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Energy Harvesting Conference Boston Nov. 2011

Eric Summers
Eric Summers

Presentation given on vibration-based energy harvesters utilizing Galfenol magnetostrictive technology; November 2011.

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Energy Harvesters Utilizing Galfenol Technology EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 EricSummers ETREMAProducts,Inc. 1
Goal: Generate Power from Ambient Vibrations UtilizingthemagnetostrictivematerialGalfenol Energy harvester EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Vibration Motion Electricity 2
What is Galfenol? ADuctile,Formable,Machinable,andWeldableSmartMaterial EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 3
Inverse Magnetostrictive (Villari) Effect EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 4 Applied stress or force yield Flux density variation
Villari Effect for Galfenol ~1T EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 ~70MPa 5 Compressive stress vs. flux density
Energy Harvester Circuit Model dBMM VOC = NA dt dB MM B MM * dF VOC = NA = NA = Nd 33 dt t dt F=F0 sint EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 x flux return material 2 VOC (FRM) Coil POUT MAX 4 RCOIL Magnet + (M) Voc Magnetostrictive 6 material (MM) Fixed end
Innovative Galfenol Energy Harvester Convert small bending force to Parallel beam structure large axial-force in beam Configuration Bank of 50 LEDs EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 for bias Principle Power Volume & Force 7
Parallel Beam Structure Area 0.5 1 mm2 20MPa 20 N 20MPa Large axial force F(a) 1N EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 - 20MPa Small bending force 20MPa F(b) < 1/20 F(a) Uniform 8 Stress distribution in axial direction
Advantages Simpleandrobustconsistingofrigidstructure,nowearingofparts Highpowerdensity 20mW/cm3 Efficiency>15%measuredatresonance Lowoutputimpedancewithgoodmatchingwithanticipatedloads Heatresistiveupto150属C Testingfrequencybandwidthforpowergeneration EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 9 Equivalent circuit Magnetostrictive curve under different temperatures
Demonstrations Harvester can generate electrical power for 50 LEDs by vibration of electric toothbrush (Avg 5 mW, EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Max 25 mW) 10 Harvester can generate electrical power for 400 LEDs by hitting (Avg 100 mW, Max 1 W)
Energy Harvester Conceptwasastructural memberthatoperatesin compressionortensionalong theaxisofaGalfenolrod Vol.<2in3 Harvestenergygeneratedby EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 displacements(vibrations) frommachinery Mechanicalcouplingto vibratingsourceiskey Powerconditioning electronicsalsodeveloped andtested Voltagequadrupler 11 Voltagedoubler
Test Setup EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 12 2011
Galfenol EH w/Circuitry EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Quadrupler 60Hz,8ksipreload,7lbsrms Doubler 200Hz,8ksipreload,7lbsrms dynamicforce dynamicforce Powerandvoltagemeasuredvs.resistance Samefrequenciesanddynamicforces Additionofvoltagequadrupler(60Hz)anddoubler(200Hz)power conditioningcircuitry Maxpower:2.2 4.7k立 13 w/ocircuitrydeviceimpedance~100立
Galfenol EH Output Voltage Voltage Power Power VoltageatMax Dynamic atMax atMax Frequency Generated, Generated, Power, Force Power, Power, (Hz) nocircuitry circuitry nocircuitry (lbsrms) doubler quad (mW) (mW) (Vrms) (VDC) (VDC) 60 7 1.1 0.26 0.33 1.1 60 21 4.6 2.1 0.69 3.1 EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 60 35 13.5 6.9 1.2 5.7 200 7 8.6 6.8 1.1 5.6 200 21 35 31.5 2.4 12.2 200 35 95 82 4.0 19.6 Tabledatacollectedat8ksipreloadandoptimalloadresistances Dynamicstressrange:0.5 3ksi Powerscalingwithincreasingfrequency()andforce(F) 14 2.5mW/cm3 maxmeasuredpowerdensity Testconditionsdidnotresultinaplateau
Galfenol EH Power Spectra Halfpowerbandwidthofdevicequantified:90Hz&180Hz NochangestoGalfenol(energyharvester)hardware Largebandwidthacombinationofcircuitryanddisplacement (force)natureofenergyharvester EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Voltagequadruplercircuitry 90Hzbandwidth Voltagedoublercircuitry 180Hzbandwidth 15
Future Galfenol EH Development Sensor(s) Microcontroller,DSP, Wireless MonitoredEvent WirelessBase andADC andDataStorage Radio orCondition Station EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 PowerManagement andEnergyStorage EnergyHarvester AmbientVibrations 16
Currentfocushasbeenonenergyharvester hardwaredevelopment Sensor(s) Microcontroller,DSP, Wireless MonitoredEvent WirelessBase andADC andDataStorage Radio orCondition Station EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 PowerManagement andEnergyStorage EnergyHarvester Voltageoutputis directfromEH unrectifiedAC AmbientVibrations 17
Neartermfocuswillbeondesigningandintegrating powermanagementandenergystorageelectronics Sensor(s) Microcontroller,DSP, Wireless MonitoredEvent WirelessBase andADC andDataStorage Radio orCondition Station EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 PowerManagement andEnergyStorage Voltage EnergyHarvester outputis boostedand conditioned AmbientVibrations rectifiedDC 18

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Energy Harvesting Conference Boston Nov. 2011

