The document discusses electrostatic discharge (ESD) and its impact on integrated circuits, detailing various ESD models, types of ESD events, and testing methods. It covers ESD protection strategies, including proper handling, ESD protection devices like diodes and gate-grounded NMOS transistors, and relevant challenges in designing effective ESD solutions. Different testing methodologies such as the Human Body Model (HBM), Machine Model (MM), and Charged Device Model (CDM) are evaluated, highlighting their roles in simulating ESD incidents.
This document discusses ESD protection technology for power ICs. It begins with an introduction to ESD and ESD failure models. It then covers ESD protection design considerations for power ICs, including high voltage ESD device solutions, ESD circuit solutions, whole chip ESD protection circuit design, and low voltage ESD device solutions. The document also discusses ESD protection design flow and analysis methods like TLP testing. It concludes by addressing emerging ESD protection technology issues related to shrinking design windows, high voltage and low voltage ICs, and system-level ESD stresses.
This document discusses electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in integrated circuits. It introduces ESD, outlines common ESD models like the human body model and machine model, and describes key ESD protection mechanisms such as avalanche breakdown and thermal breakdown in nMOS transistors. These protection mechanisms allow ESD protection devices to safely discharge static electricity through controlled conduction paths before thermal damage occurs.
This document describes a method for simulating electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuits using empirical models of ESD devices. The method combines regular SPICE models of ESD transistors with curves based on transmission line pulsing (TLP) measurements. The models trigger bipolar behavior based on simulated terminal voltages and TLP data. Simulation results matched TLP curves and demonstrated checking ESD current and voltage clamping. The method allows verifying ESD protection in complex chip designs.
Wireless communication theodore rappaportDaud Khan
?
The document repeatedly lists the website "www.vsofts.net" and the word "oldroad" without any other context or information provided. It is not possible to determine the essential meaning or purpose of the document from the limited information given.
This document discusses inter-DCI and co-packaged optics. It provides an overview of data center architecture and challenges in data centers including high-speed interfaces between silicon and optics. The document then discusses integrated coherent transmit-receive optical sub-assemblies and co-packaged optics as potential solutions. Co-packaged optics could provide a compact form factor with many modules close to switch ASICs and include electronics, modulators, receivers and lasers to allow for high data rates and simplified assembly at a lower cost. External and integrated laser integration approaches are also briefly outlined.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of cable sizing, detailing the process of selecting appropriate electrical cable sizes based on various parameters such as current rating, voltage drop, and installation conditions. It outlines the necessary data collection methods, including cable material, insulation type, installation method, and environmental factors. The document also elaborates on factors affecting current-carrying capacity and voltage drop, along with specific calculations and standards to guide the sizing process.
Partial discharge is a discharge event that does not bridge the entire insulation system between electrodes. It occurs within cavities in insulation materials under high electric fields. During partial discharge, a plasma channel briefly forms within the cavity, conducting electricity from one side to the other without crossing the entire material. Measurement setups use coupling devices and detectors to monitor the short voltage pulses caused by partial discharge, in order to evaluate insulation condition and detect defects.
The document provides an overview of analog layout design. It discusses that analog circuits require careful attention to geometry during layout due to process variations. The analog design flow includes electrical design, physical design involving layout, and fabrication/testing. Key considerations for analog layout include minimizing parasitic resistances and capacitances, reducing noise, and ensuring matching between identical components using techniques like common-centroid layout. Resistors and capacitors must be carefully laid out to minimize non-ideal effects and provide accurate values.
The document discusses short-circuit analysis based on ANSI standards. It describes the different types of short-circuit faults, how fault current is calculated, and the components that contribute current. The ANSI method models sources using an internal voltage behind an impedance and represents them in multiple networks to calculate fault currents at different time periods. It also explains how fault currents are used to verify protective device ratings and settings.
CMOS linear regulators have advantages over bipolar linear regulators such as lower supply current, smaller size, and lower dropout voltage. They are widely used in battery-powered portable electronics due to their ability to maximize battery life. CMOS linear regulators typically consist of a reference voltage source, error amplifier, output transistor, and other protection circuits. Key performance aspects are low supply current, high output current capability, high input/output voltage range, high ripple rejection rate, and low dropout voltage. CMOS linear regulators are available in various configurations to suit different applications and their performance continues to improve through technological advancements.
