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Env Law.pptx

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Naga Rajan

The document discusses various environmental laws and acts passed in India to regulate pollution and protect the environment. It summarizes key acts such as the Water Act (1974), Wildlife Protection Act (1974), Air Act (1981), Environmental Protection Act (1986), and regulations related to hazardous waste, plastic pollution, coastal zones, vehicular pollution standards, and more. It also provides details on some acts like objectives, establishment of pollution control boards, effluent standards, and penalties for non-compliance.

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Env Law.pptx
INTRODUCTION The Constitution of India clearly states that it is the duty of the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. In order to protect the environment and to conserve natural resources, various laws have been made. Many Acts have been introduced after 1947 (independence). Water Act and Wild life Protection Act were passed in 1974. Government of India has established a National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co- ordination.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION Various acts, treaties, agreements came into existence in several countries. India too has consciously developed several environmental protection related legal provision and is sincerely implementing them. Besides the legal framework, Environmental Management planning is emerging as an important concept which comprises Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Auditing, for ensuring the environment friendly practices.
1. WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974, AMENED IN 1988 The water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was passed by the Parliament in 1974 under Article 252 of the constitution which established Central Pollution Board and State Pollution Control Board. This act came into force on 13th March 1974. The main objectives of the Act are as follows: The Act specifically prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter into any stream or well. A consent from the State Board is required for any type of new discharge into any new stream or well. Under this rule, effluent standards to be complied by persons while causing discharge of sewage or silage or both have been specified. Standards for small scale industries have been specified separately. To provide prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water (in stream or well or sewer or land).
Laboratory The central as well as the state government can start a lab to do analysis on samples of water or of sewage or trade effluents for tests. A fee will be charged for these services. The law can also stop or restrain a person from discharging any pollutant to any stream or well which is likely to cause pollution. Penalties for non-compliance with the permit or polluting in any way are imprisoned for three months and fine of Rs. 10,000 or fine up to Rs. 5,000 per day of violation or both plus any expenses incurred by the Board for sampling, analysis, inspection etc.
2. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 This Act was passed by the Parliament on 7th December, 1977 and it came into force on 1st April 1978. It provides for a levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by industries and local authorities. Also the act plays an important role in control of water pollution. The Act provides for rebate to any industry/authority, which installs sewage or trade effluents. If any person delays the payment of cess within the stipulated time, then he is liable to pay 12% interest on the total amount per year.
Industries were specified in Schedule I. They are: 1. Ferrous: Metallurgical industry 2. Non-Ferrous: Metallurgical industry 3. Mining industry 4. Ore processing industry 5. Petroleum industry 6. Petro-chemical industry 7. Chemical industry 8. Ceramic industry 9. Cement industry 10. Textile industry 11. Paper industry 12. Fertilizer industry 13. Coal (including coke) industry 14. Power (thermal and diesel) generating industry 15. Processing of animal or vegetable products industry
2.1. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION Puts regulations on various activities, including construction. It gives some protection to the backwaters and estuaries
PLASTIC POLLUTION INCREASES RISK OF DEVASTATING DISEASE IN CORALS When corals die, they break down, robbing underwater organisms of their reef habitats. Based on current trends, the amount of plastic trapped in Asia-Pacific reefs is projected to increase 40 percent by 2025, further endangering corals. Plastic has pits and pores. Its the perfect vessel for microbes to colonize. Reefs littered with plastic were at least 20 times as likely to have diseased corals as unpolluted reefs. Coral reefs are sick of plastic. More than 11 billion plastic objects are polluting Asia-Pacific coral reefs, a new estimate finds. This waste can harbor pathogenic bacteria known to make corals sick. Reefs littered with plastic were at least 20 times as likely to have diseased corals as unpolluted reefs, researchers say.
3. AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL POLLUTION) ACT 1991, AMENDED IN 1987 The air pollution was raised as a matter of concern at the UN conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden in June 1972 to which India is one of the signatories. The Act was passed for prevention and control of air pollution on 1981 under Article 253 of the Constitution of India. The Act seeks to combat air pollution by prohibiting the use of polluting fuels and substances, and regulating appliances causing air pollution. The establishment and operation of any industrial plant requires permission from the State boards. The boards are also responsible for the inspection of the manufacturing processes and equipments and testing the air quality. These boards have been re-designated as Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board. Government may suggest control equipment prior to giving its consent to any industry for its operation. It may include chimney etc. In case there is any new technology for emission control, then the Board may insist on this to being installed. 1982 - The Atomic Energy Act, Deals with the radioactive waste.
