This document provides an overview of active filters, including their basic types and terminology. The four basic types of active filters are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop (notch) filters. Key terms discussed include poles, order, Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel filters. Circuit configurations for single-pole and two-pole (Sallen-Key) low-pass and high-pass filters are presented.
Acionamentos el辿tricos inversores de frequ棚nciaAngelo Hafner
油
O documento discute m辿todos de controle de velocidade de motores usando inversores de frequ棚ncia, incluindo controle escalar, vetorial e PID. Ele tamb辿m explica os principais componentes de um inversor de frequ棚ncia e como configurar e operar um sistema de controle de velocidade.
An inductor is a passive electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field. It consists of a coil of wire that creates a magnetic field when electric current passes through it. There are several types of inductors that differ in their core material and usage. Fixed inductors have a set number of coil turns and are used like resistors. Ferromagnetic core inductors use iron or ferrite to increase inductance but have higher core losses at high frequencies. Air core inductors have no solid core and are used at radio frequencies with lower losses. Toroidal and laminated core inductors have shaped cores that reduce electromagnetic interference and losses. Powdered iron core inductors store high energy with low losses.
Este curso de dise単o de circuitos impresos utiliza KiCad, una herramienta de c坦digo abierto que es ligera, multiplataforma y sin costes de licencia. Se centra en optimizar los recursos y proporciona una visi坦n general del dise単o mediante dos ejercicios pr叩cticos que incluyen el esquem叩tico de un repetidor RS485 y el trazado del PCB. Adem叩s, abarca aspectos como la creaci坦n de componentes, distribuci坦n, anotaci坦n, y verificaci坦n de errores.
Neil Kirby: VSC HVDC Transmission and Emerging Technologies in DC GridsEnergyTech2015
油
The document discusses emerging HVDC transmission and grid technologies presented by Neil Kirby at EnergyTech2015. It summarizes HVDC converter types, control methods for HVDC grids using slack bus and droop control, protection challenges for DC grids, and future converter technologies like modular multi-level converters that enable DC circuit breakers. It presents diagrams and examples of various converter configurations including full bridge and alternate arm designs that could help realize more versatile and controllable DC grids.
Este documento apresenta os principais componentes semicondutores de pot棚ncia, como diodos, tiristores, chaves control叩veis, UJT e circuitos integrados para aplica巽探es em eletr担nica de pot棚ncia. Inclui descri巽探es t辿cnicas detalhadas sobre o funcionamento e caracter鱈sticas desses dispositivos, al辿m de exemplos de aplica巽探es em retificadores, inversores e fontes chaveadas.
O documento fornece informa巽探es gerais sobre projetos de instala巽探es el辿tricas residenciais, abordando t坦picos como normatiza巽達o, composi巽達o do projeto, etapas de elabora巽達o, planta base, quadros de medi巽達o e distribui巽達o, divis達o de circuitos e representa巽達o de eletrodutos e condutores.
A automa巽達o 辿 a substitui巽達o do trabalho humano ou animal por m叩quinas, permitindo a opera巽達o autom叩tica ou remota de sistemas com m鱈nima interfer棚ncia humana. A automa巽達o pode reduzir a m達o de obra direta mas ainda requer operadores, e na verdade pode aumentar a produtividade e estabilidade dos empregos ao inv辿s de reduzi-los.
This document provides guidance on electrical insulation testing. It discusses what constitutes good insulation, how insulation resistance is measured using a Megger insulation tester, and how to interpret the resistance readings. Periodic testing is recommended to monitor insulation resistance over time and detect trends that could indicate developing problems before failures occur. Record keeping of test results is important for analysis and preventative maintenance of electrical equipment.
1. O documento apresenta informa巽探es sobre vari叩veis b叩sicas de processo como press達o, n鱈vel, vaz達o e temperatura.
2. Detalha m辿todos de medi巽達o de press達o como transmissores capacitivos, de sil鱈cio ressonante e pressostatos.
3. Discutem medi巽達o de n鱈vel por press達o hidrost叩tica e insufla巽達o, assim como vaz達o por m辿todos volum辿tricos e massa.
O documento descreve o fluxo da contra refer棚ncia no plano de sa炭de Unimed Pleno, incluindo o encaminhamento do paciente pelo m辿dico de refer棚ncia para um especialista, o agendamento autom叩tico da consulta pelo sistema, a confirma巽達o do paciente via SMS e o acesso digital dos m辿dicos solicita巽達o de refer棚ncia e prontu叩rio compartilhado.
