際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Endocrine systemglands

Download as PPT, PDF
Madhu Mita
Madhu Mita

Regulate other endocrine organs - Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) - Growth hormone-releasing hormone - Somatostatin - Thyroid-stimulating hormone - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

1 of 40
Download to read offline
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine systemglands
Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus Islets of Pituitary Langerhans Anterior lobe Gonads Posterior Ovaries lobe Testes Thyroid gland Pineal gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal others Glands Cortex Medulla Hormonal Communication
Hypothalamus Part of brain Regulates ANS, emotions, feeding/satiety, thirst, body temperature, etc. Hormones related to these functions Releasing hormones Axonal transport to posterior lobe
Anterior Pituitary Releasing hormones regulate AP aka adeno hypo physis glands under growth All proteins TSH (thryoid stimulating hormone/thyrotropin) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) FSH (gonadotropin) LH (gonadotropin) Tropins/tropic hormones GH (growth hormone) Prolactin-releasing H Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis Animation : IP Web
Anterior Pituitary
Endocrine systemglands
Anterior P. Homeostatic Imbalances Growth hormone (GH or hGH) Promotes mitosis, cell division Elongation of long bones, etc. Healing of wounds Lack of hGH retards growth Hypersecretion in youth produces giantism Hyposecretion in childhood produces pituitary dwarfism Hypersecretion in adult produces acromegaly
Posterior Pituitary Axonal transport to Posterior Pituitary aka neuro hypo physis nerve under growth Hypothalamic cell bodies synthesize oxytocin ADH
PituitaryPosterior lobe Oxytocin Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus & mammary glands. Antidiuretic H. Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts. Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin) Lack diabetes insipidus
Posterior Pituitary Homeostatic Imbalances ADH Hyposecretion produces diabetes insipidus tasteless Excessive thirst and urination central or neurogenic DI gestagenic or gestational DI nephrogenic DI dipsogenic DI Diabetes Insipidus Foundation, Inc.
Endocrine systemglands
Thyroid Gland Location in neck Inferior to larynx Anterior & lateral to trachea Composed of follicles Follicle cells produce thyroglobulin Thyroxin (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Both thyroid hormone, bodys major metabolic hormone Parafollicular/ C cells Calcitonin Decreases blood Ca2+ by depositing it in bones
Homeostatic imbalances Hypothyroidism results Myxedema (in adults) Goiterlow levels of iodine Cretinism (in children) Hyperthyroidism results Graves disease
Parathyroid Glands Four small glands embedded in posterior of thyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Stimulates osteoclasts to free Ca2+ from bone Stimulates Ca2+ uptake from intestine & kindey Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
Parathyroid Homeostatic Imbalances Severe hyperparathyroidism causes massive bone destruction If blood Ca2+ fall too low, neurons become overactive, resulting in tetany
Feedback Loop Negative feedback in calcium homeostasis. A rise in blood Ca2+ causes release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland, promoting Ca2+ deposition in bone and reducing reabsorption in kidneys. A drop in blood Ca2+ causes the parathyroid gland to produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulating the release of Ca2+ from bone. PTH also promotes reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys and uptake of Ca2+ in intestines.
Adrenal Glands One on top of each kidney Cortex Corticosteroid glandular Medulla Catecholamines neurohormonal Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex Cortex Activity stimulated by ACTH Controls prolonged responses by secreting corticosteroids. Mineralcorticoids Aldosterone regulate salt and water balance Glucocorticoids Cortisol regulate glucose metabolism and the immune system. Gonadocorticoids Androgens Estrogens
Adrenal Cortex Imbalances Hypersecretion leads to Cushings disease ACTH-releasing tumors or side effects of corticoid drugs. Hyposecretion leads to Addisons Disease Deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
Adrenal Medulla Medulla The adrenal medulla mediates shortterm responses by secreting catecholamine hormones. Cells are modified neurons (lack axons) Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noreadrenaline) enable a rapid ( fight-or-flight ) responses to stress by increasing blood glucose and blood pressure and directing blood to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles.
Endocrine systemglands
Pancreas Consists of two major types of secretory tissues which reflects its dual function Exocrine gland secretes digestive juice localized in the acinar cells Endocrine gland releases hormones localized in the islet cells (islets of Langerhans)
Pancreatic Islets About a million embedded in pancreas Control centers for blood glucose Insulin from beta cells Glucagon from alpha cells
Insulin Glucagon
Islets of Langerhans Insulin stimulates glucose uptake, glycogenesis Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, glucose release from liver (vs gluconeogenesis)
Endocrine systemglands
Feedback Loop A rise in blood glucose causes release of insulin from beta cells the pancreas, promoting glucose uptake in cells and storage as glycogen in the liver. A fall in blood glucose stimulates alpha cells in the pancreas to secrete glucagon, which causes the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose.
Pancreas Homeostatic Imbalances Diabetes siphon mellitus mel= honey Symptoms: Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Blood Level Regulation in Diabetics
Gonads Ovaries Estrogens Progesterone Testes Testosterone Reproductive functions when we study reproductive system.
Pineal gland Melatonin ? Inhibits early puberty ? Day/night cycles Timing of sleep, body temperature, appetite Secretes melatonin during darkness Participates in setting the bodys clock Melatonin is a potent antioxidant Melatonin is high when young and is reduced as we age
Thymus Thymus gland Thymopoietins, thymic factor, thymosins Influence development of T lymphocytes
Non-Endocrine Gland Hormones Stomach (gastrin) Small intestine (duodenumintesetinal gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin) Heart (atrial natriuretic peptide) Kidneys (erythropoietin, active vitamin D3) Adipose tissue (leptid, resistin) Skin Placenta (human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, relaxin)
Functions regulated by the Endocrine System Growth Healing Water balance & Blood Pressure Calcium Metabolism Energy Metabolism Stress Regulation of other Endocrine Organs
Growth Growth hormone-releasing hormone Human growth hormone (hGH) Thyrotropin (TSH) Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Calcitonin Somatostatin (GHIH)
Healing Growth hormone-releasing hormone Human growth hormone (hGH) Thyrotropin (TSH) Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Calcitonin Glucagon, Insulin Erythropoietin
Water balance & Blood pressure ADH Aldosterone Angiotensin II Atrial natriuretic H. Epinephrine
Calcium Metabolism Calcitonin Parathyroid H. (PTH) Estrogens/androgens Growth hormone
Energy Metabolism Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Thyroid-stimulating H. (thyrotropin, TSH) Epinephrine & norepinephrine Insulin Glucagon Adrenocorticotropic H. (ACTH) Cortisol
Stress Epinephrine & norepinephrine T4 &T3 ?? ACTH Cortisol