The document discusses junctionless transistors, which are transistors without PN junctions. Junctionless transistors have uniformly doped channels without doping concentration gradients. They have advantages over traditional transistors like near-ideal subthreshold slopes and lower leakage currents. The document describes the structure, fabrication process, electrical characteristics, and types of junctionless transistors. It notes that junctionless transistors could help enable the continued scaling of transistors to smaller sizes.
The document discusses various aspects of partial discharge (PD) testing, including definitions, types, and detection methods. It defines PD as localized electrical discharges that only partially bridge insulation between conductors. Four main types are discussed: corona, surface, cavity, and treeing discharges. Detection methods covered include electrical, acoustic, UHF, optical, and chemical (DGA) techniques. The electrical method measures apparent charge, while acoustic localization and UHF detection have advantages of immunity to electromagnetic noise. Optical detection relies on light emission during discharges. A comparison table outlines advantages and disadvantages of each detection method.
Current transformer requirements for protection 1abumusab
?
The document discusses current transformer requirements for protection applications. It provides information on current transformer functions, construction, standards, theory of operation, and characteristics. Protection current transformers are designed to operate over a wide range of currents, while measurement current transformers have more tightly defined accuracy limits and require low saturation levels to protect instruments.
Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous devices that use sensors to cooperatively monitor physical conditions like temperature, pressure, and motion. Sensor nodes contain sensors, a processor, memory, a transceiver, and a power supply. They face design challenges due to power constraints, node failures, mobility, heterogeneity, and scalability to large deployments. Applications of wireless sensor networks include military monitoring, environmental monitoring, health monitoring, home/office automation, automotive uses, and commercial uses.
The document discusses transient stability in power systems. It defines transient stability as synchronous generators and motors remaining in synchronism with one another during disturbances measured in milliseconds. Factors that can cause instability are discussed, such as faults, loss of excitation, or sudden load changes. Effects of instability include power swings, protective device misoperation, equipment damage, and blackouts. Solutions to stability problems presented are improving system design, selecting equipment to increase stability, and using power system stabilizers and protection schemes.
This document discusses the operation of n-channel MOSFETs in the saturation region, highlighting concepts such as pinch-off and the hot carrier effect, which can lead to degradation of the transistor. To combat the hot carrier effect, lightly doped drains (LDD) are introduced, reducing the electric field at the drain-channel junction. In contrast, p-channel MOSFETs are less affected by hot carrier effects due to the lower mobility of holes compared to electrons.
Current transformers (CTs) operate in series with the current being measured and cannot have an open secondary circuit, while potential transformers (PTs) operate in parallel across the voltage being measured and can have an open secondary circuit without damage. CTs treat the primary current as independent of the secondary circuit conditions, while PTs have primary current that depends on the secondary circuit conditions. CTs are used with low-voltage ammeters to measure high currents, and PTs are used with low-voltage voltmeters to measure high voltages.
The document discusses current transformers (CTs), including their construction, testing, and common problems. CTs are used to step down high currents to safely measurable levels for protection devices and meters. They are tested through turns ratio tests, saturation tests, polarity tests, and winding resistance tests to evaluate accuracy. Common CT issues found on site include shorted, open, miswired, unwired, backwards installed, incorrect, and defective CTs. Potential transformers are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of HSPICE tutorials available on the class website and instructions for setting up an HSPICE account. It describes the HSPICE simulation software and outlines the general structure and purpose of key sections in HSPICE input files, such as title, setup statements, library includes, netlist, sources, analysis statements, and output. It also summarizes common HSPICE elements, analysis types, and output file formats.
Threshold Voltage & Channel Length ModulationBulbul Brahma
?
The document discusses threshold voltage and channel length modulation in transistors, outlining factors affecting threshold voltage such as gate material and impurities. It describes channel length modulation as a phenomenon where channel length reduces with increasing drain voltage, leading to increased drain current in the saturation region. Key equations and parameters related to these concepts are also presented.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested and characterized first-order and fourth-order low pass filters. Key findings include:
- The cutoff frequency was measured to be 1.1 kHz for the first-order filter and 10.2 kHz for the fourth-order filter, close to theoretical calculations.
- The first-order filter had a rolloff rate of 13.08 dB/decade while the fourth-order was 49.6 dB/decade as expected for higher order filters.
- Both filters were able to suppress harmonics and convert a square wave input to a sine wave output as intended applications of low pass filters.
Nanometer layout handbook at high speed designMinho Park
?