The document provides an overview of proximity sensors, including their definition, types (inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, and optical), construction, working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It highlights how these sensors detect objects without physical contact and discusses their significance in various industries, including automotive and technology. Additionally, the role of proximity sensors in smartphones to prevent accidental touch events during calls is mentioned.
Este documento proporciona una lista de materiales para construir un dimmer con triac. Incluye resistencias, condensadores, un diac, un triac, una placa, cable y un enchufe para controlar el brillo de una l叩mpara conectada a 220VCA. Tambi辿n incluye notas sobre los valores aproximados de los componentes que pueden usarse.
Power capacitor units can improve power quality by compensating for reactive power usage. They work by injecting reactive power into the system to reduce loads. Most power utilities and large consumers install capacitor banks for this purpose. ABB produces high quality capacitor units with low failure rates using automated production processes and quality controls. They offer different fuse technologies for the units, including internal fuses, external fuses, and fuseless designs, with internal fusing being their specialized technology. The document provides technical specifications for ABB's single phase capacitor units.
The document discusses permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) instruments, which are commonly used as ammeters and voltmeters. PMMC instruments operate based on the principle that a current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field according to Fleming's left-hand rule. The key components of a PMMC instrument are a moving coil, magnet system, control system such as a spring, damping mechanism, and a pointer and scale. PMMC instruments can be modified as ammeters or voltmeters through the use of shunt resistors or multiplier resistors, respectively, to extend their measurement ranges while maintaining a defined full-scale deflection.
EA Technology is a 100% employee-owned company that was originally established in the late 1960s as an R&D center for the UK electricity industry. It provides asset condition assessment, instrumentation, and asset management software and consulting services related to partial discharge detection and diagnosis. Partial discharge refers to a localized breakdown of insulation within an electrical apparatus that does not completely bridge the insulation gap. It can occur due to defects, voids, contamination, or other issues and causes damage over time if left unaddressed. Various online and offline detection techniques exist to identify and locate partial discharge.
Uso de analisadores em linha em plantas de petr坦leo e g叩sJunior Ozono
油
Este documento discute o uso de analisadores em linha em plantas de petr坦leo e g叩s. Ele apresenta os cinco estudantes que escreveram o trabalho e a institui巽達o de ensino. O resumo descreve os principais t坦picos abordados, incluindo o condicionamento de amostras, analisadores de gases, analisadores de l鱈quidos, cromat坦grafos e espectr担metros de massa.
O documento descreve contatores e rel辿s, dispositivos eletromec但nicos usados para controlar circuitos el辿tricos. Contatores s達o usados para controlar cargas maiores como motores, enquanto rel辿s s達o usados para cargas menores. O documento explica como esses dispositivos funcionam, seus tipos, vantagens e desvantagens.
The Shockley diode is a four-layer semiconductor device invented by William Shockley. It consists of three PN junctions (J1, J2, J3) constructed by connecting two transistors. In the forward bias state, J1 and J3 are forward biased while J2 is reverse biased, allowing current to flow. In reverse bias, J1 and J3 are reverse biased while J2 is forward biased, blocking current flow. The diode acts as a closed switch when conducting but turns off when current drops below the holding level. Key applications include use as a relaxation oscillator and triggering SCR devices.
Este documento fornece informa巽探es sobre instala巽探es el辿tricas residenciais. Ele discute conceitos como tens達o el辿trica, corrente el辿trica e pot棚ncia el辿trica, al辿m de apresentar os componentes principais de uma instala巽達o el辿trica residencial como quadro de distribui巽達o, disjuntores e circuitos. O documento tamb辿m aborda t坦picos como levantamento de cargas el辿tricas, dimensionamento de condutores e eletrodutos.
Here are the steps to solve this:
1) VZ = VBE3 (zener voltage is equal to BJT base-emitter voltage)
2) Using KVL: -VZ + VBE3 + IE3RE = 0
3) Simplify: IE3RE = 0
4) IE3 is constant
Therefore, with a zener diode replacing R2, the current IE3 (and thus IT) remains constant regardless of load or temperature variations. The zener diode acts to stabilize the BJT base-emitter voltage, keeping the current constant.
