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Endocrine system by NP SELOMA

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University of Johannesburg
University of Johannesburg

Gives the explanation of the endocrine system and has been well structured with easy access information

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Endocrine system by NP SELOMA
Endocrine system by NP SELOMA
WHY DO WE HAVE SUCH CASES?
these cases are the results of the system in our bodies called the Endocrine system!!!
The Endocrine System Consists of a group of glands that produce hormones Regulates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones are what affect the body systems as chemical stimuli.
Hormones are Chemical messengers with regulatory effects on cells or organs. They can inhibit or stimulate a reaction. They are also temperature, pH and substrate sensitive.
RECEPTORS
CHEMISTRY Amino acid compounds Proteins or related compounds All hormones except steroids Steroids Lipids derived from the steroid cholesterol Produced in adrenal cortex and sex glands
REGULATIONnegative feedback
The Endocrine Glands and Their .
The Endocrine Glands and Their .
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLANDS
The hypothalamus controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland. Sends releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones Hormones stimulate and suppress anterior pituitary secretions Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin Stored in posterior pituitary And Nerve impulses stimulate secretions
Endocrine system by NP SELOMA
Posterior pituitary gland hormones: ADH and Oxytocin ADH: Regulate the water reabsorption through the kidneys by changing the permeability of the renal tubules. Oxytocin: Stimulates the uterus wall to contract during the process of giving birth and stimulates milk production during pregnancy
Anterior pituitary gland hormones: TSH ACTH Prolactin Growth hormone FSH and LH.
Anterior pituitary gland hormones: TST Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin. Function by means of a negative feedback reaction.
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoid that is released during stress. Anterior pituitary gland hormones: ACTH
Anterior pituitary gland hormones: Prolactin Regulates milk production in females
Anterior pituitary gland hormones: Growth hormone Promotes skeletal and muscular growth. It stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter cells and protein synthesis occurs. It promotes fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism
Anterior pituitary gland hormones: FSH and LH Stimulates the gonads (testis and ovaries) to produce sex hormones and gametes
DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND Excessive number of tumor growth hormone (GH) cells in childhood Gigantism Overactive GH-producing tumor cells in adulthood Acromegaly Tumors that destroy secreting tissues Underactivity
THE THYROID GLAND
THYROID GLAND Largest endocrine gland Lateral lobes on either side of larynx 2 lobes connected by isthmus Enclosed by connective tissue capsule Thyroxin production is stimulated by TSH secreted by the Hypophysis Also secretes the hormone calcitonin
THYROID GLAND Thyroxine (T4) Principle hormone Increases energy and protein metabolism rate Calcitonin Regulates calcium metabolism Works with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
THYROID GLAND: DISORDERS GOITER Enlarged thyroid gland Results from thyroid hormone hypo secretion Due to iodine insufficiency Retarded growth during infancy. Body is short and stocky with mental retardation CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
PARATHYROID GLAND Four glands in posterior capsule of thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium metabolism Corrects a low blood calcium level Promotes the release of calcium by the bones promotes the reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys
