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Nuclear power plants originally receive operating licenses for 40 years, but extensive ageing management plans and new monitoring techniques have allowed many plants to extend their operating lifetimes to 60 years or more. Regular inspections check for embrittlement, cracking, corrosion, and degradation that could affect the reactor pressure vessel, piping, concrete containment structures, cables, and buried pipes as they age. Acoustic, guided wave, phased array, and diffuse field monitoring methods can detect tiny cracks or changes earlier than visual inspections. As a result of successful ageing management, several nuclear plants around the world have received approval to operate for lifetimes beyond their original 40-year licenses.

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Nuclear Plant Life Extension Group no: 05 Mohd Tayyab Saeed Vivek kumar 1 Vishal Varshney
Content Nuclear Energy Nuclear Radiations Ageing of plant Ageing management Life extension Various plants working on extended life Refrences 2
Nuclear Energy Energy from nucleus. Two methods:- Fission Fusion Nuclear Fission - Occurs when neutrons impact and split the nuclei of certain atoms. 3
n Fast Neutrons are unsuitable for sustaining further reactions 235U n fast neutron n Slow neutron fast n neutron 235 U n fast neutron n Slow neutron Insert a moderator to 4 slow down neutrons
Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction 5
Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Reactor - Device that permits a controlled fission chain reaction. 6
Radiation 硫 Alpha ( ) - Moving particles composed of two neutrons and two protons. Stopped by layer of skin Beta (硫) - Consists of electrons. Stopped by layer of Aluminium foil of 3mm. Gamma () - rays CANNOT be stopped. They can be attenuated to safe limits using thick Lead and concrete 7
Harmful effects of Radiations Nuclear radiations composes gamma rays which causes Cancer Genetic alteration Loss of fast growing cells such as skin cells, intestinal lining and hair. Poison the Ecosystem. 8
Reactors Worldwide Currently 441 nuclear power reactors in 31 countries. Combined capacity of 363 gigawatts. Provide 18% of worlds electricity. Currently 30 reactors under construction in 10 countries. 9
Nuclear Power Plant Life Normally, Nuclear Plant get a license of 40 years. After taking various ageing management plans the life of a plant can be extended upto 60 years. Researches for new monitoring techniques which may keep plant operation safely upto 80 years. 10
What is Ageing? The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) defines ageing as a continuous time- dependent loss of quality of materials, caused by the operating conditions. 11
Effect of ageing Neutrons bombard the pressure vessel Over period of years that bombardment can cause reaction that displace atoms in the material Produce tiny voids Reduce the metals toughness and its ability to resist cracking 12
Major Concerns Embrittlement Cracking in the reactor pressure vessel and its piping Degradation of the concrete containment Ageing Cables Corrosion in burried water pipes 13
Plans for managing ageing Aim: To provide for the timely detection and mitigation of significant ageing effects. Periodic inspection of pressure vessel, concrete containment structure, main pipes and cables. New monitoring techniques which are used to detect tiny voids or cracks. 14
New Monitoring Techniques Acoustic Monitoring Guided wave Phased array Diffused field 15
Acoustic Monitoring When crack grows in metal, the rupture releases tiny pulses of acoustic energy In the same way as earthquake sends out seismic waves Sensors detect these waves and can monitor a developing flaw 16
Guided wave Transducer generate ultra- sonic waves which propagate through metal pipe or the walls of pressure vessel Ultrasonic waves scattered provide indication of cracks or corrosion It wouldnt require inspector to strip off insulation to inspect pipes 17
Phased array In this technique a group of transmitters releases separate ultrasonic waves, which interact to form one larger wave front By controlling the timing and amplitude of the individual pulses,researchers can steer the wave front to scan a structure for flaws. 18
Diffuse field To monitor a coarse-grained material like concrete, a single ultrasonic pulse is intro- duced into the materials. Receiver listen for the tiny echoes produced by the waves interactions with all the grains. To composite signal creates a distinct signature for that materials,which will change if the material degrades. 19
Plant Life Extension These Engineering assessments have established many plants to operate much longer by managing its ageing effects. The life can be extended upto 60 years or even more. 20
Some plants under extended life 21
References IEEE Spectrum , pg no 24-29 , Aug 2012. US ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION, Annual Energy Outlook 2001 with Projections to 2020, Rep. DOE/EIA 0383 (2001), US (EIA) (2000). UNITED STATES- NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, Licensing Renewal (2000) (Available at http://www.nrc.gov/nrc/reactor/lr/index.html). T. OTSUKA, Current Status of Life Management Policies for Nuclear Power Plants Management in Japan, IAEA Specialists Meeting on Strategies and Policies for Nuclear Power Plant Life Management, 2830 September 1998. 22
Thank You !! 23

