Environment lens
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The document discusses three models for understanding an organization's environment: 1) The strategic design perspective uses an organization set model to view external actors as input, output, regulatory, or competitor sets and tools like grouping, linking, and alignment for managing the environment. 2) The political perspective uses a stakeholders model to view external actors as groups with interests and influence and tools like mobilization, coalition formation, and cooptation. 3) The cultural perspective uses an institutional field model to view external actors as reference groups and agencies that structure values and norms and tools like legitimation, isomorphism, and rhetoric.
Environment lens
- 1. Key Themes: Managing the Organizational Environment The organizations environment provides: Stimuli for action Resources for action Constraints on action Understanding these roles requires models or maps of the organizational environment Models are linked to perspectives: Strategic design: organization set model Political system: stakeholders model Cultural system: institutional field model
- 2. Strategic Design Perspective: The Organization Set Key categories of external social actors: Input set Output set Regulatory set Competitor set Key factors: flows of resources, especially information
- 3. Strategic Design Perspective: The Organization Set Tools for managing the environment: Grouping (specialized boundary-spanning units) Linking (liaison and integrator roles, permanent and temporary boundary-spanning groups, IT systems) Alignment (performance measurement, incentives, resource allocation, human resource development)
- 4. Strategic Design Perspective: Organization Set Model
- 5. Political Perspective: Stakeholders Model Key categories of external social actors: groups and organizations with a stake in or affected by the actions of the organization Key factors: interests, influence Tools for managing the environment: Mobilization Coalition formation Cooptation
- 6. Political Perspective: Stakeholders Model
- 7. Cultural Perspective: Institutional Field Key categories of external social actors: social reference group structuring agencies Key factors: values and norms mental models Tools for managing the environment: Legitimation Isomorphism (emulating other organizations) Rhetoric Attention from structuring agencies
- 8. Cultural Perspective: Institutional Field Model