Environment2
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This document discusses various environmental factors such as air, ventilation, light, and noise. It covers the composition of air and factors that impact thermal comfort. Various types and sources of air, light, noise, and radiation pollution are defined. The effects of pollution on health and the environment are explained. Methods for monitoring and controlling different types of pollution are also outlined.
Environment2
- 1. EnvironmentEnvironment Air, Ventilation, Light,Air, Ventilation, Light, NoiseNoise Dr Mariya A QurieshiDr Mariya A Qurieshi
- 2. AIRAIR
- 3. ? COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION ? IMPURITIESIMPURITIES ? SELF CLEANSINGSELF CLEANSING MECHANISMSMECHANISMS ? WindWind ? SunlightSunlight ? RainRain ? Plant lifePlant life
- 4. DISCOMFORTDISCOMFORT ? CHEMICAL CHANGESCHEMICAL CHANGES ? PHYSICAL CHANGESPHYSICAL CHANGES ? TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE ? HUMIDITYHUMIDITY ? AIR MOVEMENTAIR MOVEMENT ? BODY ODOURSBODY ODOURS ? Bacterial pollutionBacterial pollution
- 5. INDICES OF THERMAL COMFORTINDICES OF THERMAL COMFORT ? AIR TEMPERATUREAIR TEMPERATURE ? AIR TEMPERATURE ANDAIR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITYHUMIDITY ? COOLING POWERCOOLING POWER ? EFFECTIVE TEMPERATUREEFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE ? CORRECTED EFFECTIVECORRECTED EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE ? McARDLES MAXIMUMMcARDLES MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SWEAT RATEALLOWABLE SWEAT RATE
- 7. AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION ? Presence in thePresence in the ambient atmosphereambient atmosphere ofof substancessubstances generated bygenerated by activitiesactivities of man inof man in concentrationsconcentrations thatthat interfereinterfere with human health.with human health.
- 8. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTIONSOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
- 10. AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS ? COCO ? SO 2SO 2 ? PbPb ? CO 2CO 2 ? HCsHCs ? CdCd ? H 2 SH 2 S ? O 3O 3 ? PAHPAH ? Particulate matter.Particulate matter.
- 11. INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDOOR AIR POLLUTION Sources – wood, dung, crop residue,Sources – wood, dung, crop residue, incomplete combustion of coal.incomplete combustion of coal. Tight building syndrome-Tight building syndrome- Impact –respiratory infectionsImpact –respiratory infections Vulnerable group-Vulnerable group-
- 12. MONITORING OF AIRMONITORING OF AIR POLLUTIONPOLLUTION 1. SULPHUR DIOXIDE1. SULPHUR DIOXIDE 2. SOILING INDEX2. SOILING INDEX 3. GRIT AND DUST3. GRIT AND DUST 4. COEFFICIENT OF HAZE4. COEFFICIENT OF HAZE 5. AIR POLLUTION INDEX5. AIR POLLUTION INDEX
- 13. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTIONEFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ? HEALTH IMPLICATIONSHEALTH IMPLICATIONS ? SOCIAL AND ECONOMICSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTSASPECTS
- 14. Individual effectsIndividual effects ? Irritants –SOIrritants –SO22 ,NO,NO22 ,O,O33 irritation and desquamationirritation and desquamation ? Allergens – allergic rhinitisAllergens – allergic rhinitis , asthma, asthma ? Emissants- polycyclic aromaticEmissants- polycyclic aromatic HC, Pb- carcinogenic, lungHC, Pb- carcinogenic, lung cancercancer Neuropsychiatric abnormalities inNeuropsychiatric abnormalities in
- 15. ? Annoyants- hydrogen sulphide,Annoyants- hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans—GI symptomsmercaptans—GI symptoms ? Disinfectants –OPCs andDisinfectants –OPCs and OCCs, cause excitation andOCCs, cause excitation and dysfunction of ANS.dysfunction of ANS.
