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�ݺ�ߣs for evolution from the book Strik Berger
By
Muhammad Qamar Iqbal

There are different theories toward the birth of
universe as
? Steady state theory
? Big bang theory
? Scattering big bang
Steady state theory
? 1948. Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold and Fred Hoyle.
? Other models of cosmology besides the Big Bang theory
? One of them was the Steady-State Model
? General character of the universe is NOT changing over
? time:
o Universe looks the same from everywhere
o It has always looked like this
o Universe is uniform in both time and space
o No beginning or no end of the universe
o Rejects the idea of Big Bang Theory
o Expansion was explained as follows (red shift): matter is being created out of
nothing about a few atoms per cubic mile per year.
o So,even though there is expansion, density remains the same

Why did people believe in this theory?
? Offered simple solutions to the way the universe worked
? Predictions based on this theory agreed with Einstein��s theory of relativity.
Why do people no longer believe this theory?
? Scientists began looking at early eras of the universe and began seeing
contradictions to this theory differences between how it is now and how it
was back then.
? Scientists showed that universe exploded in its creation the heat and the
glow that exists in the universe now.
? Astronomers eventually found out that the universe is evolving over time.
1. For example: there were types of stars that were famous in certain period in the
known history of the universe.
2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation proved it wrong radio telescopes
show glows in certain areas of the universe that belongs to microwave region of
radio spectrum. It is left over from early stages of the development of the
universe.

Refined Versions:
? It is irrelevant to science now because it has
been proven wrong. However, it is good to know
it in order to understand the refined version of
it.
? This theory led to its refined version: the Big
Bang Theory. This was the result of experiments
and scientific evidence. While scientists and
astronomers tried proving the Steady-state
theory, they disproved it but they proved
another theory called the Big Bang Theory and
the universe expanding forever.
? There are, however, still questions whether the
Steady-State Theory and the Big Bang Theory can
be combined since both agree on expansion.

Evolutionary theory:
Density of the matter decreases over the time.
Steady state theory:
Density of the matter constant over time

Different key points of big bang theory:
? About 13.7 million years ago
? A big bang or blast takes place
? Energy spread in the space
? Then cooling starts
Metal or atomic age:
? This age is time and temp. dependant
? When about temp at 1044 F
? The atomic age starts
? Glexciatic age
? Staller age

Oparin haldane theory of chemical evolution:
? The Russian scientist Alexander Ivanovich Oparin(1924) and British scientist
J.B.S Haldane(1929).
? Process of chemical evolution can be divided into three step.
A) Origin of earth and primitive atmosphere:
? When earth was broken from sun, it was a glowing fire and a rotating cloud of
hot gasses, vapours of various elements, pieces of rocks and metals called
nebulous.
? As the earth was moving away from sun, the temperature slowly decreased.
? This led to condensatiion of gases.
? The heavy elements (iron, nickel) sank to the centre and form solid core of
earth.
? Lightest elements (He, H, O, N, C) occupied atmosphere of the earth.
B) Formation of ammonia, water and methane:
? The earth was very hot initially and so the atoms could not combine with each
other easily.
? It contain H, O, N and C.

? Hydrogen was very reactive it combine with
nitrogen to form ammonia, with oxygen to
form water, with carbon to form methane.
? As temperature is high ammonia and methane
remained as gas and water as steam.
? As temperature decrease steam condensed to
water which results in rain and earth become
cold.
? Water gradually accumulated and this led to
the formation of rivers, sea lakes etc.
? Thus the first chemicals formed on the earth
were water, ammonia, methane etc.

Origin of biomolecules:
As elemental origin starts and biomolecular origin sarts as
? Carbohydrate formation
? Fatty acid formation
? Amino acid formation
Carbohydrate formation :
CO2 + [H2O]n + solar energy C6H12O6 +O2
[CO2 ] n + [H2O]n + solar energy
Conversion into poly sacchride :

? Conversion of mono sacchrides into oligo , poly sacchrides respectivley by
formation of glucosidic bond.
? Glucosidic bond is formed when a H2O molecule is released from two
monosacchride molecules.
Origin of lipids :
Origin of lipid was started by start of fatty acid formation that is carried out by the
combination of fatty acids.
1) Formation of fatty acid:
O
CO2 + C=C n CH3 ( CH2 ) 2 C OH
Lipid formation from the fatty acids:
Alcohol + fatty acid Lipid +H2O

O
R OH + HO C R
O
R O C R
H2O released
Fatty acid

Phospholipid formation:
Glycerol + fatty acid + phosphoric acid +nitro. Base
phospholipid + H2O
H C OH (16 carbon long fatty acid)
H C OH (18 carbon long fatty acid)
H C OH
O CH3
o OH P OH HO CH2 CH2 N CH3
OH CH3

? It is the basic structure for unit membrane structure that appears as hydrophilic
head and hydrophobic tail.
? Hydrophilic head (water loving):
1. This tendendcy is because of Glycerol , phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base .
o Hydrophobic tail ( water repellent ):
This tendency is because of fatty acid chain that are water repellent .

Amino acid formation:
Amino acid formation leads to the RNA formation and further DNA.
H
H O H
H N C N + O H N C N +energy
H H H
In case of side chain (by condebsation )

R1O H O
H2 N c c OH + H2 N C C OH + H2N C N
H R2
R1 O H O
H2 N c c N C C OH + urea +
H R2
energey + water
+ H2O

Nucleic acid:
? White matter of the nucleus and having acidic nature .
? DNA
o Contains deoxy ribose sugar.
o Phosphoric acid group
o Nitrogenous bases (G, A,T,C)
o AsAdenin and guanin are doubled ring and Thyamin and cytocine are
single ringed
? RNA
o It contains ribose sugar
o Phosphoric acid group
o Nitrogenous bases (G, A,U,C)
o Adenin and guanin are doubled ring and Uracil and cytocine are single
ringed

C) Formation of protobionts or precells or coacervate formation :
? The nucleic acid along with inorganic and organic molecules formed the
first form of life precells or protobionts.
? Protiens formed colloidal hydrophilic complexes surrounded by water
molecules.
? Oparin and Sidney Fox demonstrated then formation of this aqueous
suspension of polymers.
? Oparin called these aggregates as cocervates while Sidney fox called them
Protenoids or Microspheres.
By strik Berger
? RNA
? different protein
? Lipid
? Carbohydrates
All these substances are suspended in aquatic pool and water loving heads of
lipid arranged them selves as a way of double layer and first membrane
developed. That engulf some RNA, carbohydrate, and water along with
electrolytes and intrinsic protein also joined the membrane as way
chennels for transpotation that is called protocell that was capable of
exchange of gasses as shown in fig.

Concept of evolution of life
Several attempts have been made from time to time to
explain the origin of life on earth. As a result, there are
several theories which offer their own explanation on
the possible mechanism of origin of life. Following are
some of them:
? Theory of Special Creation
? Theory of Spontaneous Generation
? Theory of Biogenesis
? Theory of Biochemical Evolution
? Theory of Panspermia
? Deep sea hydrothermal vent theory

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Evolution from strik berger

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Evolution from strik berger