The Environmental Protection Act of 1986 also notifies various aspects of pollution due to vehicles. The Central Pollution Control Board has notified the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for major pollutants in April 1994 for maintaining air quality. NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
WARMING WATERS ARE TURNING SOME SEA TURTLE POPULATIONS FEMALE TO THE EXTREME More than 99 percent of young green turtles born on beaches along the northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia) are female, researchers report January 8 in Current Biology. If that imbalance in sex continues, the overall population could shrink. Changes in hormone level and also more than 99 percent of young turtles hatched in sand soaked by warmer waters in the northern Great Barrier Reef were female with one male for every 116 females. That imbalance has increased over time: 86 percent of the adults born in the area more than 20 years ago were female.
4. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT, 1986 This act became effective in 19th November, 1986. It is an umbrella legislation to provide a framework for coordination of the Central and State Authorities established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act, 1981. This act empowers the Central Government by setting emission and discharge standards, regulating the location of industries, management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare. This act also gives various powers to the Central Government for laying down procedures and safeguards for prevention of accidents and handling of hazardous substances; inspection of any premises, plant, machinery equipment, materials, manufacturing or other processes; preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution and collection and dissemination of related information.
Several notifications under this Act have been issued which are mentioned below 1. Doon Valley Notification, 1989 It prohibits the setting up of an industry in which the daily coal or fuel consumption is more that 24 million tonnes per day in the Doon Valley (Himalaya, Uttarkhand) 2. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 It regulates the activities along the coastal zones. It prohibits dumping of ash or any other waste in the coastal regulation zones. 3. Ash Content Notification, 1997 According to this notification, the coal the used should not give ash content more than 34%. This is applicable to all thermal plants located at the distance of 1000 Km from the urban or sensitive areas.
5. Rules for manufacture, use, import, export and storage of hazardous microorganism, Genetically Engineered organisms or Cell, 1989 Various aspects for the protection of the Environment involving the use of gene technology and microorganisms have been covered under these rules. There is scheme of labeling environment friendly products with ECOMARK. This scheme provides incentives to the manufacturers and importers for reducing environmental impacts and rewarding genuine initiatives for improving the environmental quality.
Env Law.pptx
CHANGING TOOTHPASTES? CHANGE YOUR TOOTHBRUSH Toothbrushes can absorb an antimicrobial chemical then release it after users switch toothpastes. Some popular toothpastes contain an germ-killing chemical called triclosan. Studies have shown that it may help fight the bacteria behind gum disease. In 2016 US FDA banned triclosan based paste health risk, environmental contaminant & antibiotic resistance. Experiment with brush used with tooth paste containing triclosan alternative tooth paste triclosan in bristles leached out.
Hazardous Wastes Management Regulations Hazardous waste means any waste which, by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics, causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances. There are several legislations that directly or indirectly deal with hazardous waste management. Some of the rules dealing with hazardous waste management are discussed below: Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary) Rules, 2008, brought out a guide for manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemicals and for management of hazardous wastes. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, were formulated along parallel lines, for proper disposal, segregation, transport, etc, of infectious wastes. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, aim at enabling municipalities to dispose municipal solid waste in a scientific manner.
E - Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 Notified on May 1, 2011 and came into effect from May 1, 2012, with primary objective to reduce the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment by specifying threshold for use of hazardous material and to channelize the e- waste generated in the country for environmentally sound recycling. The Rules apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components as detailed in the Rules.
LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARENCE FROM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 1. Nuclear Power and related projects such as Heavy Water Plants, Nuclear Fuel Complex, Rare Earths. 2. River Valley projects including hydro power, major irrigation and their combination including flood control. 3. Ports, Harbors, Airports (except minor ports and harbors). 4. Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines. 5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphates other than single super phosphate). 6. Pesticides (Technical). 7. Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and aromatic) and Petrochemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LLDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC. 8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals. 9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage. 10. Synthetic Rubber
11. Asbestos and Asbestos products. 12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives 13. (i) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminum, Copper Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys) and also (ii) Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants). 14. Chlor-alkali industry. 15. Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials required in the manufacture of paints. 16. Viscose Staple fiber and filament yarn. 17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloys. 18. All tourism projects between 200m - 500 meters of High Water Lin and at locations with an elevation of more than 1,000 Meters with investment of more than Rs. 5 Crores. 19. Thermal Power Plants. 20. Mining Projects (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares. 21.Highway Projects. 22.Tarred Roads in Himalayan and or Forest areas. 23.Distilleries. 24.Raw Skins and Hides. 25.Pulp, Paper and newsprint, 26.Dyes. 27.Cement. 28.Foundries (individual). 29.Electroplating
POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES AND THEIR STANDARDS To combat this increasing pollution from vehicles, new and tougher auto standards are being enforced. The Environment (Pollution) Rules, 1986 contain these regulations. The standards recommended during idling for all four wheeled petrol driven vehicles for carbon monoxide shall not exceed 3 percent by volume. Idling carbon monoxide emission limit for all two and three wheeled petrol driven vehicles shall not exceed 4.5 percent by volume. Cars with mass less than 1,020 kg. load on the axle will be permitted to emit a maximum of five grams of carbon monoxide per kilometer. The combined emission of nitrous oxide and hydro carbons shall not exceed 2 grams per kilometer. The above standards are for petrol driven vehicles only.
FOR DIESEL DRIVEN VEHICLES, THE REGULATIONS ARE DIFFERENT For all medium and heavy diesel vehicles with capacity over 3.5 tons, they should not emit more than 11.2 grams Of carbon monoxide per kilowatt hour (kWh) equivalent burning of fuel. The maximum permissible levels for nitrous oxide and hydrocarbons are 14.4 and 2.4 grams per kWh.
Naso filter - Recent discovery (Prateek sharma IIT New Delhi) The researchers invented a small Respiratory filter that is placed in the nose. The device is designed to stop most dust and air pollutants from entering the body without restricting breathing. The invention, called Nasofilters, won the Indian President's "National Startups Award" in May 2017. PM2.5 n. fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller allergy n. a medical condition that causes someone to become sick after eating, touching, or breathing something that is harmless to most people

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Env Law.pptx

  • 2. INTRODUCTION The Constitution of India clearly states that it is the duty of the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. In order to protect the environment and to conserve natural resources, various laws have been made. Many Acts have been introduced after 1947 (independence). Water Act and Wild life Protection Act were passed in 1974. Government of India has established a National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co- ordination.
  • 3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION Various acts, treaties, agreements came into existence in several countries. India too has consciously developed several environmental protection related legal provision and is sincerely implementing them. Besides the legal framework, Environmental Management planning is emerging as an important concept which comprises Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Auditing, for ensuring the environment friendly practices.
  • 4. 1. WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974, AMENED IN 1988 The water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was passed by the Parliament in 1974 under Article 252 of the constitution which established Central Pollution Board and State Pollution Control Board. This act came into force on 13th March 1974. The main objectives of the Act are as follows: The Act specifically prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter into any stream or well. A consent from the State Board is required for any type of new discharge into any new stream or well. Under this rule, effluent standards to be complied by persons while causing discharge of sewage or silage or both have been specified. Standards for small scale industries have been specified separately. To provide prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water (in stream or well or sewer or land).
  • 5. Laboratory The central as well as the state government can start a lab to do analysis on samples of water or of sewage or trade effluents for tests. A fee will be charged for these services. The law can also stop or restrain a person from discharging any pollutant to any stream or well which is likely to cause pollution. Penalties for non-compliance with the permit or polluting in any way are imprisoned for three months and fine of Rs. 10,000 or fine up to Rs. 5,000 per day of violation or both plus any expenses incurred by the Board for sampling, analysis, inspection etc.
  • 6. 2. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 This Act was passed by the Parliament on 7th December, 1977 and it came into force on 1st April 1978. It provides for a levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by industries and local authorities. Also the act plays an important role in control of water pollution. The Act provides for rebate to any industry/authority, which installs sewage or trade effluents. If any person delays the payment of cess within the stipulated time, then he is liable to pay 12% interest on the total amount per year.