PARATHYROID GLAND DISORDERS TETANY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Insufficient PTH secreted. Dramatic drop in blood calcium levels. The body shakes from continuous muscle contraction The blood calcium level becomes abnormally high. Bones become soft and fragile. Person irritable and prone to get kidney stones
ADRENAL GLAND Two small glands on top of kidneys Each gland has two parts that act as separate glands Medulla Cortex The adrenal medulla secretes 2 hormones: adrenalin and nor-adrenalin
THE ADRENAL GLAND ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA Secretes steroid hormones Secretes hormones controlled by ANS Glucocorticoids (metabolism) eg. cortisol Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Mineralocorticoids (homeostasis of ions) eg. Aldosterone Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Gonadocorticoids (oestrogens & androgens)
THE ADRENAL GLAND Brings about all the bodily changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situation. Effect of this hormone is short term. Released during fright, anxiousness and anger. Increase heart rate. Increase blood flow and blood pressure
THE ADRENAL CORTEX DISORDERS CUSHING SYNDROME Excess cortisol in blood. Sub-cutaneous fat deposits. ADDISON DISEASE Bronzing of the skin. Excess amount of ACTH. This lead to a buildup of melanin.
THE PANCREAS and its HORMONES
THE PANCREAS and its HORMONES Flattened organ Lies retroperitoneal & transversely across posterior abdominal wall Posterior to stomach, between duodenum on right & spleen on left Classified as exocrine & endocrine Hormones: Islets of Langerhans secrete: Glucagon, cells : increases blood glucose Insulin, cells: lowers blood glucose Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), cells : inhibits glucagon & insulin
THE PANCREAS GLAND CELLS HARMONE EFFECT Alpha () cells Glucagon Glucose synthesis & glycogen breakdown in liver Blood glucose concentration Beta () cells Insulin Stimulation of lipids & glycogen storage & formation Blood glucose concentration Delta () cells Somatostatin Inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon
THE PANCREAS and its DISORDER(S) DIABETES MELLITUS Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreas is not producing insulin Islets of Langerhans damaged. Glucose accumulate in blood. Coma results if not treated with insulin injections.
Ovaries and testes produce hormones to; o Develop sexual characteristics o Maintain reproductive organs The Sex Glands
SEX GLANDS OVARIES: Located in pelvic cavity Produce oestrogen & progesterone Responsible for development & maintenance of female characteristics & menstrual cycle. TESTES: Located within scrotum Produce testosterone Stimulates development of male sexual characteristics
HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE TESTIS Testis produce testosterone (male sex hormone) Stimulates the formation of male traits during puberty Stimulates oil and sweat glands. Stimulates hair loss (baldness)
HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE OVARIES Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones) Estrogen stimulates growth of the uterus and vagina during puberty and secondary sexual female traits. Stimulate egg production and preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. Progesterone prepare the uterus wall for possible implantation of an embryo.
Ansari, F. (2012) Endocrine Disorders. Accessed from 際際滷share at /FIRDOUS88/endocrine- disorders (Accessed 18 September 2017). Roger, (2010) Endocrine glands. Accessed from 際際滷share at /roger961/chapter-13-endocrine- system-overview. (Accessed 18 September 2017). Satyapal, K. S. (2014) Endocrine System & Disorders, gland by gland. Accessed from 際際滷share at /jugafoce/endocrine-system- disorders. (Accessed 18 September 2017). Seethy, A. (2017) Biochemical Aspects of Hormones. Accessed from 際際滷share at /ashikseethi007/biochemical- aspects-of-hormones. (Accessed 18 September 2017). Taylor, S. (2010). Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis. Accessed from 際際滷share at /gurustip/65- nerves-hormones-and-homeostasis. . (Accessed 18 September 2017).
Endocrine system by NP SELOMA