O documento discute v叩lvulas de controle e seus componentes principais. Ele explica o que 辿 uma v叩lvula de controle, como elas s達o classificadas e os tipos principais. Al辿m disso, descreve os componentes fundamentais de uma v叩lvula de controle, incluindo atuador, castelo e corpo.
Radioactivity occurs when the nuclei of unstable atoms decay and emit radiation. There are three main types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, beta particles are electrons or positrons, and gamma radiation consists of electromagnetic waves. The rate of radioactive decay is random, but the half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for half the nuclei in a sample to decay. Radioactivity has industrial applications and background radiation comes from natural and man-made sources.
Knowing de right flow
Nicky Pollet
www.flowcor.be
GREFAN BENELUX
GEFRAN
Sensoren voor druk, positiethemperatuur en kracht
Automatisatie en componenten
FLOWCOR
Debiet en drukmeters en regelaars voor gas, vloeistof en damp/stoom toepassingen
Customize flow solutions
www.ie-net.be/reg
The document discusses the webinar on industrial emissions and air pollution, hosted by Daniel Pereira from Sick, a leading manufacturer of sensors and solutions for various industries. It covers topics including legislation, emission reduction technologies, emission monitoring systems, and the historical development of regulations in Europe. Major points include the significance of emission limit values (ELVs), continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS), and specific technologies for reducing pollutants in industrial settings.
The webinar discusses non-contact conveyor solutions using the Bulkscan速 LMS511 for volume flow measurement and condition monitoring, emphasizing the importance of sensor technology in industrial applications, especially in cement production. Key benefits include real-time data monitoring, increased efficiency, reduced maintenance, and improved safety. The presentation highlights various applications, problem-solving capabilities, and encourages audience engagement through Q&A.
This document provides guidance on electrical insulation testing. It discusses what constitutes good insulation, how insulation resistance is measured using a Megger insulation tester, and how to interpret the resistance readings. Periodic testing is recommended to monitor insulation resistance over time and detect trends that could indicate developing problems before failures occur. Record keeping of test results is important for analysis and preventative maintenance of electrical equipment.
1. O documento apresenta informa巽探es sobre vari叩veis b叩sicas de processo como press達o, n鱈vel, vaz達o e temperatura.
2. Detalha m辿todos de medi巽達o de press達o como transmissores capacitivos, de sil鱈cio ressonante e pressostatos.
3. Discutem medi巽達o de n鱈vel por press達o hidrost叩tica e insufla巽達o, assim como vaz達o por m辿todos volum辿tricos e massa.
O documento descreve o fluxo da contra refer棚ncia no plano de sa炭de Unimed Pleno, incluindo o encaminhamento do paciente pelo m辿dico de refer棚ncia para um especialista, o agendamento autom叩tico da consulta pelo sistema, a confirma巽達o do paciente via SMS e o acesso digital dos m辿dicos solicita巽達o de refer棚ncia e prontu叩rio compartilhado.
The document provides an overview of proximity sensors, including their definition, types (inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, and optical), construction, working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It highlights how these sensors detect objects without physical contact and discusses their significance in various industries, including automotive and technology. Additionally, the role of proximity sensors in smartphones to prevent accidental touch events during calls is mentioned.
Este documento proporciona una lista de materiales para construir un dimmer con triac. Incluye resistencias, condensadores, un diac, un triac, una placa, cable y un enchufe para controlar el brillo de una l叩mpara conectada a 220VCA. Tambi辿n incluye notas sobre los valores aproximados de los componentes que pueden usarse.
Power capacitor units can improve power quality by compensating for reactive power usage. They work by injecting reactive power into the system to reduce loads. Most power utilities and large consumers install capacitor banks for this purpose. ABB produces high quality capacitor units with low failure rates using automated production processes and quality controls. They offer different fuse technologies for the units, including internal fuses, external fuses, and fuseless designs, with internal fusing being their specialized technology. The document provides technical specifications for ABB's single phase capacitor units.
The document discusses permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) instruments, which are commonly used as ammeters and voltmeters. PMMC instruments operate based on the principle that a current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field according to Fleming's left-hand rule. The key components of a PMMC instrument are a moving coil, magnet system, control system such as a spring, damping mechanism, and a pointer and scale. PMMC instruments can be modified as ammeters or voltmeters through the use of shunt resistors or multiplier resistors, respectively, to extend their measurement ranges while maintaining a defined full-scale deflection.