More Related Content

Endocrine systemglands

  • 3. Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus Islets of Pituitary Langerhans Anterior lobe Gonads Posterior Ovaries lobe Testes Thyroid gland Pineal gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal others Glands Cortex Medulla Hormonal Communication
  • 4. Hypothalamus Part of brain Regulates ANS, emotions, feeding/satiety, thirst, body temperature, etc. Hormones related to these functions Releasing hormones Axonal transport to posterior lobe
  • 5. Anterior Pituitary Releasing hormones regulate AP aka adeno hypo physis glands under growth All proteins TSH (thryoid stimulating hormone/thyrotropin) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) FSH (gonadotropin) LH (gonadotropin) Tropins/tropic hormones GH (growth hormone) Prolactin-releasing H Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis Animation : IP Web
  • 8. Anterior P. Homeostatic Imbalances Growth hormone (GH or hGH) Promotes mitosis, cell division Elongation of long bones, etc. Healing of wounds Lack of hGH retards growth Hypersecretion in youth produces giantism Hyposecretion in childhood produces pituitary dwarfism Hypersecretion in adult produces acromegaly
  • 9. Posterior Pituitary Axonal transport to Posterior Pituitary aka neuro hypo physis nerve under growth Hypothalamic cell bodies synthesize oxytocin ADH
  • 10. PituitaryPosterior lobe Oxytocin Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus & mammary glands. Antidiuretic H. Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts. Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin) Lack diabetes insipidus
  • 11. Posterior Pituitary Homeostatic Imbalances ADH Hyposecretion produces diabetes insipidus tasteless Excessive thirst and urination central or neurogenic DI gestagenic or gestational DI nephrogenic DI dipsogenic DI Diabetes Insipidus Foundation, Inc.
  • 13. Thyroid Gland Location in neck Inferior to larynx Anterior & lateral to trachea Composed of follicles Follicle cells produce thyroglobulin Thyroxin (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Both thyroid hormone, bodys major metabolic hormone Parafollicular/ C cells Calcitonin Decreases blood Ca2+ by depositing it in bones
  • 14. Homeostatic imbalances Hypothyroidism results Myxedema (in adults) Goiterlow levels of iodine Cretinism (in children) Hyperthyroidism results Graves disease
  • 15. Parathyroid Glands Four small glands embedded in posterior of thyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Stimulates osteoclasts to free Ca2+ from bone Stimulates Ca2+ uptake from intestine & kindey Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
  • 16. Parathyroid Homeostatic Imbalances Severe hyperparathyroidism causes massive bone destruction If blood Ca2+ fall too low, neurons become overactive, resulting in tetany
  • 17. Feedback Loop Negative feedback in calcium homeostasis. A rise in blood Ca2+ causes release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland, promoting Ca2+ deposition in bone and reducing reabsorption in kidneys. A drop in blood Ca2+ causes the parathyroid gland to produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulating the release of Ca2+ from bone. PTH also promotes reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys and uptake of Ca2+ in intestines.
  • 18. Adrenal Glands One on top of each kidney Cortex Corticosteroid glandular Medulla Catecholamines neurohormonal Epinephrine Norepinephrine
  • 19. Adrenal Cortex Cortex Activity stimulated by ACTH Controls prolonged responses by secreting corticosteroids. Mineralcorticoids Aldosterone regulate salt and water balance Glucocorticoids Cortisol regulate glucose metabolism and the immune system. Gonadocorticoids Androgens Estrogens
