, often termed the 'master' gland, regulates other endocrine glands through its anterior and posterior lobes, controlling hormone release via feedback mechanisms. Disorders may arise from hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones, affecting growth and development as seen in conditions like gigantism, acromegaly, and pituitary dwarfism.Physiology of Endocrine System
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The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system, including the pituitary gland and its regulation of other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. It describes the cell types and hormone secretions of each gland. The pituitary gland is located in the brain and connected to the hypothalamus. It regulates other glands via releasing and inhibiting hormones. The target glands include the thyroid, which produces hormones regulating metabolism, and the adrenals, which produce corticosteroids.18. endocrine system
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The endocrine system regulates longer-term metabolic processes through hormones. It includes glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland. Hormones are chemical messengers that alter the activity of distant tissues. They include amino acid derivatives, peptides, steroids, and eicosanoids. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland form a master regulatory system for the endocrine system and other body functions via releasing and inhibiting hormones. Glands operate via negative or positive feedback loops to maintain homeostasis. Diseases can disrupt the delicate balance of the endocrine system.Endocrine systemThe glands and organs that make hormones and release them dir...
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The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate vital body functions, including mood, growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, each producing specific hormones that help maintain homeostasis and promote structural changes in the body. The system plays a crucial role in various physiological processes and encompasses nearly 30 hormones that significantly influence behavior and characteristics.The Endocrine System.pptx
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The Endocrine System is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. There are 12 major endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, which control the other glands. Hormones produced by these glands work together to regulate processes such as metabolism, growth and development, fluid balance, and reproduction. The nervous and endocrine systems also interact and complement each other, though hormones tend to have longer-lasting effects than nerves.The Endocrine System.pdf
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The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. There are 12 major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes, pineal and thymus. These glands work together to control processes like metabolism, growth and development, fluid balance, and reproduction through hormones like insulin, estrogen and thyroid hormones. The nervous and endocrine systems complement each other, with nerves responding quickly and hormones having longer-lasting, slower effects on the body.Endocrine System - Organs.pptx
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The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. There are 12 major endocrine glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes, pineal and thymus. These glands work together to control processes like metabolism, growth and development, fluid balance, and reproduction through hormones like insulin, estrogen and thyroid hormones. The nervous and endocrine systems complement each other, with nerves responding quickly and hormones having longer-lasting, widespread effects on the body.Ad
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Cushings Ulcer (due to intracranial injury)
Curlings Ulcer (seen in burn patients)
Pharmacological Management
1. Acid Suppression Therapy
Class Examples Mechanism
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole, Pantoprazole Irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
H2-Receptor Antagonists Ranitidine, Famotidine Block histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion
2. Mucosal Protective Agents
Class Examples Mechanism
Prostaglandin Analogues Misoprostol Increases mucus & bicarbonate; decreases acid; protects mucosa
Mucosal Coating Agents Sucralfate Forms protective barrier over ulcer site
Bismuth Compounds Bismuth subsalicylate Antimicrobial, mucosal protective, and anti-inflammatory
3. Eradication Therapy (for H. pylori)
Combination of:
PPI + Two Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin + clarithromycin OR metronidazole + tetracycline)
Duration: 714 days depending on local guidelines
See BNF regimens above for detailed protocols
4. Cytoprotective/Adjunctive Agents
Class Examples Role in PUD
Somatostatin Analogues Octreotide Used in bleeding ulcers; reduces splanchnic blood flow and gastric secretions
Antacids Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide Neutralize gastric acid; provide symptomatic relief
Non-Pharmacologic Measures
Avoid NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, and spicy foods
Small, frequent meals in symptomatic patients
Stress reduction
Endoscopic therapy in case of bleeding or perforation
Surgical Indications (rarely needed)
Perforated ulcer
Gastric outlet obstruction
Refractory ulcers not responding to medical therapy
Severe bleeding unresponsive to endoscopic management
Summary
Peptic ulcer disease is primarily driven by H. pylori infection and NSAID use, with duodenal ulcers more common than gastric. Treatment is tailored based on etiology and includes acid suppression, H. pylori eradication, and mucosal protection. Advanced cases may require somatostatin analogues for hemorrhage control or surgery for complications. Prostaglandin analogues like misoprostol are especially valuable in preventing NSAID-induced ulcers.HEALTH CARE PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH CARE
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Endocrine System
- 1. ACTIVITY 15 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PREPARED BY: KABARKADS NOTES Maker Please be aware that there are notes written in some slides.