EA Technology is a 100% employee-owned company that was originally established in the late 1960s as an R&D center for the UK electricity industry. It provides asset condition assessment, instrumentation, and asset management software and consulting services related to partial discharge detection and diagnosis. Partial discharge refers to a localized breakdown of insulation within an electrical apparatus that does not completely bridge the insulation gap. It can occur due to defects, voids, contamination, or other issues and causes damage over time if left unaddressed. Various online and offline detection techniques exist to identify and locate partial discharge.
Uso de analisadores em linha em plantas de petr坦leo e g叩sJunior Ozono
油
Este documento discute o uso de analisadores em linha em plantas de petr坦leo e g叩s. Ele apresenta os cinco estudantes que escreveram o trabalho e a institui巽達o de ensino. O resumo descreve os principais t坦picos abordados, incluindo o condicionamento de amostras, analisadores de gases, analisadores de l鱈quidos, cromat坦grafos e espectr担metros de massa.
O documento descreve contatores e rel辿s, dispositivos eletromec但nicos usados para controlar circuitos el辿tricos. Contatores s達o usados para controlar cargas maiores como motores, enquanto rel辿s s達o usados para cargas menores. O documento explica como esses dispositivos funcionam, seus tipos, vantagens e desvantagens.
The Shockley diode is a four-layer semiconductor device invented by William Shockley. It consists of three PN junctions (J1, J2, J3) constructed by connecting two transistors. In the forward bias state, J1 and J3 are forward biased while J2 is reverse biased, allowing current to flow. In reverse bias, J1 and J3 are reverse biased while J2 is forward biased, blocking current flow. The diode acts as a closed switch when conducting but turns off when current drops below the holding level. Key applications include use as a relaxation oscillator and triggering SCR devices.
Este documento fornece informa巽探es sobre instala巽探es el辿tricas residenciais. Ele discute conceitos como tens達o el辿trica, corrente el辿trica e pot棚ncia el辿trica, al辿m de apresentar os componentes principais de uma instala巽達o el辿trica residencial como quadro de distribui巽達o, disjuntores e circuitos. O documento tamb辿m aborda t坦picos como levantamento de cargas el辿tricas, dimensionamento de condutores e eletrodutos.
Here are the steps to solve this:
1) VZ = VBE3 (zener voltage is equal to BJT base-emitter voltage)
2) Using KVL: -VZ + VBE3 + IE3RE = 0
3) Simplify: IE3RE = 0
4) IE3 is constant
Therefore, with a zener diode replacing R2, the current IE3 (and thus IT) remains constant regardless of load or temperature variations. The zener diode acts to stabilize the BJT base-emitter voltage, keeping the current constant.
O documento discute v叩lvulas de controle e seus componentes principais. Ele explica o que 辿 uma v叩lvula de controle, como elas s達o classificadas e os tipos principais. Al辿m disso, descreve os componentes fundamentais de uma v叩lvula de controle, incluindo atuador, castelo e corpo.
Radioactivity occurs when the nuclei of unstable atoms decay and emit radiation. There are three main types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, beta particles are electrons or positrons, and gamma radiation consists of electromagnetic waves. The rate of radioactive decay is random, but the half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for half the nuclei in a sample to decay. Radioactivity has industrial applications and background radiation comes from natural and man-made sources.
Knowing de right flow
Nicky Pollet
www.flowcor.be
GREFAN BENELUX
GEFRAN
Sensoren voor druk, positiethemperatuur en kracht
Automatisatie en componenten
FLOWCOR
Debiet en drukmeters en regelaars voor gas, vloeistof en damp/stoom toepassingen
Customize flow solutions
www.ie-net.be/reg
The document discusses the webinar on industrial emissions and air pollution, hosted by Daniel Pereira from Sick, a leading manufacturer of sensors and solutions for various industries. It covers topics including legislation, emission reduction technologies, emission monitoring systems, and the historical development of regulations in Europe. Major points include the significance of emission limit values (ELVs), continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS), and specific technologies for reducing pollutants in industrial settings.
