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First Aid for Respiratory Emergencies and Artificial Respiration

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Mr Awel
Mr Awel

This presentation provides pharmacy students in Ethiopia with essential knowledge and practical skills for managing respiratory emergencies. It covers the identification and treatment of conditions such as choking, asthma attacks, and respiratory failure. Key topics include: Recognizing Respiratory Emergencies: Signs and symptoms of various respiratory issues, including difficulty breathing, wheezing, and cyanosis. First Aid Techniques: Step-by-step guidance on managing choking, asthma attacks, and providing basic airway support. Artificial Respiration: Techniques such as mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and using a bag-valve mask for patients in respiratory distress. Pharmacological Interventions: Overview of medications that may be used to manage acute respiratory emergencies. The goal is to equip pharmacy students with the skills to act swiftly and effectively in emergency situations, improving patient outcomes.

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Respiratory Emergencies & Artificial Respiration
First Aid for Respiratory Emergencies and Artificial Respiration
Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: Define respiratory emergencies and artificial respiration. Identify causes of respiratory emergencies. Provide artificial respiration and manage respiratory emergencies. Recognize signs of choking and perform appropriate choking management techniques. 11/8/2024
Respiratory system 11/8/2024
Respiratory system 11/8/2024
Respiratory system 11/8/2024
Respiratory emergency Respiratory emergencies are acute medical emergencies characterized by difficulty in breathing or inability to breathe. Respiratory Emergency --> Respiratory Compromise --> Respiratory Failure Signs and symptoms Dyspnea Wheezing Cough Tachypnoea Difficulty breathing
Respiratory failure Respiratory failure can be defined as a state in which the pulmonary system is no longer able to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Mechanisms Result from inadequate gas exchange Insufficient oxygen transferred to the blood (Hypoxemia). Inadequate removal of carbon dioxide (Hypercapnia).
Respiratory failure. Sings and symptoms of RF include: Difficult in breathing Absence in breathing Loss of consciousness General pallor (paleness) Cyanosis Anxiety or Restlessness Tachycardia
Respiratory failure. Type I - Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: PaO2 50 mm Hg on room air Inadequate oxygenation of blood Commonly seen in conditions like pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Type II - Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure: PaCO2 50 mm Hg Inadequate removal of carbon dioxide Often associated with conditions like COPD exacerbation or neuromuscular disorders
Causes Respiratory Emergency 11/8/2024 . Anatomical Obstruction . Mechanical Obstruction . Air Depleted of Oxygen or Containing Toxic Gases . Other causes
1. Anatomical Obstruction Anatomical obstruction refers to a physical blockage in the respiratory tract caused by anatomical structures, such as the tongue, tonsils, or a tumor. The tongue falling backwards and blocking the nasopharynx is the commonest cause of upper airway obstruction in unconscious person. When a deeply unconscious person lies on their back, gravity causes the jaw to drop, blocking the airway with the tongue. If the person's head falls forward while sitting, the airway can also become blocked.
1. Anatomical Obstruction. Other causes of obstruction that constrict the air passages are: Asthma Laryngeal spasm Swelling after burns of the face Swallowing of corrosive poisons Direct injury caused by a blow 11/8/2024
Causes.. Mechanical Obstruction It refers to a blockage in the respiratory tract caused by external factors, such as a foreign object or a compressed airway. Can be caused by Choking of food Accumulation of fluids in the back of the throat. e.g. mucous, blood or saliva Aspiration (Inhalation of any solid or liquid substance). 11/8/2024
Garrote
3. Air Depleted of Oxygen (air Containing Toxic Gases) Air Depleted of Oxygen: Air containing insufficient oxygen or harmful gases (like carbon monoxide) can lead to asphyxia. Asphyxia: A life-threatening condition where the body is deprived of oxygen, leading to difficulty breathing, unconsciousness, and potentially death. Causes: Reduced oxygen in the air (e.g., confined or poorly ventilated spaces). Presence of toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide) that displace or reduce oxygen. Environmental risks: Common in settings like mining areas or during incidents such as drowning.