  • 7. Industries were specified in Schedule I. They are: 1. Ferrous: Metallurgical industry 2. Non-Ferrous: Metallurgical industry 3. Mining industry 4. Ore processing industry 5. Petroleum industry 6. Petro-chemical industry 7. Chemical industry 8. Ceramic industry 9. Cement industry 10. Textile industry 11. Paper industry 12. Fertilizer industry 13. Coal (including coke) industry 14. Power (thermal and diesel) generating industry 15. Processing of animal or vegetable products industry
  • 8. 2.1. THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION Puts regulations on various activities, including construction. It gives some protection to the backwaters and estuaries
  • 9. PLASTIC POLLUTION INCREASES RISK OF DEVASTATING DISEASE IN CORALS When corals die, they break down, robbing underwater organisms of their reef habitats. Based on current trends, the amount of plastic trapped in Asia-Pacific reefs is projected to increase 40 percent by 2025, further endangering corals. Plastic has pits and pores. Its the perfect vessel for microbes to colonize. Reefs littered with plastic were at least 20 times as likely to have diseased corals as unpolluted reefs. Coral reefs are sick of plastic. More than 11 billion plastic objects are polluting Asia-Pacific coral reefs, a new estimate finds. This waste can harbor pathogenic bacteria known to make corals sick. Reefs littered with plastic were at least 20 times as likely to have diseased corals as unpolluted reefs, researchers say.
  • 10. 3. AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL POLLUTION) ACT 1991, AMENDED IN 1987 The air pollution was raised as a matter of concern at the UN conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden in June 1972 to which India is one of the signatories. The Act was passed for prevention and control of air pollution on 1981 under Article 253 of the Constitution of India. The Act seeks to combat air pollution by prohibiting the use of polluting fuels and substances, and regulating appliances causing air pollution. The establishment and operation of any industrial plant requires permission from the State boards. The boards are also responsible for the inspection of the manufacturing processes and equipments and testing the air quality. These boards have been re-designated as Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board. Government may suggest control equipment prior to giving its consent to any industry for its operation. It may include chimney etc. In case there is any new technology for emission control, then the Board may insist on this to being installed. 1982 - The Atomic Energy Act, Deals with the radioactive waste.
  • 11. The Environmental Protection Act of 1986 also notifies various aspects of pollution due to vehicles. The Central Pollution Control Board has notified the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for major pollutants in April 1994 for maintaining air quality. NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
  • 12. WARMING WATERS ARE TURNING SOME SEA TURTLE POPULATIONS FEMALE TO THE EXTREME More than 99 percent of young green turtles born on beaches along the northern Great Barrier Reef (Australia) are female, researchers report January 8 in Current Biology. If that imbalance in sex continues, the overall population could shrink. Changes in hormone level and also more than 99 percent of young turtles hatched in sand soaked by warmer waters in the northern Great Barrier Reef were female with one male for every 116 females. That imbalance has increased over time: 86 percent of the adults born in the area more than 20 years ago were female.
  • 13. 4. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT, 1986 This act became effective in 19th November, 1986. It is an umbrella legislation to provide a framework for coordination of the Central and State Authorities established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act, 1981. This act empowers the Central Government by setting emission and discharge standards, regulating the location of industries, management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare. This act also gives various powers to the Central Government for laying down procedures and safeguards for prevention of accidents and handling of hazardous substances; inspection of any premises, plant, machinery equipment, materials, manufacturing or other processes; preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution and collection and dissemination of related information.
  • 14. Several notifications under this Act have been issued which are mentioned below 1. Doon Valley Notification, 1989 It prohibits the setting up of an industry in which the daily coal or fuel consumption is more that 24 million tonnes per day in the Doon Valley (Himalaya, Uttarkhand) 2. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 It regulates the activities along the coastal zones. It prohibits dumping of ash or any other waste in the coastal regulation zones. 3. Ash Content Notification, 1997 According to this notification, the coal the used should not give ash content more than 34%. This is applicable to all thermal plants located at the distance of 1000 Km from the urban or sensitive areas.
  • 15. 5. Rules for manufacture, use, import, export and storage of hazardous microorganism, Genetically Engineered organisms or Cell, 1989 Various aspects for the protection of the Environment involving the use of gene technology and microorganisms have been covered under these rules. There is scheme of labeling environment friendly products with ECOMARK. This scheme provides incentives to the manufacturers and importers for reducing environmental impacts and rewarding genuine initiatives for improving the environmental quality.
