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First aid is the first assistance or treatment given to
a casualty or a sick person for any injury or
sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance,
or the arrival of a qualified paramedical or
medical person who can provide professional
medical care.
As a consequence of disaster or civil strife, people
suffer injuries which requires urgent care and
transportation to the nearest healthcare facility.
INTRODUCTION

And, to help to ensure safe transportation
to the nearest healthcare facility.

Now, dial 112 –
The single emergency helpline
number across India.
A single emergency helpline number '112'
was launched Feb-19, 2019. This will
provide immediate assistance to people on
various services like police, fire and
women safety.

FIRST AID AND THE LAW
1.INDIAN GOOD SAMARITAN PROTECTION
GUIDELINES
A Good Samaritan in legal terms refers to “someone who
renders aid in an emergency to an injured person on a
voluntary basis”.
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has
published the Indian Good Samaritan and
Bystanders Protection Guidelines in The Gazette of India in
May 2015 (Notification No
25035/101/2014-RS dated 12 May 2015). The guidelines
are to be followed by hospitals, police
and other authorities for the protection of Good Samaritans.

2 .DUTY OF GIVING CARE
Usually, if a volunteer comes to the aid of an injured or
sick person who is a stranger, the person giving the
aid owes the stranger a duty of being reasonably
careful.
First aid officers in workplaces and school teachers
have a duty of care.
Once a first aider begins to provide first aid, a duty of
care is established and the first aider then has an
obligation to fulfil the duty of care.

3 . CONSENT OF THE PERSON IN NEED
A conscious person has the right to either refuse or accept
care.
If the person is conscious, you must ask for his consent
before commencing any first aid. If he refuses your help,
stay nearby and call the police and emergency services,
who can then deal with the situation.
If the person is under 18, it is best to obtain consent
from his parent or guardian if they are present. If they
refuse your help, stay nearby and call the police and the
emergency services, who can then deal with the situation.
If the person is unconscious or unable to formally
consent, his consent is inferred and you can then give
the necessary first aid.

4.PRIVACY
In any first aid situation, the first aider must take steps to
assist the person to maintain personal privacy.
This means things like, keeping crowds away, putting up
a screen if necessary, and covering any exposed body
parts with blankets, or sheets, if available.
The first aider also needs to take steps to maintain
confidentiality.
This means not talking about the incident to other
people, or answering questions from the media, unless
you have permission from the person involved in the
accident.

5 NEGLIGENCE
If a volunteer comes to the aid of
an injured or sick person who is a
stranger, the person giving the
aid owes the stranger a duty of
being reasonably careful.
Not fulfilling, or breaking a duty of
care leaves the first aider open to
questions of negligence.

DEALING WITH AN EMERGENCY
Emergency situations vary greatly but there
are four main steps that always apply:
1. Make the area safe.
2. Evaluate the injured person’s condition.
3. Seek help.
4. Give first aid.

START GIVING FIRST AID
Do not give anything to eat or drink to a person who
is:
• severely injured,
• feeling nausea,
• becoming sleepy, or
• falling unconscious.
In fact, as a general principle, the rule is not to give
a casualty anything to drink or eat.
Important exceptions:
Hyper/hypothermia , hypoglycaemia,
shock , diarrhoea and fever leading to dehydration
and in case of heat exhaustion or heatstroke. .

PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT
follow these simple tips:
• tell the sick or injured person your name,
explain how you are going to help him and
reassure him. This will help to relax him/her.
• listen to the person and show concern and
kindness;
• make him as comfortable as possible;
• if he is worried, tell him that it is normal to be
afraid,
• if it is safe to do so, encourage family and loved
ones to stay with him; and explain to the sick or
injured person what has happened and what is
next step.

WHEN CAN I STOP PROVIDING FIRST AID?
The question arises when your first aid ‘duty’ comes to
an end?
Within first aid, CPR is a lifesaving activity. But when
you can stop giving CPR?
There are four
reasons allowing you to stop CPR:
• you see a sign of life, such as breathing;
• someone trained in first aid or a medical
professional takes over;
• you are too exhausted to continue;
• the scene becomes unsafe for you to continue.

SUMMARY:
The casualty is …
Conscious and breathing normally
Give appropriate first aid.
Unconscious, and breathing normally,
Put the casualty in recovery position.
Unconscious and not breathing or
not breathing normally,
Start CPR.