4. Other Causes of Respiratory Emergency Drowning Circulatory collapse (shock) Heart disease Lung disease e.g. pneumonia Poisoning by alcohol, barbiturate, codeine Electrical shock Compression of the chest e.g. accident 11/8/2024
First Aid Management of Respiratory Emergency & Artificial Respiration Artificial respiration is a life-saving technique that involves assisting or restoring an individual's breathing when they are unable to breathe adequately by their own. Methods: Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation Mouth-to-mask resuscitation Bag-valve-mask devices Mechanical ventilators (in Hospital setup) 11/8/2024
BVM AND Mouth to mouth Respiration
Artificial Respiration Goals of Artificial Respiration: 1. Restore Breathing: Open the airway and assist with breathing when the victim is unable to breathe on their own. 2. Ensure Oxygen Supply: Deliver oxygen to the lungs and bloodstream to prevent oxygen deprivation. 3. Support Vital Functions: Maintain oxygenation until natural breathing returns or medical care arrives.
Airway Opening Maneuvers Evaluate for potential neck injuries or trauma before applying airway opening maneuvers. Two Maneuvers 1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift 2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver 11/8/2024 C2. Head Tilt and Chin Lift
1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift It involves gently tilting the head back while lifting the chin upward. Facilitates opening the airway by straightening the passage between the tongue and the throat. Not used if neck injury. Neutral position for infants 11/8/2024
1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift 11/8/2024
2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver Applicable when there's a suspicion of a cervical spine injury to avoid further injury. Involves pushing the lower jaw forward while stabilizing the head to clear the airway obstruction. 11/8/2024
Mouth-to-mouth/Mask breathing It is very effective to deliver oxygen into the lungs without posing a high risk to the rescuer. Used when a pocket mask or bag-mask isn't accessible during CPR. Oxygen Concentration: Rescuer's exhaled air contains approximately 17% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide. Before delivering mouth-to-mouth breaths, ensure the area's safety, assess responsiveness, and check for breathing. If there's no breathing, start rescue breathing. 11/8/2024
Mouth-to-mouth/Mask breathing.. The most widely used method of artificial respiration.
Steps for Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing for Adults and Children (>1 year) 1. Open the airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift or Jaw thrust maneuver 2. Pinch the persons nose closed with your hand on the persons head 3. Create a seal when using your lips to surround the persons mouth 4. Blow into the persons mouth for one full second and watch for chest to rise. Tilt the victims head further back if the chest does not rise. 5. Give an additional breath for over one second. 6. Check pulse every minute and start CPR if no pulse
Steps for Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing for Adults and Children (>1 year) Important points : Do not give breaths too rapidly or too forcefully. Doing this may cause air to be forced into the stomach, resulting in distention and less room for lung expansion. It may also cause vomiting.
Mouth-to- Mouth &Nose Rescue Breathing for Infants(<1 year) When performing rescue breathing on an infant, the rescuer should cover the infants mouth and nose when possible In many cases, cardiac arrest is preceded by respiratory arrest. Therefore, it is important to be able to recognize respiratory issues to take steps to prevent cardiac arrest
Steps for Mouth-to-Mouth/Nose Rescue Breathing for Infants(<1 year) 1. Open the airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver. Be sure not to hyper- extend the neck. Aim for a neutral position. 2. Create a seal using your lips to surround the infants nose and mouth 3. Gently blow into the infants nose and mouth for one second 4. Keep in mind that an infants lungs are smaller than an adults and need a smaller volume of air. Watch for the infants chest to rise. If you cannot see the chest rise, re-adjust the tilt of their head. 5. Give an additional breath and watch for the infants chest to rise. 6. If unable to cover both mouth and nose, pinch the infant's nose shut and create a seal around the infant's mouth with your lips. Gently blow into the infant's mouth for one second, then provide an additional breath, observing for chest rise
Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing
When to stop Artificial Respiration Artificial respiration should always be continued until: EMS personnel arrives and takeover the situation The person began to breath by himself The person losses signs of circulation The person pronounced dead by an expert, or he/she is dead beyond any doubt If you are exhausted
Management Of Choking
C3. A man chocked