The document is a comprehensive guide focused on high-speed CMOS IC layout techniques, including lithography defects, layout techniques, and high-speed layout guidelines. It addresses common issues in semiconductor design such as matching, loading, reliability, and offers solutions to mitigate lithography-related errors. The content is structured into three main parts: lithography defects and their prevention, layout optimization techniques, and a checklist for high-speed design considerations.
Design of ESD protection for high-speed interfacesSofics
?
The document discusses the design of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for high-speed input/output integrated circuits, emphasizing the limitations of traditional methods like diode-based protection. It highlights the need for local ESD protection clamps to effectively safeguard sensitive components while minimizing parasitic capacitance and leakage. The document concludes with case studies showing successful implementations of these custom ESD solutions in advanced CMOS and FinFET technologies.
The document discusses electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in VLSI design, detailing the causes and effects of ESD on integrated circuits (ICs). It differentiates between direct and latent failures caused by ESD, emphasizing the need for protective measures such as clamping diodes and ESD-sensitive devices. Various tools and techniques for ESD protection are also mentioned, including high electron mobility transistors and ionizers.
Dr. Ajay N Phirke discusses the history and technology of optical fiber communication. He explains that optical fiber uses light as a carrier and glass or plastic optical fibers to guide the light waves for transmission over long distances. Early developments included the photo phone in 1880 and flexible fiberscope in 1951. Major advances were the invention of the laser in 1960 and development of low-loss optical fiber around 1970. Today optical fiber provides very high bandwidth communication through technologies such as SONET. Dr. Phirke also covers the basic components, types including single mode and multi-mode, and advantages of optical fiber communication systems.
The document details the characteristics of overhead conductors, including typical resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitance values of aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR) conductors. It discusses conductor sizes, current carrying capacities, and advantages like reduced power loss and easier repair compared to underground lines. It also highlights the usage of shielded wires for protection and mentions their application in high-speed bullet train systems.
The document discusses low voltage switchgear and cable sizing. It provides information on governing standards, system parameters, construction details of LV switchgear including busbars and components. It discusses fixed and drawout construction types. It also covers IP ratings, cable sizing criteria and applications of LV switchgear and cables in industrial, domestic and commercial load distribution systems.
The document provides an overview of analog layout design. It discusses that analog circuits require careful attention to geometry during layout due to process variations. The analog design flow includes electrical design, physical design involving layout, and fabrication/testing. Key considerations for analog layout include minimizing parasitic resistances and capacitances, reducing noise, and ensuring matching between identical components using techniques like common-centroid layout. Resistors and capacitors must be carefully laid out to minimize non-ideal effects and provide accurate values.
The document discusses short-circuit analysis based on ANSI standards. It describes the different types of short-circuit faults, how fault current is calculated, and the components that contribute current. The ANSI method models sources using an internal voltage behind an impedance and represents them in multiple networks to calculate fault currents at different time periods. It also explains how fault currents are used to verify protective device ratings and settings.
CMOS linear regulators have advantages over bipolar linear regulators such as lower supply current, smaller size, and lower dropout voltage. They are widely used in battery-powered portable electronics due to their ability to maximize battery life. CMOS linear regulators typically consist of a reference voltage source, error amplifier, output transistor, and other protection circuits. Key performance aspects are low supply current, high output current capability, high input/output voltage range, high ripple rejection rate, and low dropout voltage. CMOS linear regulators are available in various configurations to suit different applications and their performance continues to improve through technological advancements.
The document discusses junctionless transistors, which are transistors without PN junctions. Junctionless transistors have uniformly doped channels without doping concentration gradients. They have advantages over traditional transistors like near-ideal subthreshold slopes and lower leakage currents. The document describes the structure, fabrication process, electrical characteristics, and types of junctionless transistors. It notes that junctionless transistors could help enable the continued scaling of transistors to smaller sizes.
The document discusses various aspects of partial discharge (PD) testing, including definitions, types, and detection methods. It defines PD as localized electrical discharges that only partially bridge insulation between conductors. Four main types are discussed: corona, surface, cavity, and treeing discharges. Detection methods covered include electrical, acoustic, UHF, optical, and chemical (DGA) techniques. The electrical method measures apparent charge, while acoustic localization and UHF detection have advantages of immunity to electromagnetic noise. Optical detection relies on light emission during discharges. A comparison table outlines advantages and disadvantages of each detection method.
Current transformer requirements for protection 1abumusab
?