Strong chain made of small but strong links
Chain OF Survival

Which?
Carotid
How?
Maintain head tilt with one hand
Use 2-3 fingers of other hand to locate trachea
�ݺ�ߣ fingers into groove b/w trachea & muscles of same side of
neck
How long?
(5-10 Sec)
Pulse Check

• Shout for Help ask to Activate EMS
• If no help activate EMS (100/112) Yourself
• Give full details
• Ask for AED
• Don’t hang up till told to
Step 2 Activate EMS & get AED

Pulse Check
If no pulse?
Start CPR
Step 3 Circulation

• If no pulse
• Check for shockable rhythm with AED/Defibrillator
• Provide shock as indicated
• Follow shock with CPR for 2 min beginning with chest
compression
Step 4 Defibrillation

• 2 Breaths
• Give breath over 1second
• Allow 1 second for expiration
• See visible chest rise
• If no chest rise reposition and give 2nd breath
• If no chest rise again go back to chest compression
• Compression : Ventilation ratio 30 :2
( for single and two rescuer)
• No cricoid pressure
Breathing

• mouth to mouth/nose
• mouth to mask
• bag mask ventilation
(2 rescuers)
Breathing

Open Airway
• Head tilt-Chin lift
• Jaw thrust
Airway

• Push Hard (atleast 2 inches or 5 cm)
• Push Fast (atleast 100/ min)
• Minimize interruption
• Allow Chest recoil
• Rotate compressor 2min
• Avoid excess ventilation
• If no advanced airway 30:2
comp-vent ratio
Chest Compression

• Victim on firm flat surface
• Rescuer to kneel by side of victim
• Place heel of one hand on middle of victims chest (lower half
of sternum)
• Place heel of other hand on top of 1st hand
• Interlace fingers to keep them off the chest
• Arms straight-shoulder above victim
Chest Compression

1. Support the woman in a comfortable position.
An upright position is the best, but a lying position is the least
challenging to assist
with delivery.
You can put a pillow under the right hip.
2. Wash your hands with water and soap. If no soap is
available, you can use ash to
wash your hands. Alcohol-based sanitizers can also be used,
if available.
3. Put on (disposable) gloves or use a clean plastic bag to
avoid contact with the bodily fluids.
4. Naturally, at this stage, the mother feels the urge to push.
If the pushing is not working, tell her to change position and to
empty her bladder.
Tell the mother not to push when the baby's head is out.

Watch the baby come out while supporting
the baby's head and shoulders.
Do not pull the baby out.
Do not push on the woman's belly during
labour or after the delivery.
WHAT DO I DO WHEN THE BABY IS
BORN?
1. Immediately after birth, place the baby on
the mother's bare chest or abdomen so
that they can have skin-to-skin contact.

Create two knots/ties:
1. The first knot/tie is two cm (about three fingers) away
from the baby's
abdomen.
2. The second knot/tie is four cm (about five fingers)
away from the first
knot/tie.
b. Cut between the two knots/ties with a clean razor
blade, scissors or a knife.
c. Create another knot/tie on the side of the baby's
abdomen if the cord
continues to bleed after it has been cut.
d. Keep the cord dry and clean.
4. Wipe the baby's skin clean and dry and ensure that
the baby is kept warm and close to the mother.
5. The baby can be dressed or wrapped.

The placenta or afterbirth will come out naturally on
its own. When it is out, put it somewhere safe until it
can be disposed of properly.
81
Do not pull on the umbilical cord to remove the
placenta and afterbirth. If the cord rips, it may cause
infection or severe bleeding.
Wash your hands after taking care of the patient.
Use soap and water to wash your hands. If no soap
is available, you can use ash to wash your hands.
Alcohol-based sanitizers can also be used, if
available.

Do not pull on the umbilical cord to remove the placenta and
afterbirth. If the cord
rips, it may cause infection or severe bleeding.
7. Wash your hands after taking care of the patient. Use soap and
water to wash your
hands. If no soap is available, you can use ash to wash your hands.
Alcohol-based
sanitizers can also be used, if available.
8. Encourage the mother to breastfeed the newborn. Although there
is no breast milk
at that moment, the baby's sucking will stimulate the production of
milk.
Immediate breast-feeding also helps the placenta to come out and
prevents
bleeding of the mother after delivery.
9. Encourage the mother to move around as soon as she feels able
and ready to do
so.
10. Do not leave the mother unattended during the first 24 hours
after giving birth.

WHAT DO I DO WHEN THE BABY IS NOT BREATHING OR
NOT BREATHING NORMALLY?
1. Tell the mother that the baby is having problems
breathing and that you will help.
2. Move the baby on to a clean, dry and warm surface.
3. Keep the baby wrapped and warm.
4. Start CPR for the baby.
5. Transport to nearest health care facility

REFERENCE;
INDIAN FIRST AID MANUAL
2016 (7th edition)
AUTHORIZED MANUAL – ENGLISH VERSION

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