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energy harvesting

  • 1. Nuclear Plant Life Extension Group no: 05 Mohd Tayyab Saeed Vivek kumar 1 Vishal Varshney
  • 2. Content Nuclear Energy Nuclear Radiations Ageing of plant Ageing management Life extension Various plants working on extended life Refrences 2
  • 3. Nuclear Energy Energy from nucleus. Two methods:- Fission Fusion Nuclear Fission - Occurs when neutrons impact and split the nuclei of certain atoms. 3
  • 4. n Fast Neutrons are unsuitable for sustaining further reactions 235U n fast neutron n Slow neutron fast n neutron 235 U n fast neutron n Slow neutron Insert a moderator to 4 slow down neutrons
  • 6. Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Reactor - Device that permits a controlled fission chain reaction. 6
  • 7. Radiation 硫 Alpha ( ) - Moving particles composed of two neutrons and two protons. Stopped by layer of skin Beta (硫) - Consists of electrons. Stopped by layer of Aluminium foil of 3mm. Gamma () - rays CANNOT be stopped. They can be attenuated to safe limits using thick Lead and concrete 7
  • 8. Harmful effects of Radiations Nuclear radiations composes gamma rays which causes Cancer Genetic alteration Loss of fast growing cells such as skin cells, intestinal lining and hair. Poison the Ecosystem. 8
  • 9. Reactors Worldwide Currently 441 nuclear power reactors in 31 countries. Combined capacity of 363 gigawatts. Provide 18% of worlds electricity. Currently 30 reactors under construction in 10 countries. 9
  • 10. Nuclear Power Plant Life Normally, Nuclear Plant get a license of 40 years. After taking various ageing management plans the life of a plant can be extended upto 60 years. Researches for new monitoring techniques which may keep plant operation safely upto 80 years. 10
  • 11. What is Ageing? The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) defines ageing as a continuous time- dependent loss of quality of materials, caused by the operating conditions. 11
  • 12. Effect of ageing Neutrons bombard the pressure vessel Over period of years that bombardment can cause reaction that displace atoms in the material Produce tiny voids Reduce the metals toughness and its ability to resist cracking 12
  • 13. Major Concerns Embrittlement Cracking in the reactor pressure vessel and its piping Degradation of the concrete containment Ageing Cables Corrosion in burried water pipes 13
  • 14. Plans for managing ageing Aim: To provide for the timely detection and mitigation of significant ageing effects. Periodic inspection of pressure vessel, concrete containment structure, main pipes and cables. New monitoring techniques which are used to detect tiny voids or cracks. 14
  • 15. New Monitoring Techniques Acoustic Monitoring Guided wave Phased array Diffused field 15
  • 16. Acoustic Monitoring When crack grows in metal, the rupture releases tiny pulses of acoustic energy In the same way as earthquake sends out seismic waves Sensors detect these waves and can monitor a developing flaw 16
  • 17. Guided wave Transducer generate ultra- sonic waves which propagate through metal pipe or the walls of pressure vessel Ultrasonic waves scattered provide indication of cracks or corrosion It wouldnt require inspector to strip off insulation to inspect pipes 17
  • 18. Phased array In this technique a group of transmitters releases separate ultrasonic waves, which interact to form one larger wave front By controlling the timing and amplitude of the individual pulses,researchers can steer the wave front to scan a structure for flaws. 18
  • 19. Diffuse field To monitor a coarse-grained material like concrete, a single ultrasonic pulse is intro- duced into the materials. Receiver listen for the tiny echoes produced by the waves interactions with all the grains. To composite signal creates a distinct signature for that materials,which will change if the material degrades. 19
  • 20. Plant Life Extension These Engineering assessments have established many plants to operate much longer by managing its ageing effects. The life can be extended upto 60 years or even more. 20
  • 21. Some plants under extended life 21
  • 22. References IEEE Spectrum , pg no 24-29 , Aug 2012. US ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION, Annual Energy Outlook 2001 with Projections to 2020, Rep. DOE/EIA 0383 (2001), US (EIA) (2000). UNITED STATES- NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, Licensing Renewal (2000) (Available at http://www.nrc.gov/nrc/reactor/lr/index.html). T. OTSUKA, Current Status of Life Management Policies for Nuclear Power Plants Management in Japan, IAEA Specialists Meeting on Strategies and Policies for Nuclear Power Plant Life Management, 2830 September 1998. 22