Choking Choking occurs when the airway becomes either partially or completely blocked by a foreign object, such as: a piece of food or a small toy. Choking can lead to rapid unconsciousness and death, emphasizing the need for immediate action. Choking is the fourth leading cause of unintentional injury- related deaths in the United States, resulting in approximately 5,553 fatalities in 2022
Risk Factors for choking Certain Behaviors Increasing Choking Risk: Talking or laughing with the mouth full Eating too fast Neurological or muscular issues affecting swallowing (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease) Dental problems or poorly fitting dentures Children Under 5 Years at High Choking Risk: Tend to explore by putting objects in their mouths Small foods like nuts and seeds pose choking hazards
Signs and Symptoms of Choking Signs of a person choking: Confused, or surprised facial expression Placing hands on throat Coughing (forcefully or weakly), or inability to cough High-pitched squeaking noises or no sound while trying to breathe Inability to speak, cry, or cough if airway is completely blocked Physical appearance: Initially flushed (red) skin Skin becomes pale or bluish as oxygen deprivation occurs
First Aid for Respiratory Emergencies and Artificial Respiration
First Aid for Choking Conscious Adult and Children 1. If victim coughing Support victim and Initiate coughing If a choking person can cough forcefully, let the person keep coughing. Coughing might naturally remove the stuck object. 2. If the victim can not cough Do Heimlich Maneuver Called Abdominal thrusts Suitable for adults and children, but not recommended for infants. Involves thrusting into the abdominal area. Used on conscious individuals who are unable to breathe on their own. Quick life-saving method.
C4. Conscious adult Heimlich maneuver
How do you perform the Heimlich maneuver? 1. Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around their waist under their ribcage. 2. Place the side of your fist above their navel in the middle of their belly, avoiding pressure on the lower part of the sternum. 3. Hold your fist with your other hand and press forcefully into their abdomen, pushing inward and upward toward the chest. 4. Repeat thrusts until the object is dislodged or the person becomes unresponsive. 5. If you can see a visible object in their mouth that can be easily removed, carefully do so. 6. If they dont start breathing and become unconscious begin CPR and rescue breaths until help arrives.
Choking Note: If the child is younger than 5 years old the method should be slightly altered. The rescuer should kneel behind the child to get down to their level.
Choking Unconscious Adult and Children If the person becomes unconscious, start standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with chest compressions and rescue breaths. If you can see the object, reach a finger into the mouth to sweep out the object. Never finger sweep if you can't see the object. You risk pushing the blockage deeper into the airway. This is very risky with young children.
Chocking Infant Signs of choking in an infant: Inability to cough, breathe, or make noise. Cyanosis around the lips, indicating oxygen deprivation. Signs that the infant is conscious: The baby is moving around. The babys eyes are open.
Choking infant First Aid for Choking infant 1. Conscious Infant Back Slap and Chest Thrust Technique for Infants 2. Unconscious Infant Start standard CPR and check for foreign object before rescue breathing C5. Conscious infant Choking
Steps for Back Slap and Chest Thrust 1. Hold the infant in your lap. 2. Put the infant with their face down and their head lower than their chest; they should be resting on your forearm. 3. Put your forearm on your thigh 4. Support the infants head and neck with your hand and be sure to avoid putting pressure on their throat. 5. Using the heel of your free hand, deliver five back blows between the infants shoulder blades 6. Using both hands and arms, turn the infant face up so they are now resting on your other arm; this arm should now be resting on your thigh Make sure the infants head is lower than their chest.
Steps for Back Slap and Chest Thrust. 7. Using the fingers of your free hand, provide up to five quick downward chest thrusts over the lower half of the breastbone (Perform one thrust every second) 8. If the obstruction is not relieved, turn the infant face down on your other forearm and repeat the process 9. Continue doing these steps until the infant begins to breathe or becomes unresponsive
Steps for Back Slap and Chest Thrust.
Pregnant Mother Chocking If pregnant mother chocked use chest thrust instead of abdominal thrust.
If you're alone and choking Call 911 or your local emergency number right away. Then, give yourself abdominal thrusts, also called the Heimlich maneuver, to remove the stuck object. Place a fist slightly above your navel. Grasp your fist with the other hand. Bend over a hard surface. A countertop or chair will do. Shove your fist inward and upward.