The webinar discusses non-contact conveyor solutions using the Bulkscan速 LMS511 for volume flow measurement and condition monitoring, emphasizing the importance of sensor technology in industrial applications, especially in cement production. Key benefits include real-time data monitoring, increased efficiency, reduced maintenance, and improved safety. The presentation highlights various applications, problem-solving capabilities, and encourages audience engagement through Q&A.
The document details the various fieldbus solutions and innovations provided by Pepperl+Fuchs, focusing on intrinsically safe systems for process automation. It discusses the advantages, configurations, and limitations of different types of fieldbus technologies, including FISCO and FNICO models, while highlighting their applications and considerations for hazardous environments. Additionally, it covers the architecture, topology, and necessary components like segment protectors and power repeaters to maintain efficient and safe communications in industrial settings.
Bron: RITEC BVBA (www.ritec.be )
Voordracht oktober 2019
www.ie-net.be/reg
Wat is een breekplaat?
Kenmerken.
Wat is een breekplaathouder?
Waarom worden breekplaten toegepast?
Toepassingen.
Verschillende types breekplaten.
...
Bron: Marc Van de Sijpe (RITEC BVBA) Functie vlamdovers MESG Maximum Experimental Safe Gap Element Propagatie van een vlam in een leiding Drukval Internationale standaarden Voordracht 2019 ie-net ingenieursvereniging vzw > Meer info: https://ie-net.be/reg
Bron: Marc Van de Sijpe (RITEC BVBA)
Functie vlamdovers MESG Maximum Experimental Safe Gap
Element
Propagatie van een vlam in een leiding
Drukval
Internationale standaarden
Voordracht 2019 ie-net ingenieursvereniging vzw
> Meer info: https://ie-net.be/reg
HIMA specializes in safety solutions, contributing to plant safety and operational availability through innovative safety systems and life cycle services. The document highlights the importance of functional safety and cybersecurity in industrial control systems, outlining the need for robust safety measures to mitigate risks associated with cyber threats. It emphasizes the integration of safety and security strategies to ensure the protection of industrial processes and assets.
Bron: Stijn Dely (CGK Group)
Hoe maak ik de omgeving van mijn opslagtank veilig en effici谷nt
Cre谷ert een veilige omgeving De correcte losprocedure
Veilig het product in uw tank verpompen en naar de verbruikers
Het opzetten van een pompsysteem
Keuze van de juiste pomp
Pompkast
www.regeltechnieken.org
Bron: Stijn Dely (CGK Group)
Wetgeving
Documenten en attesten
Checklist tankcontrole
Bespreking van 2 cases
Periodieke keuringen
Meer info www.regeltechnieken.org
The document discusses the stringent standards and regulations surrounding explosion protection in manufacturing, particularly for components like cable glands. It highlights the importance of compliance with EU directives (94/9/EC and 2014/34/EU) and the continuous updates required for certification to ensure safety in potentially explosive atmospheres. The advancements in technology and design of cables and glands, such as the Uni Dicht and Blueglobe series, are essential for maintaining safety and efficiency in installations across varying environmental conditions.
J Van Hemelen keuringsorganisme vzw
Presentatie van 18 november 2008 in het VIK-huis
際際滷s of the VIK lecture "Elektrische installaties in ruimtes met stofexplosiegevaar"
by Koen Van Hemelen on 18 november 2008 at VIK-huis
https://www.ie-net.be+reg
Bron: Koen Van Hemelen
J Van Hemelen keuringsorganisme vzw
Presentatie van 18 november 2008 in het VIK-huis
際際滷s of the VIK lecture "Elektrische installaties in ruimtes met stofexplosiegevaar"
by Koen Van Hemelen on 18 november 2008 at VIK-huis
The document discusses current functional safety standards for machinery, specifically ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061. It notes that while both standards have similar basic requirements, there are differences in detail. It is intended that the standards will be combined into a single standard, ISO/IEC 17305. The presentation will explain techniques for complying with the current standards in preparation for the new single standard. It discusses key aspects of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 such as performance levels, safety integrity levels, and requirements for realization and verification of safety functions. Checklists are also provided.
