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Excretion and osmoregulation

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Maphuti Itumeleng Modiba

The document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It begins by explaining that osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss. Freshwater animals conserve solutes and reduce water uptake, while marine and desert animals face dehydrating environments. For marine fish, drinking seawater and excreting salts balances water loss. Freshwater fish constantly take in water and lose salts, balancing this by excreting dilute urine. The kidneys aid homeostasis by excreting waste, maintaining water and salt balance, and regulating pH. Through hormones, the kidneys help control water levels and reabsorb salts and ions.

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EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION
1. OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION Relative concentrations of water and solutes must be maintained within fairly narrow limits Osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water. Freshwater animals show adaptations that reduce water uptake and conserve solutes
OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION Desert and marine animals face desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water. Excretion gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products.
OSMOREGULATION OF MARINE BONY FISH Marine bony fishes are hypoosmotic (have less solutes/salt than) to sea water. They loose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion and from food. They balance water loss by drinking seawater and excreting salts
OSMOREGULATION OF MARINE BONY FISH
OSMOREGULATION OF FRESH WATER FISH Freshwater animals constantly take in water by osmosis from their hypoosmotic environment They lose salts by diffusion and maintain water balance by excreting large amounts of dilute urine Salts lost by diffusion are replaced in foods and by uptake across the gills
OSMOREGULATION OF FRESH WATER FISH
2. WASTE PRODUCTS UREA AMMONIA URIC ACID The kinds of nitrogenous wastes excreted depend on an animals evolutionary history and habitat The amount of nitrogenous waste is coupled to the animals energy budget
AMMONIA Form when an amino group (NH2) adds a third hydrogen ion. = NH3. Ammonia is rather toxic. If enough water is available to wash it from the body it can be a nitrogenous excretory product. Do not require a lot of energy for production. Ammonia is excreted by most fish whose gills and skin are in direct contact with the water of the environment.
UREA Requires a lot of energy for production of Urea. Carrier molecules take up carbon dioxide and 2 molecules of ammonia to form and excrete urea. Urea is less toxic than ammonia. Can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Important allows terrestrial animals to conserve water. Sharks, frogs and mammals excrete urea as their main nitrogenous waste.
URIC ACID Requires an extreme amount of ATP (energy) for the production of Uric acid. Uric acid is not very toxic and do not dissolve in water readily, therefore is excreted very concentrated to conserve water in the body. Uric acid is routinely excreted by insects, reptiles and birds.
3. EXCRETORY ORGANS AMONG INVERTEBRATES Most animals have tubular excretory organs that regulate the water-salt balance of the body and excrete metabolic wastes into the environment. 3 examples amongst invertebrates: Planarians use Flame cells. Earthworms use Nephridia. Insects use Malpighian tubules. On occasion, excretion also involves other organs, such as the rectum in the earthworm and the gills in crayfish.
PLANARIANS (FLATWORMS)with flame cells Flatworms use flame cells (bud-like outgrowths in a branched tubular excretion system) with cilia to filter out waste and get rid of excess water.