  • 1. Energy Harvesters Utilizing Galfenol Technology EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 EricSummers ETREMAProducts,Inc. 1
  • 2. Goal: Generate Power from Ambient Vibrations UtilizingthemagnetostrictivematerialGalfenol Energy harvester EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Vibration Motion Electricity 2
  • 3. What is Galfenol? ADuctile,Formable,Machinable,andWeldableSmartMaterial EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 3
  • 4. Inverse Magnetostrictive (Villari) Effect EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 4 Applied stress or force yield Flux density variation
  • 5. Villari Effect for Galfenol ~1T EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 ~70MPa 5 Compressive stress vs. flux density
  • 6. Energy Harvester Circuit Model dBMM VOC = NA dt dB MM B MM * dF VOC = NA = NA = Nd 33 dt t dt F=F0 sint EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 x flux return material 2 VOC (FRM) Coil POUT MAX 4 RCOIL Magnet + (M) Voc Magnetostrictive 6 material (MM) Fixed end
  • 7. Innovative Galfenol Energy Harvester Convert small bending force to Parallel beam structure large axial-force in beam Configuration Bank of 50 LEDs EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 for bias Principle Power Volume & Force 7
  • 8. Parallel Beam Structure Area 0.5 1 mm2 20MPa 20 N 20MPa Large axial force F(a) 1N EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 - 20MPa Small bending force 20MPa F(b) < 1/20 F(a) Uniform 8 Stress distribution in axial direction
  • 9. Advantages Simpleandrobustconsistingofrigidstructure,nowearingofparts Highpowerdensity 20mW/cm3 Efficiency>15%measuredatresonance Lowoutputimpedancewithgoodmatchingwithanticipatedloads Heatresistiveupto150属C Testingfrequencybandwidthforpowergeneration EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 9 Equivalent circuit Magnetostrictive curve under different temperatures
  • 10. Demonstrations Harvester can generate electrical power for 50 LEDs by vibration of electric toothbrush (Avg 5 mW, EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Max 25 mW) 10 Harvester can generate electrical power for 400 LEDs by hitting (Avg 100 mW, Max 1 W)
  • 11. Energy Harvester Conceptwasastructural memberthatoperatesin compressionortensionalong theaxisofaGalfenolrod Vol.<2in3 Harvestenergygeneratedby EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 displacements(vibrations) frommachinery Mechanicalcouplingto vibratingsourceiskey Powerconditioning electronicsalsodeveloped andtested Voltagequadrupler 11 Voltagedoubler
  • 12. Test Setup EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 12 2011
  • 13. Galfenol EH w/Circuitry EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Quadrupler 60Hz,8ksipreload,7lbsrms Doubler 200Hz,8ksipreload,7lbsrms dynamicforce dynamicforce Powerandvoltagemeasuredvs.resistance Samefrequenciesanddynamicforces Additionofvoltagequadrupler(60Hz)anddoubler(200Hz)power conditioningcircuitry Maxpower:2.2 4.7k立 13 w/ocircuitrydeviceimpedance~100立
  • 14. Galfenol EH Output Voltage Voltage Power Power VoltageatMax Dynamic atMax atMax Frequency Generated, Generated, Power, Force Power, Power, (Hz) nocircuitry circuitry nocircuitry (lbsrms) doubler quad (mW) (mW) (Vrms) (VDC) (VDC) 60 7 1.1 0.26 0.33 1.1 60 21 4.6 2.1 0.69 3.1 EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 60 35 13.5 6.9 1.2 5.7 200 7 8.6 6.8 1.1 5.6 200 21 35 31.5 2.4 12.2 200 35 95 82 4.0 19.6 Tabledatacollectedat8ksipreloadandoptimalloadresistances Dynamicstressrange:0.5 3ksi Powerscalingwithincreasingfrequency()andforce(F) 14 2.5mW/cm3 maxmeasuredpowerdensity Testconditionsdidnotresultinaplateau
  • 15. Galfenol EH Power Spectra Halfpowerbandwidthofdevicequantified:90Hz&180Hz NochangestoGalfenol(energyharvester)hardware Largebandwidthacombinationofcircuitryanddisplacement (force)natureofenergyharvester EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 Voltagequadruplercircuitry 90Hzbandwidth Voltagedoublercircuitry 180Hzbandwidth 15
  • 16. Future Galfenol EH Development Sensor(s) Microcontroller,DSP, Wireless MonitoredEvent WirelessBase andADC andDataStorage Radio orCondition Station EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 PowerManagement andEnergyStorage EnergyHarvester AmbientVibrations 16
  • 17. Currentfocushasbeenonenergyharvester hardwaredevelopment Sensor(s) Microcontroller,DSP, Wireless MonitoredEvent WirelessBase andADC andDataStorage Radio orCondition Station EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 PowerManagement andEnergyStorage EnergyHarvester Voltageoutputis directfromEH unrectifiedAC AmbientVibrations 17
  • 18. Neartermfocuswillbeondesigningandintegrating powermanagementandenergystorageelectronics Sensor(s) Microcontroller,DSP, Wireless MonitoredEvent WirelessBase andADC andDataStorage Radio orCondition Station EnergyHarvestingandStorageUSA 2011 PowerManagement andEnergyStorage Voltage EnergyHarvester outputis boostedand conditioned AmbientVibrations rectifiedDC 18