2. Wat bespreken we ?
2
Een stukje geschiedenis
Meetprincipe ultrasoon vs doppler
Het flowprofiel - het Reynoldsgetal en laminaire of
turbulente stromingen
Vloeistofmeting & gasmeting & stoommeting
Clamp-on / inline toestellen
Installatievoorwaarden
Selectie & sizing
Voor-en nadelen
Calibratie
Applicaties
3. 3
History on In-line Process Ultrasonic Flowmeters for Liquids
1980:
First Ultrasonic Flowmeter (UL50)
2 Beam design
Accuracy: 賊 1.5%
Temperature: -40尊C to 140尊C
1990:
UFM500
2 Beam
Accuracy: 賊 1%
Temperature: -40尊C to 180尊C
2003:
UFM3030
DN 25 - 3000 (1-120)
3 Beam design
Accuracy: 賊 0.5%
Temperature: -40尊C to 220尊C
> 30.000 instruments sold
Very first meter still in operation!
-80
-40
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Time [year]
Temperature[尊C]
賊 1.5% 賊 1.0% 賊 0.5%
5. 5
High precision Measurement Liquids
1995:
ALTOSONIC V
Introduction of worlds first fiscal
ultrasonic flowmeter
5 Beam design
DN 100- 1000 (4 to 40)
Accuracy: 賊 0.2%
Temperature: - 40尊C to 140尊C
Viscosity independent: 0.1 cSt to 150 cSt
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Time [year]
Temperature[尊C]
賊 0.2%賊 0.2%
6. 6
History on In-line Ultrasonic Flowmeters Overall
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Time [year]
Temperature[尊C]
賊1.0%
賊 0.2%賊 1.0%
賊 0.5%
賊 0.2%賊 1.5%
Gas CT
Gas & Steam
Liquid Process
Liquid CTLiquid HT
Liquid Process
7. 730/07/14
Ultrasoon Frequenties
UFM 3030
ALTOSONIC V
UFM vloeistoffen
Frequenties Ultrasone Flowmeters
18 kHz
25 kHz
50 kHz
100 kHz
175 kHz
1 or 2 MHz
GFM 700
UFM gassen
Mens
Hond
Vlinder
Walvis
Vleermuis
Geen procesruis
meer aanwezig
8. 830/07/14
Geluidsnelheid
Gassen
Chloor 210 m/s
Lucht 330 m/s
Methaan 430 m/s
Helium 965 m/s
Waterstof 1.280 m/s
Vloeistoffen
Methanol 1.100 m/s
Kerosine 1.298 m/s
Water 1.480 m/s
Natronloog 2.600 m/s
Vaste Stoffen
Glas 5.600 m/s
Staal 5.900 m/s
Beryllium 12.900 m/s
Geluidsnelheid =
Voortplantingssnelheid van een
geluidsgolf in een medium .
v [m/s] @ 200
C
Bij een zekere temperatuur heeft
elk medium zijn specifieke
geluidsnelheid
9. 930/07/14
Ultrasone pulsen worden uitgezonden
en ontvangen langs een diagonaal
verlopend meetpad.
Een ultrasone puls die stroomafwaarts
beweegt heeft een kortere
oversteektijd dan een ultrasone puls
die dezelfde weg stroomopwaarts
aflegt.
Het verschil van beide oversteektijden
(looptijden) is rechtevenredig met de
over het meetpad gemiddelde
stromingssnelheid.
Basis van de Ultrasone
Looptijdverschilmeting
Meetprincipe
10. 10
Een ultrasone Transducent
Algemeen:
Een transducent kan ultrasone
geluidspulsen produceren,
maar ook ontvangen
Het pi谷zokristal in de
transducent kan geluidspulsen
(drukgolven) omzetten in
elektrische spanning en vice
versa
Pi谷zo kristal
Venster
11. 1130/07/14
TA B = L
C + V cos 留
Berekening van Flowsnelheid
Looptijd (T) = Afstand
Totale Snelheid
Stroomafwaarts van A naar B
Stroomopwaarts van B naar A
TBA = L
C - V cos 留
Gemiddelde Flowsnelheid (V)
V = L TBA - TAB
2cos 留 TBA TAB
D = Leidingdiameter
L = Akoestische weglengte
Vm = Flowsnelheid van het medium
Cm = Geluidsnelheid van het medium
V cos 留
V
留
L
D
C
Transducent A
Transducent B
12. 1230/07/14
Volumetrische Flowmeting
Flow = A (oppervlak) x V (flowsnelheid)
= D3
TB A - T A B
4 sin (2 留) X TB A T A B
Meter Factor (= GK = Calibratie constante)
wordt bepaald middels een calibratie
De meting is onafhankelijk
van:
Temperatuur
Viscositeit
Dichtheid
Geluidssnelheid
13. 13
Looptijdmeting simpel?