The document discusses current transformer requirements for protection applications. It provides information on current transformer functions, construction, standards, theory of operation, and characteristics. Protection current transformers are designed to operate over a wide range of currents, while measurement current transformers have more tightly defined accuracy limits and require low saturation levels to protect instruments.
Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous devices that use sensors to cooperatively monitor physical conditions like temperature, pressure, and motion. Sensor nodes contain sensors, a processor, memory, a transceiver, and a power supply. They face design challenges due to power constraints, node failures, mobility, heterogeneity, and scalability to large deployments. Applications of wireless sensor networks include military monitoring, environmental monitoring, health monitoring, home/office automation, automotive uses, and commercial uses.
The document discusses transient stability in power systems. It defines transient stability as synchronous generators and motors remaining in synchronism with one another during disturbances measured in milliseconds. Factors that can cause instability are discussed, such as faults, loss of excitation, or sudden load changes. Effects of instability include power swings, protective device misoperation, equipment damage, and blackouts. Solutions to stability problems presented are improving system design, selecting equipment to increase stability, and using power system stabilizers and protection schemes.
This document discusses the operation of n-channel MOSFETs in the saturation region, highlighting concepts such as pinch-off and the hot carrier effect, which can lead to degradation of the transistor. To combat the hot carrier effect, lightly doped drains (LDD) are introduced, reducing the electric field at the drain-channel junction. In contrast, p-channel MOSFETs are less affected by hot carrier effects due to the lower mobility of holes compared to electrons.
Current transformers (CTs) operate in series with the current being measured and cannot have an open secondary circuit, while potential transformers (PTs) operate in parallel across the voltage being measured and can have an open secondary circuit without damage. CTs treat the primary current as independent of the secondary circuit conditions, while PTs have primary current that depends on the secondary circuit conditions. CTs are used with low-voltage ammeters to measure high currents, and PTs are used with low-voltage voltmeters to measure high voltages.
The document discusses current transformers (CTs), including their construction, testing, and common problems. CTs are used to step down high currents to safely measurable levels for protection devices and meters. They are tested through turns ratio tests, saturation tests, polarity tests, and winding resistance tests to evaluate accuracy. Common CT issues found on site include shorted, open, miswired, unwired, backwards installed, incorrect, and defective CTs. Potential transformers are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of HSPICE tutorials available on the class website and instructions for setting up an HSPICE account. It describes the HSPICE simulation software and outlines the general structure and purpose of key sections in HSPICE input files, such as title, setup statements, library includes, netlist, sources, analysis statements, and output. It also summarizes common HSPICE elements, analysis types, and output file formats.
Threshold Voltage & Channel Length ModulationBulbul Brahma
?
The document discusses threshold voltage and channel length modulation in transistors, outlining factors affecting threshold voltage such as gate material and impurities. It describes channel length modulation as a phenomenon where channel length reduces with increasing drain voltage, leading to increased drain current in the saturation region. Key equations and parameters related to these concepts are also presented.
The document summarizes an experiment that tested and characterized first-order and fourth-order low pass filters. Key findings include:
- The cutoff frequency was measured to be 1.1 kHz for the first-order filter and 10.2 kHz for the fourth-order filter, close to theoretical calculations.
- The first-order filter had a rolloff rate of 13.08 dB/decade while the fourth-order was 49.6 dB/decade as expected for higher order filters.
- Both filters were able to suppress harmonics and convert a square wave input to a sine wave output as intended applications of low pass filters.
Nanometer layout handbook at high speed designMinho Park
?
The document is a comprehensive guide focused on high-speed CMOS IC layout techniques, including lithography defects, layout techniques, and high-speed layout guidelines. It addresses common issues in semiconductor design such as matching, loading, reliability, and offers solutions to mitigate lithography-related errors. The content is structured into three main parts: lithography defects and their prevention, layout optimization techniques, and a checklist for high-speed design considerations.
Design of ESD protection for high-speed interfacesSofics
?
The document discusses the design of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for high-speed input/output integrated circuits, emphasizing the limitations of traditional methods like diode-based protection. It highlights the need for local ESD protection clamps to effectively safeguard sensitive components while minimizing parasitic capacitance and leakage. The document concludes with case studies showing successful implementations of these custom ESD solutions in advanced CMOS and FinFET technologies.
The document discusses electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in VLSI design, detailing the causes and effects of ESD on integrated circuits (ICs). It differentiates between direct and latent failures caused by ESD, emphasizing the need for protective measures such as clamping diodes and ESD-sensitive devices. Various tools and techniques for ESD protection are also mentioned, including high electron mobility transistors and ionizers.