Earthworm with nephridia Earthworms have nephridia with a ciliated opening, called the nephridiostome, that leads to a coiled tubule surrounded by blood capillaries. Waste move through the tubules and is excreted through the nephridiopore.
Insects with Malpighian tubules Insects use thin tubules called Malpighian tubules attached to the gut for excretion
4. HUMAN EXCRETORY ORGANS Humans use several excretory organs: Lungs Carbon dioxide (waste product from cellular respiration) Kidneys and bladder - Ammonia, uric acid, excess water, excess salt and urea (Waste products in deamination and food) Liver - Colorants, alcohol, poisons(Waste products from food and drink) Alimentary canal - Feaces (undigested food), cellulose. Skin - Excess water and salt, ammonia.
5. HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM Consist of paired kidneys, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, bladder and urethra. Each kidney is supplied with blood by a renal artery (impure, oxygenated blood) and drained by a renal vein (pure, deoxygenated blood). Urine exits each kidney through a duct called the urether. Both urethers drain into a common urinary bladder, and urine is expelled through a urethra.
HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF A KIDNEY The mammalian kidney has two distinct regions: an outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla
STRUCTURE OF A KIDNEY
NEPHRON Microscopically each kidney is composed of over 1 million tiny tubules called nephrons. The nephrons of the kidneys produce urine. Some nephrons are located primarily in the renal cortex, but others dip down into the renal medulla. The nephron, the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney, consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus.
STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON
STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON
6. THE FUNCTIONING OF THE KIDNEY: URINE FORMATION An average person produces between 1 and 2 liters of urine daily. Urine production requires three distinct processes: Glomerular filtration at the Malpighian body (Glomerulus and Capsule of Bowman.) Tubular reabsorption at the convoluted tubules. Tubular secretion at the convoluted tubules.
Excretion and osmoregulation
7. THE KIDNEY AND HOMEOSTASIS The kidneys are organs of homeostasis for four main reasons: 1. They excrete metabolic waste such as urea, which is the primary metabolic waste of humans. 2. They maintain the water salt balance in the body. 3. They maintain the acid-base (pH) balance in the body. 4. They secrete hormones.
THE KIDNEY AND HOMEOSTASIS Through the hormone ADH the water is kept constant. The salt is reabsorbed through the hormone Aldosterone by means of a Sodium pump mechanism. Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release (secretion) of potassium in the kidneys.
Charna How do the kidneys aid in maintaining the acid-base balance in the body? It is the tubular secretion of H+ and NH4+ from the blood into the tubular fluid (i.e. urine - which is then excreted from the body via the ureter, bladder, and urethra) that helps to keep blood pH at its normal level. The movement of these ions also helps to conserve sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The typical pH of urine is about 6.
Reference List. Damnjanovic, I. (2016) Osmoregulation and excretion. Available from slide share at https://goo.gl/KryKR6 (Accessed 18 September 2017) Maam, D.( 2008) Osmoregulation and excretion. Available from slide share at https://goo.gl/cevdZh (Accessed 18 September 2017) Roshan, C.(2013) Osmoregulation and excretion. Available from slide share at /roshanchristo/osmoregulation-andexcretion (Accessed 18 September 2017) Swan, J.(2010) AP Biology Chapter 44. available from slide share at https://goo.gl/3JiuSi (Accessed 18 September 2017) Walker, K.(2012) Osmoregulation. Available from slide share at /kristenw3/osmoregulation-12005537 (Accessed 18 September 2017)