How to perform abdominal thrusts, also called the Heimlich maneuver, on yourself
First Aid for Respiratory Emergencies and Artificial Respiration

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First Aid for Respiratory Emergencies and Artificial Respiration

  • 3. Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: Define respiratory emergencies and artificial respiration. Identify causes of respiratory emergencies. Provide artificial respiration and manage respiratory emergencies. Recognize signs of choking and perform appropriate choking management techniques. 11/8/2024
  • 7. Respiratory emergency Respiratory emergencies are acute medical emergencies characterized by difficulty in breathing or inability to breathe. Respiratory Emergency --> Respiratory Compromise --> Respiratory Failure Signs and symptoms Dyspnea Wheezing Cough Tachypnoea Difficulty breathing
  • 8. Respiratory failure Respiratory failure can be defined as a state in which the pulmonary system is no longer able to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Mechanisms Result from inadequate gas exchange Insufficient oxygen transferred to the blood (Hypoxemia). Inadequate removal of carbon dioxide (Hypercapnia).
  • 9. Respiratory failure. Sings and symptoms of RF include: Difficult in breathing Absence in breathing Loss of consciousness General pallor (paleness) Cyanosis Anxiety or Restlessness Tachycardia
  • 10. Respiratory failure. Type I - Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: PaO2 50 mm Hg on room air Inadequate oxygenation of blood Commonly seen in conditions like pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Type II - Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure: PaCO2 50 mm Hg Inadequate removal of carbon dioxide Often associated with conditions like COPD exacerbation or neuromuscular disorders
  • 11. Causes Respiratory Emergency 11/8/2024 . Anatomical Obstruction . Mechanical Obstruction . Air Depleted of Oxygen or Containing Toxic Gases . Other causes
  • 12. 1. Anatomical Obstruction Anatomical obstruction refers to a physical blockage in the respiratory tract caused by anatomical structures, such as the tongue, tonsils, or a tumor. The tongue falling backwards and blocking the nasopharynx is the commonest cause of upper airway obstruction in unconscious person. When a deeply unconscious person lies on their back, gravity causes the jaw to drop, blocking the airway with the tongue. If the person's head falls forward while sitting, the airway can also become blocked.
  • 13. 1. Anatomical Obstruction. Other causes of obstruction that constrict the air passages are: Asthma Laryngeal spasm Swelling after burns of the face Swallowing of corrosive poisons Direct injury caused by a blow 11/8/2024
  • 14. Causes.. Mechanical Obstruction It refers to a blockage in the respiratory tract caused by external factors, such as a foreign object or a compressed airway. Can be caused by Choking of food Accumulation of fluids in the back of the throat. e.g. mucous, blood or saliva Aspiration (Inhalation of any solid or liquid substance). 11/8/2024
  • 16. 3. Air Depleted of Oxygen (air Containing Toxic Gases) Air Depleted of Oxygen: Air containing insufficient oxygen or harmful gases (like carbon monoxide) can lead to asphyxia. Asphyxia: A life-threatening condition where the body is deprived of oxygen, leading to difficulty breathing, unconsciousness, and potentially death. Causes: Reduced oxygen in the air (e.g., confined or poorly ventilated spaces). Presence of toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide) that displace or reduce oxygen. Environmental risks: Common in settings like mining areas or during incidents such as drowning.
  • 17. 4. Other Causes of Respiratory Emergency Drowning Circulatory collapse (shock) Heart disease Lung disease e.g. pneumonia Poisoning by alcohol, barbiturate, codeine Electrical shock Compression of the chest e.g. accident 11/8/2024
  • 18. First Aid Management of Respiratory Emergency & Artificial Respiration Artificial respiration is a life-saving technique that involves assisting or restoring an individual's breathing when they are unable to breathe adequately by their own. Methods: Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation Mouth-to-mask resuscitation Bag-valve-mask devices Mechanical ventilators (in Hospital setup) 11/8/2024
  • 19. BVM AND Mouth to mouth Respiration
  • 20. Artificial Respiration Goals of Artificial Respiration: 1. Restore Breathing: Open the airway and assist with breathing when the victim is unable to breathe on their own. 2. Ensure Oxygen Supply: Deliver oxygen to the lungs and bloodstream to prevent oxygen deprivation. 3. Support Vital Functions: Maintain oxygenation until natural breathing returns or medical care arrives.
