Final project report 2014 new
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This document summarizes four experiments that investigate factors affecting the distance an object can travel down an inclined plane with minimal force. The experiments tested how surface width of wheels, presence of rollers, lubrication of rollers, and size of wheels impacted distance. It was found that narrow wheels, wheels with rollers, lubricated rollers, and larger wheels allowed objects to travel farther down the inclined plane using less force.
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Final project report 2014 new
- 1. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 ABSTRACT A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate. It is one of the components of the wheel and axle. Wheels in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement in machines. A wheel can greatly reduce friction by rolling together with the use of axles. The main purpose of this investigation is to find out how an object able to travel maximum distance with minimum force.
- 2. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 INTRODUCTION Origin of wheels Evidence of wheeled vehicles appears from the second half of the 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia (Sumerian civilization), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. Mechanics and function Mechanism that are used in this experiment are a. Wheel and axle The wheel is a device that enables efficient movement of an object across a surface where there is a force pressing the object to the surface. Common examples are a cart pulled by a horse, and the rollers on an aircraft flap mechanism. Wheels are used in conjunction with axles; either the wheel turns on the axle, or the axle turns in the object body. The mechanics are the same in either case. The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is explained as follows .The normal force at the sliding interface is the same. The sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel. The coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower. A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities. b. Bearing A bearing is a device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the interface. In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes.
- 3. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 c. Inclined plane An inclined plane is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The inclined plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. Inclined planes are widely used to move heavy loads over vertical obstacles. Moving an object up an inclined plane requires less force than lifting it straight up, at a cost of an increase in the distance moved. The mechanical advantage of an inclined plane, the factor by which the force is reduced, is equal to the ratio of the length of the sloped surface to the height it spans. d. Mass Mass is a property of a physical body which determines the body's resistance to being accelerated by a force and the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction with other bodies.
- 4. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 TITLE MAGIC OF WHEELS PROBLEM The wheel of a vehicle rotates to allow the vehicle to move. Design a mechanical system that involves minimal force that gives maximum distance travelled by the vehicle. Discuss the mechanism involved.
- 5. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 APPARATUS Wheel Inclined Plane Measuring tape Wooden Block Bearing Clay ruler weighing scale add on weights
- 6. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 PROCEDURES TO BUILD INCLINED PLANE 1. Thick three layer plywood is cut into length of 90cm x 65cm.( This is the base for the ramp) 2. Then cut three pieces of wood to fix with the base. 3. Prepare 6cm wooden block to fix at the bottom of base plywood. PROCEDURES TO BUILT WOODEN CAR 1. Prepare a wooden block with length of 18cm x 7cm x 3 cm. 2. Thighten the both sides of the shaft with the screw. 3. Fix the wheels at the both side of the shaft. 4. Thighten the wheels with nut and bolt.
- 7. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 5. Repeat step 2 to step 4 to fix another shaft and wheel. EXPERIMENT 1 PROBLEM How tyre surface effect the distance travelled by the wooden car? AIM To investigate the relationship between tyre surface with distance travelled by wooden car. HYPOTHESIS If tyre surface narrow then distance travelled by wooden car is further. APPARATUS Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape MANIPULATED VARIABLES Surface of tyre RESPONDING VARIABLES Distance travelled by wooden car FIXED VARIABLE Mass of car, size of tyre
- 8. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 PROCEDURES 1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin. 2. Fix the flat surface tyre at the end of each shaft. 3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold. 4. Release the car on the ramp. 5. Measure the distance travelled by the car. 6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance. 7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with narrow surface tyre. RESULT Surface of the tyre Distance travelled (cm) Average (cm) T1 T2 T3 Flat surface tyre Narrow surface tyre
- 9. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 GRAPH DISCUSSION From the result we know that the narrow surfaced tyre travelled ______cm. while the flat surfaced tyre travelled _____cm. It shows narrow surfaced tyre travelled further compare to the flat surfaced tyre. Flat surface tyre has more friction because the contact with surfaced area is larger. Due to this narrow surfaced tyre able to travel further. Conclusion Narrow surfaced tyre able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted. EXPERIMENT 2 PROBLEM How the roller affects the distance travelled by the wooden car? AIM To investigate the relationship between presence of roller in wheel with distance travelled by wooden car. HYPOTHESIS Car with roller wheel travelled further MANIPULATED VARIABLES Presence of roller in wheel.
- 10. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 RESPONDING VARIABLES Distance travelled by wooden car FIXED VARIABLE Mass of the car, size of the wheel, narrow surfaced tyre. APPARATUS Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape, weighs PROCEDURES 1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin. 2. Fix the wheel with roller at the end of each shaft. 3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold. 4. Release the car on the ramp. 5. Measure the distance travelled by the car. 6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance. 7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with wheel without roller. RESULT Presence of roller Distance travelled (cm) Average (cm) T1 T2 T3 wheel with roller wheel without roller
- 11. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 GRAPH DISCUSSION From the result we know that the wheel with roller travelled ______cm. while the wheel without roller travelled _____cm. It shows wheel with roller travelled further compare to the wheel without roller. Wheel with roller has less friction because the contact with surfaced area is smaller. Due to this wheel with roller able to travel further. CONCLUSION Wheel with roller able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted. EXPERIMENT 3 PROBLEM How lubricated roller wheel affects the distance travelled by wooden car? AIM To investigate the relationship between presence of lubrication with distance travelled by car. HYPOTHESIS Car with lubricated roller wheel travelled further
- 12. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 MANIPULATED VARIABLES Presence of lubrication. RESPONDING VARIABLES Distance travelled by wooden car FIXED VARIABLE Mass of the car, size of the wheel, narrow surfaced tyre APPARATUS Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape PROCEDURES 1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin. 2. Fix the wheel with lubricated roller at the end of each shaft. 3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold. 4. Release the car on the ramp. 5. Measure the distance travelled by the car. 6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance. 7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with wheel without lubricated roller.