- 2. GENERAL FEAUTURE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTE, Endocrine glands are ductless Have rich blood supply Hormones, produced by the endocrine glands are secreted into the bloodstream Hormones travel in the blood to target cells close by or far away from point of secretion Hormones receptors are specific binding sites on target cells.
- 5. GLAND LOCATION Hormone Secreted Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which it is attached via nerve fibers. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth Hormone (GH) Alpha Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (留-MSH) Vasopressin. Oxytocin. Adrenal Gland located on top of each kidney Cortisol Aldosterone Pancreatic Islets behind the lower part of the stomach Insulin Glucagon Thyroid Gland lies below your Adam's apple, along the front of the windpipe. Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4), Parathyroid located in the neck behind the thyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Pineal Gland Located deep in the center of the brain Melatonin
- 6. Gland Endocrine cells Major hormone Adrenal Cortex cells of zone glomerulosa cells of zone fasiculata cells of zone reticularis mineral-corticoid gluco-corticoid weak androgens Adrenal Medulla Chromaffin cells epinephrine norepinephrine Pancreatic Islets Alpha, Beta Delta PP cells glucagon insulin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Thyroid Glands follicular cells Parafollicular cells Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Chief cells Parathyroid hormones Pineal Gland Pinealocytes Melatonin
- 7. Hormone Function Glucagon Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis Increase blood glucose Insulin Causes entry of glucose into cell Promotes decrease blood glucose content Somatostatin Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action Inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric pits Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Stimulates the release of both FSH and LH Somatostatin Inhibits release of both somatotropin and TSH Growth hormone-releasing hormone Stimulates release of GH Dopamine Inhibits release of prolactin
- 8. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Stimulates synthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin Vasopressin Increases water permeability of renal collecting ducts Oxytocin Stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle Mineralocorticoids Stimulate renal absorption of water and sodium to maintain salt and water balance Glucocorticoids Influences carbohydrate metabolism; suppress immune cell activities Weak androgens Precursor for testosterone or estrogen Epinephrine Increases heart rate and constrict vessels Norepinephrine Dilates vessels and increases glucose release
- 9. Hormone Function Glucagon Raises blood glucose levels Insulin Lowers blood glucose level Somatostatin Inhibits secretion of insulin. Glucagon, and somatotropin Pancreatic polypeptide Inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzymes and HCO3- Thyroid hormone Increase metabolic rate Parathyroid hormone Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity Melatonin Regulates circadian rhythms
- 10. Pituitary Gland It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth. The pituitary consists of the anterior and posterior pituitary.
- 11. Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary OIO (Pars Distalis) Posterior Pituitary OIO Basophils Acidophil Chromophobe Sinusoidal Capillaries Darkly stained (blue) Darkly stained (red) Lightly stained (blue) Contains RBC Herring Bodies Blood Vessel Glial Cells HERRING BODIES - Represent the terminal end of the axons from the hypothalamus, and hormones are temporarily stored in these locations
- 12. Adrenal Gland 100x Capsule Medulla Starts with from the lumen Zonae Glomerulosa Zonae Fasiculata Zonae Reticularis
- 13. Adrenal Gland (a closer look sa zones) OIO Zonae ReticularisZonae Glomerulosa Zonae Fasiculata Clue: Identify the capsule ang sa dalom yah na glomerulosa na dyun. Clue: if sa tunga gn point siya na si fasi. Clue: dalom ya lumen (sunod yah na medulla diba?). Sa babaw (lumen) lng na si reti Makes glucocorticoids Column of cells Makes androgen Deep angstroming of darker cells Makes aldosterone Cells arranged in clusters Separated by a septa (line in between)
- 14. Pancreatic Islets LPO HPO OIO Exocrine Duct Pancreatic Islets?? Note: Fenestrated Capillaries can be seen here Captured during lab activity. Alpha- cell Location: periphery (red) Beta-cell Location: centrally blue PP cells?
- 16. Thyroid Gland OIO THIS TAKEN FROM THE INTERNET.REFERENCE NI INCASE I ASK KUNG ANO NA SIYA NG GLAND SA AMO NI NGA OBJECTIVES. Parafollicular Cells (C-cells) Follicle with Colloid Follicular Cells Thyrocyte sClue: smaller size and dark staining - Secretes calcitonin
- 17. Parathyroid Gland LPO HPO OIO Oxyphil cells -for old parathyroid - Acidophilic and non- functional Chief cells - Smaller and numerous - Produces parathyroid hormone
- 18. Pineal GlandHPO Legit Look of Pineal Gland Blood Vessel Corpus arenaceum Astrocyte? Pinealocyte Interstitial glial cells - Or brain sand - Forms as extracellular protein deposit become mineralized (ephiphysis cerebri) Secretes melatonin Corpus arenaceum