  • 21. Airway Opening Maneuvers Evaluate for potential neck injuries or trauma before applying airway opening maneuvers. Two Maneuvers 1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift 2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver 11/8/2024 C2. Head Tilt and Chin Lift
  • 22. 1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift It involves gently tilting the head back while lifting the chin upward. Facilitates opening the airway by straightening the passage between the tongue and the throat. Not used if neck injury. Neutral position for infants 11/8/2024
  • 23. 1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift 11/8/2024
  • 24. 2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver Applicable when there's a suspicion of a cervical spine injury to avoid further injury. Involves pushing the lower jaw forward while stabilizing the head to clear the airway obstruction. 11/8/2024
  • 25. Mouth-to-mouth/Mask breathing It is very effective to deliver oxygen into the lungs without posing a high risk to the rescuer. Used when a pocket mask or bag-mask isn't accessible during CPR. Oxygen Concentration: Rescuer's exhaled air contains approximately 17% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide. Before delivering mouth-to-mouth breaths, ensure the area's safety, assess responsiveness, and check for breathing. If there's no breathing, start rescue breathing. 11/8/2024
  • 26. Mouth-to-mouth/Mask breathing.. The most widely used method of artificial respiration.
  • 27. Steps for Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing for Adults and Children (>1 year) 1. Open the airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift or Jaw thrust maneuver 2. Pinch the persons nose closed with your hand on the persons head 3. Create a seal when using your lips to surround the persons mouth 4. Blow into the persons mouth for one full second and watch for chest to rise. Tilt the victims head further back if the chest does not rise. 5. Give an additional breath for over one second. 6. Check pulse every minute and start CPR if no pulse
  • 28. Steps for Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing for Adults and Children (>1 year) Important points : Do not give breaths too rapidly or too forcefully. Doing this may cause air to be forced into the stomach, resulting in distention and less room for lung expansion. It may also cause vomiting.
  • 29. Mouth-to- Mouth &Nose Rescue Breathing for Infants(<1 year) When performing rescue breathing on an infant, the rescuer should cover the infants mouth and nose when possible In many cases, cardiac arrest is preceded by respiratory arrest. Therefore, it is important to be able to recognize respiratory issues to take steps to prevent cardiac arrest
  • 30. Steps for Mouth-to-Mouth/Nose Rescue Breathing for Infants(<1 year) 1. Open the airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver. Be sure not to hyper- extend the neck. Aim for a neutral position. 2. Create a seal using your lips to surround the infants nose and mouth 3. Gently blow into the infants nose and mouth for one second 4. Keep in mind that an infants lungs are smaller than an adults and need a smaller volume of air. Watch for the infants chest to rise. If you cannot see the chest rise, re-adjust the tilt of their head. 5. Give an additional breath and watch for the infants chest to rise. 6. If unable to cover both mouth and nose, pinch the infant's nose shut and create a seal around the infant's mouth with your lips. Gently blow into the infant's mouth for one second, then provide an additional breath, observing for chest rise
  • 32. When to stop Artificial Respiration Artificial respiration should always be continued until: EMS personnel arrives and takeover the situation The person began to breath by himself The person losses signs of circulation The person pronounced dead by an expert, or he/she is dead beyond any doubt If you are exhausted
  • 34. C3. A man chocked
  • 35. Choking Choking occurs when the airway becomes either partially or completely blocked by a foreign object, such as: a piece of food or a small toy. Choking can lead to rapid unconsciousness and death, emphasizing the need for immediate action. Choking is the fourth leading cause of unintentional injury- related deaths in the United States, resulting in approximately 5,553 fatalities in 2022
  • 36. Risk Factors for choking Certain Behaviors Increasing Choking Risk: Talking or laughing with the mouth full Eating too fast Neurological or muscular issues affecting swallowing (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease) Dental problems or poorly fitting dentures Children Under 5 Years at High Choking Risk: Tend to explore by putting objects in their mouths Small foods like nuts and seeds pose choking hazards
  • 37. Signs and Symptoms of Choking Signs of a person choking: Confused, or surprised facial expression Placing hands on throat Coughing (forcefully or weakly), or inability to cough High-pitched squeaking noises or no sound while trying to breathe Inability to speak, cry, or cough if airway is completely blocked Physical appearance: Initially flushed (red) skin Skin becomes pale or bluish as oxygen deprivation occurs
  • 39. First Aid for Choking Conscious Adult and Children 1. If victim coughing Support victim and Initiate coughing If a choking person can cough forcefully, let the person keep coughing. Coughing might naturally remove the stuck object. 2. If the victim can not cough Do Heimlich Maneuver Called Abdominal thrusts Suitable for adults and children, but not recommended for infants. Involves thrusting into the abdominal area. Used on conscious individuals who are unable to breathe on their own. Quick life-saving method.
