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States of ConsciousnessStates of Consciousness
Hypnosis, Meditation, andHypnosis, Meditation, and
Sensory DeprivationSensory Deprivation

HypnosisHypnosis
 Defined as an altered state ofDefined as an altered state of
consciousness, characterized by aconsciousness, characterized by a
narrowed attention and openness tonarrowed attention and openness to
suggestionsuggestion
 Can be explained by normal principlesCan be explained by normal principles
Not mysterious or magicalNot mysterious or magical

History of HypnosisHistory of Hypnosis
 Began in 1700sBegan in 1700s
 Franz MesmerFranz Mesmer
 Austrian doctorAustrian doctor
 Believed he could use magnets to cure diseaseBelieved he could use magnets to cure disease
 Power of suggestionPower of suggestion
 Term mesmerize (to hypnotise)Term mesmerize (to hypnotise)
 James BraidJames Braid
 English surgeonEnglish surgeon
 Greek word hypnos means…Greek word hypnos means…
 But not really what happensBut not really what happens

Hypnosis contHypnosis cont
 Is it really a state of alteredIs it really a state of altered
consciousness??consciousness??
YesYes
Brain waves measured different from sleep orBrain waves measured different from sleep or
pretendingpretending

Hypnotic susceptibilityHypnotic susceptibility
 8 out of 10 can be hypnotized, 4 out of 108 out of 10 can be hypnotized, 4 out of 10
will be good hypnotic subjectswill be good hypnotic subjects
 People who are highly imaginative andPeople who are highly imaginative and
prone to fantasy are good subjectsprone to fantasy are good subjects
 Test for susceptability, called the StanfordTest for susceptability, called the Stanford
Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. How is thisHypnotic Susceptibility Scale. How is this
done?done?

Hypnosis TechniquesHypnosis Techniques
 Hypnotists are all different, but all use sameHypnotists are all different, but all use same
basic techniquesbasic techniques
 All techniques of hypnosis encourage a personAll techniques of hypnosis encourage a person
to:to:
 Focus attention on what is being saidFocus attention on what is being said
 Relax and feel tiredRelax and feel tired
 To ‘let go’ and accept suggestions easilyTo ‘let go’ and accept suggestions easily
 To use vivid imaginationTo use vivid imagination
 http:// video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-http:// video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-
1648726490455579372&q=hypnosis1648726490455579372&q=hypnosis

Cooperation for hypnosis…Cooperation for hypnosis…
 Need to cooperate in order to be hypnotizedNeed to cooperate in order to be hypnotized
 Many people believe that it is merely self-Many people believe that it is merely self-
hypnosis (autosuggestion)hypnosis (autosuggestion)
 Basic suggest effect happens (tendency ofBasic suggest effect happens (tendency of
hypnotized person to carry out suggestedhypnotized person to carry out suggested
actions as if they were involuntary)actions as if they were involuntary)
 Hypnotized people generally remain in control ofHypnotized people generally remain in control of
their body- wouldn’t do something unethicaltheir body- wouldn’t do something unethical

Effects of HypnosisEffects of Hypnosis
 Superhuman acts of strengthSuperhuman acts of strength
 NoNo
 MemoryMemory
 Might be able to enhance, but can also increase theMight be able to enhance, but can also increase the
number of false memoriesnumber of false memories
 No longer permitted in courtNo longer permitted in court
 AmnesiaAmnesia
 If told not to remember, may notIf told not to remember, may not
 Brief memory lossBrief memory loss
 May just be deliberate attempt to avoid thinking aboutMay just be deliberate attempt to avoid thinking about
specific objectsspecific objects

Effects of Hypnosis contEffects of Hypnosis cont
 Pain reliefPain relief
 Can relieve painCan relieve pain
 Useful when chemical painkillers are ineffectiveUseful when chemical painkillers are ineffective
 Can reduce phantom painCan reduce phantom pain
 Age regressionAge regression
 NoNo
 Only acting out suggested roleOnly acting out suggested role
 Sensory changesSensory changes
 Most effectiveMost effective
 Suggestions about sensationsSuggestions about sensations
 Can alter color vision, hearing sensitivity, time sense,Can alter color vision, hearing sensitivity, time sense,
smell sensationsmell sensation

Can Hypnosis modify behaviors?Can Hypnosis modify behaviors?
 Can hypnosis help a person quit smoking,Can hypnosis help a person quit smoking,
etc?etc?
 Perhaps, but it’s much more useful inPerhaps, but it’s much more useful in
changing subjective experience thanchanging subjective experience than
modifying behaviorsmodifying behaviors