Dr. Ajay N Phirke discusses the history and technology of optical fiber communication. He explains that optical fiber uses light as a carrier and glass or plastic optical fibers to guide the light waves for transmission over long distances. Early developments included the photo phone in 1880 and flexible fiberscope in 1951. Major advances were the invention of the laser in 1960 and development of low-loss optical fiber around 1970. Today optical fiber provides very high bandwidth communication through technologies such as SONET. Dr. Phirke also covers the basic components, types including single mode and multi-mode, and advantages of optical fiber communication systems.
The document details the characteristics of overhead conductors, including typical resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitance values of aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR) conductors. It discusses conductor sizes, current carrying capacities, and advantages like reduced power loss and easier repair compared to underground lines. It also highlights the usage of shielded wires for protection and mentions their application in high-speed bullet train systems.
The document discusses low voltage switchgear and cable sizing. It provides information on governing standards, system parameters, construction details of LV switchgear including busbars and components. It discusses fixed and drawout construction types. It also covers IP ratings, cable sizing criteria and applications of LV switchgear and cables in industrial, domestic and commercial load distribution systems.
22. 什么是TLP测试?
标准TLP的典型应用
2. 用TLP和故障自动检测装置测试DUT的ESD抗扰度/敏感度
系统/IC/模块的ESD抗扰度通常由不同ESD测试装置来进行评估。由瞬时高能量造成的故障可以通过上升时间/脉冲宽
度受控的TLP脉冲或者RC电路向50欧姆系统放电得到。TLP测试结果可用于估测HBM, IEC61000-4-2,HMM的失效
等级。
ESD热失效相关*(注意): TVS IEC 1 kV level = 2 A , 100 ns TLP pulse level
IC HBM 1 kV level = 1.5 A, 100 ns TLP pulse level
请参考TLP测试用法的相关文献,不同设备的敏感性不同!
Correlation between transmission-line-pulsing I-V curve and human-body-model, Jon Barth, John Richner
ESD Relations between system level ESD and (vf-)TLP, T. Smedes, J. van Zwol, G. de Raad, T. Brodbeck, H. Wolf
A TLP-based Human Metal Model ESD-Generator for Device Qualification according to IEC 61000-4-2
Yiqun Cao 1, David Johnsson 1, Bastian Arndt 2 and Matthias Stecher
Pitfalls when correlating TLP, HBM and MM testing, Guido Notermans, Peter de Jong and Fred Kuper
A Failure Levels Study of Non-Snapback ESD Devices for Automotive Applications, Yiqun Cao , Ulrich Glaser ,
Stephan Frei and Matthias Stecher
Correlation Between TLP, HMM, and System-Level ESD Pulses for Cu Metallization, Y. Xi, S. Malobabic, V.
Vashchenko, and J. Liou
Capacitive Coupled TLP (CC-TLP) and the Correlation with the CDM, Heinrich Wolf, Horst Gieser, Karlheinz Bock ,
Agha Jahanzeb, Charvaka Duvvury, Yen-Yi Lin
….. (please check for your device and applications)
注意: 1. 标准TLP不提供类似IEC61000-4-2标准脉冲的第一个峰,所以由第一个峰引起的设备故障不能用TLP测试检测
。超快TLP可以提供上升时间短、脉宽窄的矩形脉冲,可用来进行此类测试。
2. 标准TLP是基于50欧姆阻抗的,而其他ESD模型基于不同的阻抗系统,所以设备完全开启之前的电压可能会有很
大不同,从而导致不同的失效类型。
22
41. 公司的成长(2011 to 2013)
ESDEMCTECHNOLOGYLLC
Niche: Solutions by ESD/EMC experts, innovative & flexible, focused
on ESD/EMC design, analysis and debugging
Growth: 2010.09 Business setup in Founder’s home
2011.03 to now Group of 5 professionals
ESDEMC公司地理位置优越,我们与世界顶级EMC学术研究实验室MST EMC为
邻。
About 40% each year
42. ESDEMC Group @ 2012 IEEE EMC Symposium
Oh, I have a
new idea ...
