Example paired ttest
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1) A study examined the effect of low and high glycemic index (GI) breakfasts on calorie intake at lunch in children. The children consumed either a low or high GI breakfast, with the same calories, on different days. 2) The children consumed on average 163 fewer calories at lunch after eating the low GI breakfast compared to the high GI breakfast. 3) A paired t-test found a statistically significant difference in calorie intake between the breakfast types, indicating that the kind of breakfast impacts lunchtime calorie consumption. The test showed that eating a low GI breakfast reduces children's calorie intake at lunch by an estimated 98-230 calories.
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2) Studies on maternal dietary avoidance during pregnancy show no significant difference in rates of eczema, allergic rhinitis, or asthma in children at age 5.
3) Introduction of solid foods like peanut products, eggs, and milk/milk products between 4-12 months based on individual risk is not associated with increased risk of asthma or allergy according to several studies. Delayed introduction beyond 12 months may be associated with increased risk.Obesity Nature Vs Nuture[1]
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Ad
Example paired ttest
- 1. Example:油PAIRED油T足TEST油 It油is油thought油that油the油glycaemic油index油(GI)油of油food油is油an油indicator油of油how油sustaining油 or油satisfying油it油is油and油may油influence油appetite.油 A油sample油of油children油were油provided油with油a油breakfast油of油low油GI油foods油on油one油day油 and油high油GI油foods油on油another.油The油two油breakfasts油contained油the油same油quantities油 of油carbohydrate,油fat油and油protein.油On油each油day油a油buffet油lunch油was油provided油and油 the油number油of油calories油eaten油at油lunchtime油were油recorded.油 On油the油first油day油the油children油ate油a油low油GI油breakfast油and油on油the油second油day油a油high油 GI油breakfast.油The油objective油is油to油determine油whether油the油kind油of油breakfast油eaten油 has油an油effect油on油mean油calorie油intake.油 The油table油below油summarises油the油data油for油children油in油the油sample.油This油shows油that油 for油the油children油in油the油experiment,油mean油calorie油intake油at油lunchtime油was油higher油 after油the油high油GI油breakfast.油A油hypothesis油test油is油needed油to油determine油whether油 these油results油mean油that油we油can油predict油that油there油would油be油differences油in油mean油 calorie油intake油for油other油children油who油ate油low油and油high油GI油breakfasts.油 Paired油Samples油Statistics油 Std.油Error油 Mean油 N油 Std.油Deviation油 Mean油 kcal油after油low油gi油breakfast油 607.9697油 33油 182.82445油 31.82565油 kcal油after油high油gi油breakfast油 771.6061油 33油 222.10779油 38.66400油 The油hypotheses油to油test油are:油 Null油hypothesis油(H0):油Mean油calorie油intake油is油the油same油following油low油or油high油GI油 breakfast油 Alternative:油(H1):油Mean油calorie油intake油depends油on油whether油a油low油or油high油GI油 breakfast油was油eaten油 A油paired油t足test油is油appropriate油because:油 (1)油 two油related油samples油are油being油compared.油The油samples油are油related油 because油the油same油group油of油children油tested油both油breakfasts油 (2)油 the油dependent油variable,油that油is,油the油calorie油intake,油is油a油continuous油variable油 The油next油table油shows油the油result油of油the油paired油t足test油油this油allows油us油to油draw油 conclusions油about油the油population油of油children油from油which油the油sample油was油drawn.油 The油key油outputs油are油the油test油statistic,油the油degrees油of油freedom油and油the油P足value.
- 2. Paired油Samples油Test油 Paired油Differences油 95%油Confidence油 Interval油of油the油 Std.油Error油 Difference油 Mean油 Std.油Deviation油 Mean油 Lower油 Upper油 t油 df油 Sig.油(2足tailed)油 Pair油 kcal油after油low油gi油 1油 breakfast油足油kcal油after油 足163.636油 186.40762油 32.44940油 足229.734油 足97.53910油 足5.043油 32油 .000油 high油gi油breakfast油 SPSS油calculates油the油P足value油from油the油test油statistic油and油the油degrees油of油freedom油 and油reports油it油to油3油decimal油places.油The油actual油value油of油P油is油0.0000175.油This油is油so油 small油that油when油reported油to油three油decimal油places,油it油is油shown油as油0.000油which油we油 report油as油P油<油0.001.油Because油the油P足value油is油less油than油0.05,油we油have油statistically油 significant油evidence油that油mean油calorie油intake油at油lunchtime油depends油on油whether油a油 childs油breakfast油had油a油low油or油high油GI.油 Although油our油conclusion油is油based油wholly油on油the油P足value,油the油convention油is油to油 report油the油value油of油t油and油the油df油as油well.油 The油hypothesis油test油allows油you油to油say:油 The油kind油of油food油eaten油at油breakfast油has油a油statistically油significant油effect油on油mean油 calorie油consumption油(油t=油足5.043,油df=油32,油P油<油0.001).油 The油confidence油interval油allows油you油to油say:油 We油are油95%油confident油that油eating油a油low油GI油breakfast油reduces油childrens油mean油 calorie油consumption油at油lunchtime油by油between油98油and油230油kcal油(to油the油nearest油 whole油number).油 Assumptions油underlying油the油test油 The油paired油t足test油is油based油on油the油assumption油that油if油you油calculate油the油difference油in油 calorie油intake油following油low油and油high油GI油breakfasts油for油each油child,油the油results油are油 Normally油distributed.油If油there油are油major油problems油then油the油results油of油the油test油can油 be油unreliable.油This油can油be油checked油by油plotting油the油differences油between油intakes油 following油low油and油high油GI油breakfasts油on油a油P足P油plot.油This油is油a油graph油that油is油 specially油designed油to油detect油departures油from油the油Normal油distribution油(which油 appear油as油deviations油from油the油45油degree油line).油If油the油data油does油not油support油the油 Normality油assumption,油then油the油problem油can油be油solved油either油by油using油an油 alternative油test,油such油as油the油Wilcoxon油test油or油by油transforming油the油data.