Een voorbeeld:
Buis diameter 100 mm
Medium Water
Flowsnelheid 1 m/s
Geluidsnelheid 1.480 m/s
Looptijd stroomafwaarts TA B 95.4949 袖s
Looptijd stroomopwaarts TB A 95.5862 袖s
Looptijdverschil T 91,3 nano sec. (= 10 -9
)
0,5% resolutie 500 pico sec. (= 10-12
)
Dus, de looptijdmeting moet erg nauwkeurig zijn!!
14. 14
Gemiddelde flowsnelheid over de buisdwarsdoorsnede
VL = Gemiddelde snelheid
over het akoestische
pad L
VL
Wat wordt gemeten? Wat moet gemeten worden?
Vavg
Vavg = Gemiddelde snelheid
over de gehele
dwarsdoorsnede
15. 1530/07/14
Reynolds getal
Turbulente flow
- Afgeplatte vorm
- Re > 賊 2.300
Laminaire flow
- Parabolische vorm
- Re < 賊 2.300
Transitie gebied
- bij ongunstige proces condities
hoge viscositeiten en lage snelheden
- 1500 / 1000 < Re < 4000
- Onvoorspelbare meetnauwkeurigheid
侶
D
Re
=
Vorm van volledig ontwikkeld
stromingsprofiel
Laminaire flow
Turbulente flow
Reynolds getal:
16. 16
Reynolds getal
Re
Re < 2300
Laminair flow profiel
Re > 4000
Turbulent flow profiel
T
R
A
N
S
I
E
N
T
Re = v x D x
侶
17. 17
Reynolds Getal - Voorbeeld Water
Water
Altijd turbulent
Re > 賊 2.300
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.000
1.600.000
1 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s
Flow velocity (m/s)
Reynoldsnumber(Re)
2"
6"
12"
19. 19
Laminar
VAVG = Vm * 0,66
VAVG
Vm
Turbulent
VAVG = Vm * 1,00
VAVG
Vm
Enkelstraals ultrasone flowmeter
Enelstraals door het midden
van de buis
Flowprofiel afhankelijk
Fout van Laminair tot
Turbulent 33%
Typische onnauwkeurigheid
1 to 2% Re > 10.000
20. 20
VAVG = K1*Vm1 +K2*Vm2 + K3*Vm3
Vm
VAVG
VAVG
Vm
3-Straals flowmeter
3 Stralen...
Meer gegevens over Flowprofiel
Robuster m.b.t. niet symmetrische
stromingsprofielden
Goede Reproduceerbaarheid
Nauwkeuriger over het gehele
Reynoldsbereik
Typische onnauwkeurigheid
0,5% 0< Re < inf.
Snelheden ge誰ntegreerd om flow
te berekenen
21. 2130/07/14
Inline UFM Flowmeters
Enkelstraals
Reynolds afhankelijk
Gevoelig voor niet-symmetrische stromingsprofielen
Lineariteit: 賊1 to 2% (tot 33% in transitie gebied)
3-straals
Reynolds afhankelijkheid< 0,5%
Correctie voor niet symmetrische flow profielen
Redundant meetpad
Lineariteit: < 賊 0,5%
5-straals
Reynolds onafhankelijk
Correctie voor niet-symm. flow profielen & swirl
Redundante meetpaden
Lineariteit < 賊 0,15%
Effect van meerdere meetpaden
22. 22
Beperkingen van het Looptijdverschil Meetprincipe
Effect Richtlijn
1. Deelsgevuld Geen meting Volledig gevulde buis
2. Mengsels Reflecties Homogeen, enkele fase
3. Gas bellen Reflecties Vol.% 2%
4. Deeltjes Reflecties Vol. % 5%
5. Viscositeit Demping Max = 300 cSt
applicaties tot 1500 cSt mogelijk
Reflectie van het signaal Demping van het signaal
24. 24
Refractie hoek : f (geluidsnelheid)
Akoestisch pad : variabel
Clamp-on
Looptijdverschil principe
Inline (spool piece)
Refractie hoek: Vast = 90尊
Akoestisch pad: Lengte = bekend!