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Excretion and osmoregulation

  • 2. 1. OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION Relative concentrations of water and solutes must be maintained within fairly narrow limits Osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water. Freshwater animals show adaptations that reduce water uptake and conserve solutes
  • 3. OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION Desert and marine animals face desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water. Excretion gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products.
  • 4. OSMOREGULATION OF MARINE BONY FISH Marine bony fishes are hypoosmotic (have less solutes/salt than) to sea water. They loose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion and from food. They balance water loss by drinking seawater and excreting salts
  • 6. OSMOREGULATION OF FRESH WATER FISH Freshwater animals constantly take in water by osmosis from their hypoosmotic environment They lose salts by diffusion and maintain water balance by excreting large amounts of dilute urine Salts lost by diffusion are replaced in foods and by uptake across the gills
  • 8. 2. WASTE PRODUCTS UREA AMMONIA URIC ACID The kinds of nitrogenous wastes excreted depend on an animals evolutionary history and habitat The amount of nitrogenous waste is coupled to the animals energy budget
  • 9. AMMONIA Form when an amino group (NH2) adds a third hydrogen ion. = NH3. Ammonia is rather toxic. If enough water is available to wash it from the body it can be a nitrogenous excretory product. Do not require a lot of energy for production. Ammonia is excreted by most fish whose gills and skin are in direct contact with the water of the environment.
  • 10. UREA Requires a lot of energy for production of Urea. Carrier molecules take up carbon dioxide and 2 molecules of ammonia to form and excrete urea. Urea is less toxic than ammonia. Can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Important allows terrestrial animals to conserve water. Sharks, frogs and mammals excrete urea as their main nitrogenous waste.
  • 11. URIC ACID Requires an extreme amount of ATP (energy) for the production of Uric acid. Uric acid is not very toxic and do not dissolve in water readily, therefore is excreted very concentrated to conserve water in the body. Uric acid is routinely excreted by insects, reptiles and birds.
  • 12. 3. EXCRETORY ORGANS AMONG INVERTEBRATES Most animals have tubular excretory organs that regulate the water-salt balance of the body and excrete metabolic wastes into the environment. 3 examples amongst invertebrates: Planarians use Flame cells. Earthworms use Nephridia. Insects use Malpighian tubules. On occasion, excretion also involves other organs, such as the rectum in the earthworm and the gills in crayfish.
  • 13. PLANARIANS (FLATWORMS)with flame cells Flatworms use flame cells (bud-like outgrowths in a branched tubular excretion system) with cilia to filter out waste and get rid of excess water.
  • 14. Earthworm with nephridia Earthworms have nephridia with a ciliated opening, called the nephridiostome, that leads to a coiled tubule surrounded by blood capillaries. Waste move through the tubules and is excreted through the nephridiopore.
  • 15. Insects with Malpighian tubules Insects use thin tubules called Malpighian tubules attached to the gut for excretion
  • 16. 4. HUMAN EXCRETORY ORGANS Humans use several excretory organs: Lungs Carbon dioxide (waste product from cellular respiration) Kidneys and bladder - Ammonia, uric acid, excess water, excess salt and urea (Waste products in deamination and food) Liver - Colorants, alcohol, poisons(Waste products from food and drink) Alimentary canal - Feaces (undigested food), cellulose. Skin - Excess water and salt, ammonia.
  • 17. 5. HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM Consist of paired kidneys, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, bladder and urethra. Each kidney is supplied with blood by a renal artery (impure, oxygenated blood) and drained by a renal vein (pure, deoxygenated blood). Urine exits each kidney through a duct called the urether. Both urethers drain into a common urinary bladder, and urine is expelled through a urethra.
  • 19. STRUCTURE OF A KIDNEY The mammalian kidney has two distinct regions: an outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla
  • 20. STRUCTURE OF A KIDNEY
  • 21. NEPHRON Microscopically each kidney is composed of over 1 million tiny tubules called nephrons. The nephrons of the kidneys produce urine. Some nephrons are located primarily in the renal cortex, but others dip down into the renal medulla. The nephron, the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney, consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus.
  • 22. STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON
  • 23. STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON
  • 24. 6. THE FUNCTIONING OF THE KIDNEY: URINE FORMATION An average person produces between 1 and 2 liters of urine daily. Urine production requires three distinct processes: Glomerular filtration at the Malpighian body (Glomerulus and Capsule of Bowman.) Tubular reabsorption at the convoluted tubules. Tubular secretion at the convoluted tubules.
  • 26. 7. THE KIDNEY AND HOMEOSTASIS The kidneys are organs of homeostasis for four main reasons: 1. They excrete metabolic waste such as urea, which is the primary metabolic waste of humans. 2. They maintain the water salt balance in the body. 3. They maintain the acid-base (pH) balance in the body. 4. They secrete hormones.
  • 27. THE KIDNEY AND HOMEOSTASIS Through the hormone ADH the water is kept constant. The salt is reabsorbed through the hormone Aldosterone by means of a Sodium pump mechanism. Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release (secretion) of potassium in the kidneys.
  • 28. Charna How do the kidneys aid in maintaining the acid-base balance in the body? It is the tubular secretion of H+ and NH4+ from the blood into the tubular fluid (i.e. urine - which is then excreted from the body via the ureter, bladder, and urethra) that helps to keep blood pH at its normal level. The movement of these ions also helps to conserve sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The typical pH of urine is about 6.
  • 29. Reference List. Damnjanovic, I. (2016) Osmoregulation and excretion. Available from slide share at https://goo.gl/KryKR6 (Accessed 18 September 2017) Maam, D.( 2008) Osmoregulation and excretion. Available from slide share at https://goo.gl/cevdZh (Accessed 18 September 2017) Roshan, C.(2013) Osmoregulation and excretion. Available from slide share at /roshanchristo/osmoregulation-andexcretion (Accessed 18 September 2017) Swan, J.(2010) AP Biology Chapter 44. available from slide share at https://goo.gl/3JiuSi (Accessed 18 September 2017) Walker, K.(2012) Osmoregulation. Available from slide share at /kristenw3/osmoregulation-12005537 (Accessed 18 September 2017)