- 16. Global effectsGlobal effects 1. Ozone depletion-1. Ozone depletion- Inciting agent-Inciting agent- oxides of nitrogenoxides of nitrogen and CFCsand CFCs Source-Source- ? Exhaust emissions of highExhaust emissions of high flying supersonic jet aircraftflying supersonic jet aircraft ? RefrigerantsRefrigerants ? Aerating agentsAerating agents ? SolventsSolvents ? Propellants in spraying cansPropellants in spraying cans
- 17. Implications -Implications - ? Melanotic and non- melanoticMelanotic and non- melanotic cancerscancers ? CataractCataract ? Impairs immune defenseImpairs immune defense mechanismmechanism ? Damage to small forms of lifeDamage to small forms of life (planktons, pollen grains,(planktons, pollen grains, nitrifying soil bacteria)-arrestnitrifying soil bacteria)-arrest food chainfood chain ? Reduction in agriculturalReduction in agricultural productionproduction
- 18. 2. Acid rain-2. Acid rain- Inciting agent-Inciting agent- sulphur dioxide,sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxidenitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide Source-Source- combustioncombustion Implications –Implications – ? Acidification of soil and waterAcidification of soil and water ? Damage plants and treesDamage plants and trees ? Destroys aquatic lifeDestroys aquatic life ? Human health indirectly affectedHuman health indirectly affected by serious interruption in foodby serious interruption in food productionproduction ? Damage to buildingsDamage to buildings
- 20. 3. Global warming3. Global warming Inciting agent-Inciting agent- Green house gases-Green house gases- carbondioxide,methane, CFCs,carbondioxide,methane, CFCs, ozone.ozone. Source-Source- Combustion of fossil fuel, motorCombustion of fossil fuel, motor exhaust emissions,refrigeratorsexhaust emissions,refrigerators
- 21. Implications-Implications- ? Alteration in geographicalAlteration in geographical distribution of grains, fruits anddistribution of grains, fruits and vegetablesvegetables ? Alteration in distribution ofAlteration in distribution of diseasesdiseases ? Depletion of fish stocksDepletion of fish stocks ? Heat waves-strokeHeat waves-stroke
- 22. PREVENTION AND CONTROLPREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTIONOF AIR POLLUTION ? Engineering measuresEngineering measures ? CONTAINMENTCONTAINMENT
- 24. ? DISPERSIONDISPERSION ? TOWN PLANNINGTOWN PLANNING 1.1. Appropriate zonalisationAppropriate zonalisation 2.2. Green beltsGreen belts 3.3. Traffic free zones in pedestrianTraffic free zones in pedestrian concentration areasconcentration areas ? EDUCATIONAL MEASURESEDUCATIONAL MEASURES 1.1. Domestic levelDomestic level 2.2. Industrial levelIndustrial level
- 25. ? LEGISLATION-EnvironmentLEGISLATION-Environment protection actprotection act ? INTERNATIONAL ACTIONINTERNATIONAL ACTION
- 26. VENTILATIONVENTILATION ? STANDARDS-STANDARDS- ? CUBIC SPACECUBIC SPACE ? AIR CHANGE 2-3 air changesAIR CHANGE 2-3 air changes in living room and 4-6 in workin living room and 4-6 in work roomsrooms ? FLOOR SPACEFLOOR SPACE
- 27. TYPESTYPES ? NATURAL-NATURAL- ? WINDWIND ? DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION ? TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCETEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE ? ARTIFICIAL-ARTIFICIAL- ? EXUASTEXUAST ? PLENUMPLENUM ? BALANCEDBALANCED ? AIR CONDITIONINGAIR CONDITIONING
- 28. LIGHTLIGHT
- 29. LIGHTLIGHT ? SufficiencySufficiency ? DistributionDistribution ? Absence of glareAbsence of glare ? Absence of sharp shadowsAbsence of sharp shadows ? SteadinessSteadiness ? ColorColor ? SurroundingsSurroundings
- 30. MeasurementsMeasurements ? Luminous intensity- candelaLuminous intensity- candela ? Luminous flux- lumenLuminous flux- lumen ? Illuminance- luxIlluminance- lux ? Luminance- lambertLuminance- lambert
- 31. MeasurementMeasurement ? Daylight factor- instantaneousDaylight factor- instantaneous illumination indoors/illumination indoors/ simultaneous illuminationsimultaneous illumination outdoors X 100outdoors X 100
- 32. Biological effectsBiological effects ? In vitro degradation of bilirubinIn vitro degradation of bilirubin ? Biological rhythm of bodyBiological rhythm of body temperature, physical activity,temperature, physical activity, sleep, melanin synthesissleep, melanin synthesis ? vitamin D synthesisvitamin D synthesis
- 35. ? PropertiesProperties ? Intensity – HertzIntensity – Hertz ? Loudness- dBLoudness- dB
- 36. ? EffectsEffects ? Auditory-Auditory- fatiguefatigue ? DeafnessDeafness
- 37. ? Non Auditory-Non Auditory- ? Interference with speechInterference with speech
- 38. ? AnnoyanceAnnoyance ? Reduced EfficiencyReduced Efficiency ? Physiological changesPhysiological changes
- 39. Control of Noise PollutionControl of Noise Pollution ? Careful planningCareful planning ? Control of vehiclesControl of vehicles ? Acoustic insulationAcoustic insulation ? Industries and railwaysIndustries and railways ? Protection to exposedProtection to exposed ? LegislationLegislation ? EducationEducation
- 41. SOURCESSOURCES ? NaturalNatural 1.1. Cosmic raysCosmic rays 2.2. EnvironmentalEnvironmental 1.1. TerrestrialTerrestrial 2.2. AtmosphericAtmospheric 3.3. InternalInternal 1.1. Potassium -40Potassium -40 2.2. Carbon-14Carbon-14 ? Man-madeMan-made 1.1. Medical andMedical and dentaldental 2.2. OccupationalOccupational 3.3. NuclearNuclear 4.4. Miscellaneous –Miscellaneous – TV, watches,TV, watches, luminousluminous markersmarkers
- 42. Types of radiationTypes of radiation Type of radiationType of radiation ? Alpha particlesAlpha particles ? Beta particlesBeta particles ? Gamma raysGamma rays ? X-raysX-rays Penetration abilityPenetration ability AirAir TissueTissue LeadLead 44 cmcm 0.050.05 mmmm 00 6-3006-300 0.06-40.06-4 mmmm 0.005-0.30.005-0.3mmmm 400400mm 5050 cmcm 4040 mmmm 120-240120-240mm 15-3015-30 cmcm 0.30.3 mmmm
- 43. RADIATION UNITSRADIATION UNITS ? ROENTGEN---COULOMB PERROENTGEN---COULOMB PER Kg.Kg. Radiation absorbed in air atRadiation absorbed in air at a given pointa given point ? RAD---GRAYRAD---GRAY Radioactive energy absorbed perRadioactive energy absorbed per gram of tissuegram of tissue ? REM---SIEVERTREM---SIEVERT Absorbed dose X modifying factorAbsorbed dose X modifying factor
- 44. Biological effects of radiationBiological effects of radiation