  • 17. CHANGING TOOTHPASTES? CHANGE YOUR TOOTHBRUSH Toothbrushes can absorb an antimicrobial chemical then release it after users switch toothpastes. Some popular toothpastes contain an germ-killing chemical called triclosan. Studies have shown that it may help fight the bacteria behind gum disease. In 2016 US FDA banned triclosan based paste health risk, environmental contaminant & antibiotic resistance. Experiment with brush used with tooth paste containing triclosan alternative tooth paste triclosan in bristles leached out.
  • 18. Hazardous Wastes Management Regulations Hazardous waste means any waste which, by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics, causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances. There are several legislations that directly or indirectly deal with hazardous waste management. Some of the rules dealing with hazardous waste management are discussed below: Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary) Rules, 2008, brought out a guide for manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemicals and for management of hazardous wastes. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, were formulated along parallel lines, for proper disposal, segregation, transport, etc, of infectious wastes. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, aim at enabling municipalities to dispose municipal solid waste in a scientific manner.
  • 19. E - Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 Notified on May 1, 2011 and came into effect from May 1, 2012, with primary objective to reduce the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment by specifying threshold for use of hazardous material and to channelize the e- waste generated in the country for environmentally sound recycling. The Rules apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components as detailed in the Rules.
  • 20. LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARENCE FROM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 1. Nuclear Power and related projects such as Heavy Water Plants, Nuclear Fuel Complex, Rare Earths. 2. River Valley projects including hydro power, major irrigation and their combination including flood control. 3. Ports, Harbors, Airports (except minor ports and harbors). 4. Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines. 5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphates other than single super phosphate). 6. Pesticides (Technical). 7. Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and aromatic) and Petrochemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LLDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC. 8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals. 9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage. 10. Synthetic Rubber
  • 21. 11. Asbestos and Asbestos products. 12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives 13. (i) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminum, Copper Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys) and also (ii) Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants). 14. Chlor-alkali industry. 15. Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials required in the manufacture of paints. 16. Viscose Staple fiber and filament yarn. 17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloys. 18. All tourism projects between 200m - 500 meters of High Water Lin and at locations with an elevation of more than 1,000 Meters with investment of more than Rs. 5 Crores. 19. Thermal Power Plants. 20. Mining Projects (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares. 21.Highway Projects. 22.Tarred Roads in Himalayan and or Forest areas. 23.Distilleries. 24.Raw Skins and Hides. 25.Pulp, Paper and newsprint, 26.Dyes. 27.Cement. 28.Foundries (individual). 29.Electroplating
  • 22. POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES AND THEIR STANDARDS To combat this increasing pollution from vehicles, new and tougher auto standards are being enforced. The Environment (Pollution) Rules, 1986 contain these regulations. The standards recommended during idling for all four wheeled petrol driven vehicles for carbon monoxide shall not exceed 3 percent by volume. Idling carbon monoxide emission limit for all two and three wheeled petrol driven vehicles shall not exceed 4.5 percent by volume. Cars with mass less than 1,020 kg. load on the axle will be permitted to emit a maximum of five grams of carbon monoxide per kilometer. The combined emission of nitrous oxide and hydro carbons shall not exceed 2 grams per kilometer. The above standards are for petrol driven vehicles only.
  • 23. FOR DIESEL DRIVEN VEHICLES, THE REGULATIONS ARE DIFFERENT For all medium and heavy diesel vehicles with capacity over 3.5 tons, they should not emit more than 11.2 grams Of carbon monoxide per kilowatt hour (kWh) equivalent burning of fuel. The maximum permissible levels for nitrous oxide and hydrocarbons are 14.4 and 2.4 grams per kWh.
  • 24. Naso filter - Recent discovery (Prateek sharma IIT New Delhi) The researchers invented a small Respiratory filter that is placed in the nose. The device is designed to stop most dust and air pollutants from entering the body without restricting breathing. The invention, called Nasofilters, won the Indian President's "National Startups Award" in May 2017. PM2.5 n. fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller allergy n. a medical condition that causes someone to become sick after eating, touching, or breathing something that is harmless to most people