  • 20. Adrenal Cortex Imbalances Hypersecretion leads to Cushings disease ACTH-releasing tumors or side effects of corticoid drugs. Hyposecretion leads to Addisons Disease Deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
  • 21. Adrenal Medulla Medulla The adrenal medulla mediates shortterm responses by secreting catecholamine hormones. Cells are modified neurons (lack axons) Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noreadrenaline) enable a rapid ( fight-or-flight ) responses to stress by increasing blood glucose and blood pressure and directing blood to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles.
  • 23. Pancreas Consists of two major types of secretory tissues which reflects its dual function Exocrine gland secretes digestive juice localized in the acinar cells Endocrine gland releases hormones localized in the islet cells (islets of Langerhans)
  • 24. Pancreatic Islets About a million embedded in pancreas Control centers for blood glucose Insulin from beta cells Glucagon from alpha cells
  • 25. Insulin Glucagon
  • 26. Islets of Langerhans Insulin stimulates glucose uptake, glycogenesis Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, glucose release from liver (vs gluconeogenesis)
  • 28. Feedback Loop A rise in blood glucose causes release of insulin from beta cells the pancreas, promoting glucose uptake in cells and storage as glycogen in the liver. A fall in blood glucose stimulates alpha cells in the pancreas to secrete glucagon, which causes the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose.
  • 29. Pancreas Homeostatic Imbalances Diabetes siphon mellitus mel= honey Symptoms: Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Blood Level Regulation in Diabetics
  • 30. Gonads Ovaries Estrogens Progesterone Testes Testosterone Reproductive functions when we study reproductive system.
  • 31. Pineal gland Melatonin ? Inhibits early puberty ? Day/night cycles Timing of sleep, body temperature, appetite Secretes melatonin during darkness Participates in setting the bodys clock Melatonin is a potent antioxidant Melatonin is high when young and is reduced as we age
  • 32. Thymus Thymus gland Thymopoietins, thymic factor, thymosins Influence development of T lymphocytes
  • 33. Non-Endocrine Gland Hormones Stomach (gastrin) Small intestine (duodenumintesetinal gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin) Heart (atrial natriuretic peptide) Kidneys (erythropoietin, active vitamin D3) Adipose tissue (leptid, resistin) Skin Placenta (human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, relaxin)
  • 34. Functions regulated by the Endocrine System Growth Healing Water balance & Blood Pressure Calcium Metabolism Energy Metabolism Stress Regulation of other Endocrine Organs
  • 35. Growth Growth hormone-releasing hormone Human growth hormone (hGH) Thyrotropin (TSH) Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Calcitonin Somatostatin (GHIH)
  • 36. Healing Growth hormone-releasing hormone Human growth hormone (hGH) Thyrotropin (TSH) Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Calcitonin Glucagon, Insulin Erythropoietin
  • 37. Water balance & Blood pressure ADH Aldosterone Angiotensin II Atrial natriuretic H. Epinephrine
  • 38. Calcium Metabolism Calcitonin Parathyroid H. (PTH) Estrogens/androgens Growth hormone
  • 39. Energy Metabolism Thyroxine & triiodothyronine Thyroid-stimulating H. (thyrotropin, TSH) Epinephrine & norepinephrine Insulin Glucagon Adrenocorticotropic H. (ACTH) Cortisol
  • 40. Stress Epinephrine & norepinephrine T4 &T3 ?? ACTH Cortisol