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Endocrine system by NP SELOMA

  • 3. WHY DO WE HAVE SUCH CASES?
  • 4. these cases are the results of the system in our bodies called the Endocrine system!!!
  • 5. The Endocrine System Consists of a group of glands that produce hormones Regulates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones are what affect the body systems as chemical stimuli.
  • 6. Hormones are Chemical messengers with regulatory effects on cells or organs. They can inhibit or stimulate a reaction. They are also temperature, pH and substrate sensitive.
  • 8. CHEMISTRY Amino acid compounds Proteins or related compounds All hormones except steroids Steroids Lipids derived from the steroid cholesterol Produced in adrenal cortex and sex glands
  • 13. The hypothalamus controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland. Sends releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones Hormones stimulate and suppress anterior pituitary secretions Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin Stored in posterior pituitary And Nerve impulses stimulate secretions
  • 15. Posterior pituitary gland hormones: ADH and Oxytocin ADH: Regulate the water reabsorption through the kidneys by changing the permeability of the renal tubules. Oxytocin: Stimulates the uterus wall to contract during the process of giving birth and stimulates milk production during pregnancy
  • 16. Anterior pituitary gland hormones: TSH ACTH Prolactin Growth hormone FSH and LH.
  • 17. Anterior pituitary gland hormones: TST Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin. Function by means of a negative feedback reaction.
  • 18. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoid that is released during stress. Anterior pituitary gland hormones: ACTH
  • 20. Anterior pituitary gland hormones: Growth hormone Promotes skeletal and muscular growth. It stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter cells and protein synthesis occurs. It promotes fat metabolism as opposed to glucose metabolism
  • 21. Anterior pituitary gland hormones: FSH and LH Stimulates the gonads (testis and ovaries) to produce sex hormones and gametes
  • 22. DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND Excessive number of tumor growth hormone (GH) cells in childhood Gigantism Overactive GH-producing tumor cells in adulthood Acromegaly Tumors that destroy secreting tissues Underactivity
  • 24. THYROID GLAND Largest endocrine gland Lateral lobes on either side of larynx 2 lobes connected by isthmus Enclosed by connective tissue capsule Thyroxin production is stimulated by TSH secreted by the Hypophysis Also secretes the hormone calcitonin
  • 25. THYROID GLAND Thyroxine (T4) Principle hormone Increases energy and protein metabolism rate Calcitonin Regulates calcium metabolism Works with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
  • 26. THYROID GLAND: DISORDERS GOITER Enlarged thyroid gland Results from thyroid hormone hypo secretion Due to iodine insufficiency Retarded growth during infancy. Body is short and stocky with mental retardation CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
  • 27. PARATHYROID GLAND Four glands in posterior capsule of thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium metabolism Corrects a low blood calcium level Promotes the release of calcium by the bones promotes the reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys
  • 28. PARATHYROID GLAND DISORDERS TETANY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Insufficient PTH secreted. Dramatic drop in blood calcium levels. The body shakes from continuous muscle contraction The blood calcium level becomes abnormally high. Bones become soft and fragile. Person irritable and prone to get kidney stones
  • 29. ADRENAL GLAND Two small glands on top of kidneys Each gland has two parts that act as separate glands Medulla Cortex The adrenal medulla secretes 2 hormones: adrenalin and nor-adrenalin
  • 30. THE ADRENAL GLAND ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA Secretes steroid hormones Secretes hormones controlled by ANS Glucocorticoids (metabolism) eg. cortisol Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Mineralocorticoids (homeostasis of ions) eg. Aldosterone Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Gonadocorticoids (oestrogens & androgens)
  • 31. THE ADRENAL GLAND Brings about all the bodily changes that occur when an individual reacts to an emergency situation. Effect of this hormone is short term. Released during fright, anxiousness and anger. Increase heart rate. Increase blood flow and blood pressure
  • 32. THE ADRENAL CORTEX DISORDERS CUSHING SYNDROME Excess cortisol in blood. Sub-cutaneous fat deposits. ADDISON DISEASE Bronzing of the skin. Excess amount of ACTH. This lead to a buildup of melanin.
  • 33. THE PANCREAS and its HORMONES
  • 34. THE PANCREAS and its HORMONES Flattened organ Lies retroperitoneal & transversely across posterior abdominal wall Posterior to stomach, between duodenum on right & spleen on left Classified as exocrine & endocrine Hormones: Islets of Langerhans secrete: Glucagon, cells : increases blood glucose Insulin, cells: lowers blood glucose Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), cells : inhibits glucagon & insulin
  • 35. THE PANCREAS GLAND CELLS HARMONE EFFECT Alpha () cells Glucagon Glucose synthesis & glycogen breakdown in liver Blood glucose concentration Beta () cells Insulin Stimulation of lipids & glycogen storage & formation Blood glucose concentration Delta () cells Somatostatin Inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon
  • 36. THE PANCREAS and its DISORDER(S) DIABETES MELLITUS Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreas is not producing insulin Islets of Langerhans damaged. Glucose accumulate in blood. Coma results if not treated with insulin injections.
  • 37. Ovaries and testes produce hormones to; o Develop sexual characteristics o Maintain reproductive organs The Sex Glands
  • 38. SEX GLANDS OVARIES: Located in pelvic cavity Produce oestrogen & progesterone Responsible for development & maintenance of female characteristics & menstrual cycle. TESTES: Located within scrotum Produce testosterone Stimulates development of male sexual characteristics
  • 39. HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE TESTIS Testis produce testosterone (male sex hormone) Stimulates the formation of male traits during puberty Stimulates oil and sweat glands. Stimulates hair loss (baldness)
  • 40. HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE OVARIES Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones) Estrogen stimulates growth of the uterus and vagina during puberty and secondary sexual female traits. Stimulate egg production and preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. Progesterone prepare the uterus wall for possible implantation of an embryo.
  • 41. Ansari, F. (2012) Endocrine Disorders. Accessed from 際際滷share at /FIRDOUS88/endocrine- disorders (Accessed 18 September 2017). Roger, (2010) Endocrine glands. Accessed from 際際滷share at /roger961/chapter-13-endocrine- system-overview. (Accessed 18 September 2017). Satyapal, K. S. (2014) Endocrine System & Disorders, gland by gland. Accessed from 際際滷share at /jugafoce/endocrine-system- disorders. (Accessed 18 September 2017). Seethy, A. (2017) Biochemical Aspects of Hormones. Accessed from 際際滷share at /ashikseethi007/biochemical- aspects-of-hormones. (Accessed 18 September 2017). Taylor, S. (2010). Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis. Accessed from 際際滷share at /gurustip/65- nerves-hormones-and-homeostasis. . (Accessed 18 September 2017).