  • 41. How do you perform the Heimlich maneuver? 1. Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around their waist under their ribcage. 2. Place the side of your fist above their navel in the middle of their belly, avoiding pressure on the lower part of the sternum. 3. Hold your fist with your other hand and press forcefully into their abdomen, pushing inward and upward toward the chest. 4. Repeat thrusts until the object is dislodged or the person becomes unresponsive. 5. If you can see a visible object in their mouth that can be easily removed, carefully do so. 6. If they dont start breathing and become unconscious begin CPR and rescue breaths until help arrives.
  • 42. Choking Note: If the child is younger than 5 years old the method should be slightly altered. The rescuer should kneel behind the child to get down to their level.
  • 43. Choking Unconscious Adult and Children If the person becomes unconscious, start standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with chest compressions and rescue breaths. If you can see the object, reach a finger into the mouth to sweep out the object. Never finger sweep if you can't see the object. You risk pushing the blockage deeper into the airway. This is very risky with young children.
  • 44. Chocking Infant Signs of choking in an infant: Inability to cough, breathe, or make noise. Cyanosis around the lips, indicating oxygen deprivation. Signs that the infant is conscious: The baby is moving around. The babys eyes are open.
  • 45. Choking infant First Aid for Choking infant 1. Conscious Infant Back Slap and Chest Thrust Technique for Infants 2. Unconscious Infant Start standard CPR and check for foreign object before rescue breathing C5. Conscious infant Choking
  • 46. Steps for Back Slap and Chest Thrust 1. Hold the infant in your lap. 2. Put the infant with their face down and their head lower than their chest; they should be resting on your forearm. 3. Put your forearm on your thigh 4. Support the infants head and neck with your hand and be sure to avoid putting pressure on their throat. 5. Using the heel of your free hand, deliver five back blows between the infants shoulder blades 6. Using both hands and arms, turn the infant face up so they are now resting on your other arm; this arm should now be resting on your thigh Make sure the infants head is lower than their chest.
  • 47. Steps for Back Slap and Chest Thrust. 7. Using the fingers of your free hand, provide up to five quick downward chest thrusts over the lower half of the breastbone (Perform one thrust every second) 8. If the obstruction is not relieved, turn the infant face down on your other forearm and repeat the process 9. Continue doing these steps until the infant begins to breathe or becomes unresponsive
  • 48. Steps for Back Slap and Chest Thrust.
  • 49. Pregnant Mother Chocking If pregnant mother chocked use chest thrust instead of abdominal thrust.
  • 50. If you're alone and choking Call 911 or your local emergency number right away. Then, give yourself abdominal thrusts, also called the Heimlich maneuver, to remove the stuck object. Place a fist slightly above your navel. Grasp your fist with the other hand. Bend over a hard surface. A countertop or chair will do. Shove your fist inward and upward.
  • 51. How to perform abdominal thrusts, also called the Heimlich maneuver, on yourself

Editor's Notes

  • #10: Check and define Paco2 and pao2
  • #11: Depleted mean
  • #12: The main concern is the relaxation of the genioglossus muscle, which is a major muscle responsible for controlling the position of the tongue. Innervated by hypoglossal nerve, which is also known as the twelfth cranial nerve (CN XII).
  • #14: Aspiration is a medical term that refers to the inhalation of foreign material, such as food, liquid, or vomit, into the respiratory tract
  • #15: Spain colonies Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico
  • #16: Asphyxia clear Video about this areas