Fallcaies2[1]

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This document discusses and provides examples of common logical fallacies, including: 1) False analogy - where an analogy is drawn between two things that are not truly comparable. 2) Composition and decomposition - making incorrect assumptions or generalizations about a whole based on its parts or vice versa. 3) Appeal to false authority - citing an authority that is not actually qualified to have an expert opinion on the subject.

Education

More Fallacies …. either you learn them or be destined for a life living in a van down by the river

False Analogy Definition: In an analogy, two objects (or events), A and B are shown to be similar. Then it is argued that since A has property P, so also B must have property P.

False Analogy Example Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees.

False Analogy Example 2 Government is like business, so just as business must be sensitive primarily to the bottom line, so also must government.

Composition Because the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property. That whole may be either an object composed of different parts, or it may be a collection or set of individual members.

Composition Sodium and chlorine are both deadly poisons, therefore sodium chlorine must be a deadly poison. Each member of the football team is excellent, therefore the team must be excellent. Each part of the engine is lightweight so the engine must be lightweight.

Decomposition Ascribing to the parts a characteristic of the whole. E.g.. The play received great reviews, so therefore the part played by Mimi must have been excellent. That soccer team is crappy, so their goalie must be crappy also.

More Decomposition The brick wall is six feet tall. Thus, the bricks in the wall are six feet tall. Germany is a militant country. Thus, each German is militant

Appeal to False Authority While sometimes it may be appropriate to cite an authority to support a point, often it is not. In particular, an appeal to authority is inappropriate if: the person is not qualified to have an expert opinion on the subject, experts in the field disagree on this issue. the authority was making a joke, drunk, or otherwise not being serious

Appeal to False Authority Noted psychologist Dr. Frasier Crane recommends that you buy the EZ-Rest Hot Tub. Economist John Kenneth Galbraith argues that a tight money policy s the best cure for a recession. (Although Galbraith is an expert, not all economists agree on this point.)

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Fallcaies2[1]

1. More Fallacies …. either you learn them or be destined for a life living in a van down by the river

2. False Analogy Definition: In an analogy, two objects (or events), A and B are shown to be similar. Then it is argued that since A has property P, so also B must have property P.

3. False Analogy Example Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees.

4. False Analogy Example 2 Government is like business, so just as business must be sensitive primarily to the bottom line, so also must government.

5. Composition Because the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property. That whole may be either an object composed of different parts, or it may be a collection or set of individual members.

6. Composition Sodium and chlorine are both deadly poisons, therefore sodium chlorine must be a deadly poison. Each member of the football team is excellent, therefore the team must be excellent. Each part of the engine is lightweight so the engine must be lightweight.

7. Decomposition Ascribing to the parts a characteristic of the whole. E.g.. The play received great reviews, so therefore the part played by Mimi must have been excellent. That soccer team is crappy, so their goalie must be crappy also.

8. More Decomposition The brick wall is six feet tall. Thus, the bricks in the wall are six feet tall. Germany is a militant country. Thus, each German is militant

9. Appeal to False Authority

10. Appeal to False Authority While sometimes it may be appropriate to cite an authority to support a point, often it is not. In particular, an appeal to authority is inappropriate if: the person is not qualified to have an expert opinion on the subject, experts in the field disagree on this issue. the authority was making a joke, drunk, or otherwise not being serious

11. Appeal to False Authority Noted psychologist Dr. Frasier Crane recommends that you buy the EZ-Rest Hot Tub. Economist John Kenneth Galbraith argues that a tight money policy s the best cure for a recession. (Although Galbraith is an expert, not all economists agree on this point.)

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