We are
growing … I can do
it …
We can
improvise…
Fredric Stevenson
Business/Technical
Development
Wei Huang
Founder/Owner
Chief Design Engineer
David Pommerenke
Chief Technology
Consultant
Jerry Tichenor
Design Application
Engineer
43. REFERENCES
参考
1. Martin Rodgaard, 2007, ESD – Electrostatic Discharge, Retrieved Jan 13, 2015 from:
http://hibp.ecse.rpi.edu/~connor/education/Surge/Presentations/ESD_mr.pdf
2. ESDA/JEDEC Joint Standard for Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Human Body Model (HBM) – Component Level,
ANSI/ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001-2010, April 2010.
3. ESD Association Standard Test Method for Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Machine Model – Component Level, ESD
STM5.2-2012, July 2013.
4. ESD Association Standard for Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Charge Device Model (CDM) – Component Level, ESD S5.3.1-
2009, December 2009.
5. International Electrotechnical Commission, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-2: Testing and measurement techniques –
Electrostatic discharge immunity test, IEC 61000-4-2:2008, 2008.
6. ESD Association Standard Practice for Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Human Metal Model (HMM) – Component Level,
ANSI/ESD SP5.6-2009, September 2009.
7. D.C. Wunsch and R.R. Bell, “Determination of Threshold Failure Levels of Semiconductor Diodes and Transistors due to Pulse
Voltages,” IEEE Trans. Nuc. Sci., NS-15, pp. 244-259, 1968.
8. D.J. Bradley, J.F. Higgins, M.H. Key and S. Majumdar, “A Simple Laser-triggered Spark Gap for Kilovolt Pulses of Accurately Variable
Timing,” Opto-Electronics Letters, vol. 1, pp. 62-64, 1969.
9. T.J. Maloney and N. Khurana, “Transmission Line Pulsing Techniques for Circuit Modeling of ESD Phenomena,” 1985 EOS/ESD
Symposium Conference Proceedings, pp. 49 -54, 1985.
10. W. Simburger, “AN 210 Effective ESD Protection Design at System Level Using VF-TLP Characterization Methodology,” Infineon
Application Note 210, Revision 1.3, December 2012.
11. D. Byrd, T. Kugelstadt, 2011, Understanding and Comparing the Differences in ESD Testing, Retrieved Jan 14 2015 from:
http://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4368466/Understanding-and-comparing-the-differences-in-ESD-testing
43
44. REFERENCESCONT’D
参考 Cont’d
Graph 1 & 2: (n.a.), 2013, How to Select Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS Diode)?, Retrieved Jan 13 2015 from:
http://www.completepowerelectronics.com/tvs-diode-selection-tutorial/
Graph 3 & 4: D. Byrd, T. Kugelstadt, 2011, Understanding and Comparing the Differences in ESD Testing, Retrieved Jan 14 2015 from:
http://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4368466/Understanding-and-comparing-the-differences-in-ESD-testing
Graph 5 & 6: Reference 10
Picture 1: Eric Puszczewicz, 2011, Electrostatic Discharge - ESD Basics and Protection, Retrieved Jan 13 2015 from:
http://www.slideshare.net/ericpuszczewicz/esd-basics-by-transforming-technologies
Picture 2: Ron Kurtus, 2015, Static Electricity Sparks, Retrieved Jan 13 2015 from: http://www.school-for-
champions.com/science/static_sparks.htm#.VLU51yvF9MY
Picture 3: K. Vermeer, 2011, Static dissipative ESD footware, Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from:
http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/23107/static-dissipative-esd-footware
Picture 4: (n.a.), (n.d.), Anti-Static Design – ESD Protection, Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from:
http://www.ecs.com.tw/ECSWebSite/Product/Product_Detail.aspx?DetailID=1446&MenuID=17&LanID=0
Picture 5: (n.a), 2000, Maxim Leads the Way in ESD Protection, Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from: http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/app-
notes/index.mvp/id/639
Picture 6: T. G. Nagy, (n.d.), Effective ESD Transient Voltage Surge Suppression in New, High Speed Circuits, Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from:
http://www.compliance-club.com/archive/old_archive/020930.htm
Picture 7: P. Yu, 2010, Component Failure Analysis – Hermetic Packaging, Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from:
http://www.empf.org/empfasis/2010/Apr10/help-410.html
Picture 8: P. Corr, 2014, Laser Diodes: Laser diode operation 101: A user’s guide, Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from:
http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-50/issue-03/features/laser-diodes-laser-diode-operation-101-a-user-s-
guide.html
Picture 9: S. Pefhany, 2014, FET Electrostatic Damage, Retrieved Jan 15 2015 from:
http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/97605/fet-electrostatic-damage
44