Stage HypnosisStage Hypnosis
 The use of hypnosis to entertainThe use of hypnosis to entertain
 Often merely a simulation of hypnosis forOften merely a simulation of hypnosis for
the purpose of entertainmentthe purpose of entertainment
 Performers use several features of thePerformers use several features of the
stage to perform:stage to perform:
Waking suggestibility- on stage, people areWaking suggestibility- on stage, people are
more cooperativemore cooperative
Selection of responsive subjects- firstSelection of responsive subjects- first
hypnotized as grouphypnotized as group

Stage hypnosis etc…Stage hypnosis etc…
 Continued features of stage performers:Continued features of stage performers:
Hypnosis label disinhibits- no fear ofHypnosis label disinhibits- no fear of
embarrassment, takes away personalembarrassment, takes away personal
responsibility for one’s actionsresponsibility for one’s actions
The hypnotist acts as a director- those beingThe hypnotist acts as a director- those being
hypnotized are stars of the show, bring outhypnotized are stars of the show, bring out
the hamthe ham
Stage hypnotist uses tricks- 50% takingStage hypnotist uses tricks- 50% taking
advantage, 50% deception. Ex: chair trickadvantage, 50% deception. Ex: chair trick

MeditationMeditation
 A mental exercise for producing relaxationA mental exercise for producing relaxation
or heightened awarenessor heightened awareness
 Focuses attention and interrupts flow ofFocuses attention and interrupts flow of
thoughts, worries, and analysisthoughts, worries, and analysis
 EEG recordings take on unique patternsEEG recordings take on unique patterns
during meditationduring meditation
 A distinct state of consciousnessA distinct state of consciousness

Forms of MeditationForms of Meditation
 There are two forms of meditation:There are two forms of meditation:
Concentrative meditation: attend to a singleConcentrative meditation: attend to a single
object or thought (or internal process)object or thought (or internal process)
Receptive meditation: based on wideningReceptive meditation: based on widening
attention to become aware of anythingattention to become aware of anything
experienced at any given moment, andexperienced at any given moment, and
embrace a total, non-judgmental awarenessembrace a total, non-judgmental awareness
of the worldof the world
Receptive is more difficultReceptive is more difficult

Concentrative meditationConcentrative meditation
 Sit still and quietly, focus on externalSit still and quietly, focus on external
objects or internal stimulusobjects or internal stimulus
 Can also focus on a mantraCan also focus on a mantra
Mantra is a word used as the focus ofMantra is a word used as the focus of
attention in concentrative meditationattention in concentrative meditation
Has smooth flowing sound (ommmm) orHas smooth flowing sound (ommmm) or
pleasant phrase from a song, poem, or prayerpleasant phrase from a song, poem, or prayer

Benefits to meditationBenefits to meditation
 Lowered heart rate, BP, muscle tension,Lowered heart rate, BP, muscle tension,
and other signs of stressand other signs of stress
 Core of meditation isCore of meditation is relaxation responserelaxation response
Pattern of internal bodily changes that occursPattern of internal bodily changes that occurs
at time of relaxationat time of relaxation
Opposes body’s fight or flight mechanismOpposes body’s fight or flight mechanism
 Other effects?Other effects?
20 min equal to a full night’s sleep- true?20 min equal to a full night’s sleep- true?

Benefits contBenefits cont
 Good for people who find it difficult to turnGood for people who find it difficult to turn
off upsetting thoughts when they need tooff upsetting thoughts when they need to
relaxrelax
 May improve physical healthMay improve physical health

MindfulnessMindfulness
 An open, non-judgmental, awareness ofAn open, non-judgmental, awareness of
current experiencecurrent experience
 The opposite of tuning outThe opposite of tuning out
 The same state that those in meditationThe same state that those in meditation
are trying to achieveare trying to achieve
 Fully present, moment my momentFully present, moment my moment
Not judging or reactingNot judging or reacting
Effects: lower level of stress, greater sense ofEffects: lower level of stress, greater sense of
well being and self knowledgewell being and self knowledge

Sensory DeprivationSensory Deprivation
 Major reduction in amount or variety ofMajor reduction in amount or variety of
sensory stimulationsensory stimulation
 Ex: floatation tank- dark space, warm saltEx: floatation tank- dark space, warm salt
water, no noisewater, no noise

Sensory Deprivation pros andSensory Deprivation pros and
cons…cons…
 Cons:Cons:
With monotonous work (solitary confinement,With monotonous work (solitary confinement,
artic explorers, high altitude pilots, longartic explorers, high altitude pilots, long
distance truck driversdistance truck drivers
Can experience bizarre sensations, lapses inCan experience bizarre sensations, lapses in
attention, distorted perceptionsattention, distorted perceptions
 Pros:Pros:
Can be very relaxingCan be very relaxing
Drop in BP, muscle tension, and otherDrop in BP, muscle tension, and other
stressorsstressors

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Feb 4 lecture

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