- 13. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 RESULT presence of lubrication Distance travelled Average T1 T2 T3 Wheel with lubrication roller Wheel without lubrication roller GRAPH DISCUSSION From the result we know that the wheel with lubricated roller travelled ______cm. while the wheel without lubricated roller travelled _____cm. It shows wheel with lubricated roller travelled further compare to the wheel without lubricate roller. Wheel with lubricated roller has less friction because the contact with surfaced area is smaller. Due to this wheel with lubricated roller able to travel further. CONCLUSION Wheel with lubricated roller able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted.
- 14. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 EXPERIMENT 4 PROBLEM How size of wheel affects the distance travelled by wooden car? AIM To investigate the relationship between size of wheel with distance travelled by car. HYPOTHESIS Car with larger size of wheel travelled further MANIPULATED VARIABLES Size of wheel. RESPONDING VARIABLES Distance travelled by wooden car FIXED VARIABLE Mass of the car, type of wheel, narrow surfaced tyre APPARATUS Inclined plane, wooden car, measuring tape
- 15. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 PROCEDURES 1. Fix the shaft under the wooden block with screw and pin. 2. Fix the wheel with larger size of wheel at the end of each shaft. 3. Tighten the tyre with nuts and bold. 4. Release the car on the ramp. 5. Measure the distance travelled by the car. 6. Repeat the experiment three times and take average distance. 7. Repeat the step 3 until step 7 with small size of wheel. RESULT Size of wheel (cm) Distance travelled Average T1 T2 T3 GRAPH
- 16. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 DISCUSSION From the result we know that the larger size of wheel travelled ______cm. while the small size of wheel travelled _____cm. It shows larger size of wheel travelled further compare to the small size of wheel. Wheel with larger size rotate further than small size of wheel. Due to this larger size of wheel able to travel further. CONCLUSION Larger size of wheel able to travel further. The hypothesis is accepted. LIFE EXAMPLE Wheel Bearing Wheel bearings function very much like typical bearings found in car steering. The wheels spin smoothly and quietly. Without wheel bearings, the wheel of our vehicles will instantly wear out of friction. As for 4-wheeled vehicles, each has a pair of front wheel bearings and a pair of rear wheel bearings. They perform two main jobs. That is allowing the wheels with minimal friction and supporting the vehicles' weight.
- 17. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 Similarly, we used bearing in our wooden car to get extra distance. It is because by decreasing the friction, the car can travel further. The bearing helps to reduce friction. So with minimum force we could get more distance. ERRORS / PROBLEM FACED 1. The screw that fix with wheels always loosen. 2. The mass of the wooden car with bearing and without bearing is not same. 3. The size of the ramp was narrow. HOW WE OVERCOME THE ERRORS 1. We make sure the screw is tight before start doing the experiment. 2. We add clay on wooden car without bearing to make the mass as same as the wooden car with bearing. 3. We build the ramp again. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1. Pupils used gloves when dealing with ramp. 2. Pupils must be careful when using saw to cut shaft. 3. Pupils must use mask when cutting the shaft.
- 18. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 FUTURE RESEARCH / SUGGESTION In future research, we want to develop the project by improvising the innovation. We want to bui ld a turbine with bearing to produce electricity. In this innovation we want to use wind energy to produce electricity. Since wind energy is a renewable energy it uses minimum cost but can get maximum electricity. It is also earth friendly. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project book would not have been possible without the guidance and help of the several individuals who have helped and contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this project. First and foremost our utmost gratitude to out headmistress Mrs Anthony Mary Abel whose sincerity and encouragement we will never forget. Mrs Selvy Ramasamy, our senior assistant has been our inspiration as we hurdle all the obstacles in the completion of this project. Not forgotten our unselfish and unfailed supporter, our dissertation Mrs Puspah Kandasamy and also encouragement from all the teachers. Last but not least, our families and the one above all of us the omnipresent God for answering our prayers for giving the strength to pass through the project.
- 19. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 REFERENCES 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical) 3. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/bearing1.htm 4. http://www.wheels.ca/ 5. http://www.mechanicalebook.com/videos/cwheel.htm 6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167892299800492 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-motion_bearing 8. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/bearing.htm 9. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bearing 10. http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/machinery-tools-supplies/bearing-types 11. http://www.nmbtc.com/bearings/engineering/bearing-types.html 12. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/bearing3.htm 13. http://www.ahrinternational.com/introduction_to_bearings.htm
- 20. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 PHOTHOS
- 21. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014
- 22. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS NUM CONTENTS PAGE 1 ABSTRACT 1 2 INTRODUCTION 1 6 PROBLEM 3 7 APPARATUS 4 8 PROCEDURES TO BUILD INCLINED PLANE 5 8 EXPERIMENT 1 6 9 EXPERIMENT 2 9 10 EXPERIMENT 3 12 11 LIFE EXAMPLES 15 12 ERRORS 16 13 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 16 14 FUTURE RESEARCH 17
- 23. MAGIC OF WHEELS 2014 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 18 17 REFERENCES 19 18 PHOTHOS 20 19 APPENDICES 22