25. 25
The position of beams, liquids
Multiple parallel paths
Most information on flow profile
UFM 3030
UFM 530 HT, dual parallel
Multiple crossed paths
Mean flow velocity is always measured through the
pipe centre
OPTISONIC 6300 clamp-on with dual sensor
Reflex mode (V-mode)
Mean flow velocity is measured through the pipe
centre
OPTISONIC 6300 small, medium and large
OPTISONIC 6400 portable small, medium
Diagonal mode (Z-mode)
Mean flow velocity is measured through the pipe
centre
OPTISONIC 6300 large
OPTISONIC 6400 portable small, medium
26. 26
Berekening van de Geluidsnelheid
D = Buisdiameter
L = Akoestische pad lengte
V = Stromingssnelheid medium
C = Geluidsnelheid medium
V cos 留
V
留
L
D
C
Transducent A
Transducent B
Geluidsnelheid C =
2 x Pad Lengte (L)
TA B + TB A
Pad Lengte (L) wordt tijdens een calibratie
in het productieproces zeer nauwkeurig
bepaald
Onnauwkeurigheid VoS meting:
0,5 m/s met een typische VoS van
1.500 m/s
Unieke mogelijkheid met VoS:
Product identificatie
27. 27
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
0 20 40 60
Temperature [属C]
VelocityofSound[m/s]
A
B
Gebaseerd op de
Geluidsnelheid kan er een
duidelijk onderscheid
tussen A en B gemaakt
worden
Geluidsnelheid Product identificatie
Vloeistoffen
28. 29
Typische voordelen
Geen bewegende delen, geen
onderhoud, calibratie
Robust, betrouwbaar werkt met
elektrisch geleidende en niet
geleidende vloeistoffen
Bi-directioneel, meet flow in plus en
min richting
Geen enkele obstructie in de buis
geen extra drukverlies
Meet vanaf nul flow.
Ultrasone flow meters | process inline
transducer A
transducer B
D
29. Ultrasone flowmeters
ALTOSONIC III ALTOSONIC V ALTOSONIC V12
custodytransferin-line
UFM 3030 UFM 530 HT OPTISONIC 8300 FOPTISONIC 7300
liquids
OPTISONIC 6300 OPTISONIC 6400
clamp-on
gas steam
32. 33
I&S; cooling water
Energy; hydropower
Energy; cooling water
Utilities; demi-water
for steam
O&G; natural gas
dehydration
Water; salt water
intake
33. 34
Hoge Druk
Water injectie in oliebronnen
Bron Water Injectie
Water wortd ge誰njecteerd om de oliebron op druk
te houden
Zeewater wordt behandeld alvorens het wordt
ge誰njecteerd in de oliebron
Bluewater Glas Dowr FPSO
2 x UFM 500 K/Ex/HP
Hoge Druk: 2500 lbs flenzen
Specifieke voordelen vanUFM:
Hoge Druk
Extreme Condities
Robust en Betrouwbaar!
36. 37
Transport & Opslag
Klant; Maatschap Europoort Terminal
Diameter: 40 (DN 1 000)
Applicatie verlading van ruwe aardolie
van over de gehele wereld
Belading van ruwe
aardolie
37. 3830/07/14
Oliemenging (blending) bij
NEREFCO (nu BP) in de
Botlek
Verlading van
eindproducten op
klantspecificatie
Applicatie Ultrasone Flowmeters
40. 41
Pijplijn Applicatie
Ultrasoon lost teer en was
probleem op
Mero Pipeline in Tsjechi谷
ALTOSONIC V 10, 150 lbs
Aardolie met een hoog paraffine aandeel
Viscositeit 4 tot 50 cSt
41. 42
Turbine en Strainer uitgebouwd
Turbine blokkeert i.v.m. paraffine in de
aardolie
Hoge kosten voor reiniging en
hercalibratie
Ultrasoon i.v.m.:
Lage onderhoudskosten
Geen hercalibratie
Compacte installatie
Pijplijn Applicatie
43. 4430/07/14
Ultrasone Flowmeter in een
raffinaderij
In bedrijf 1997
Mediumtemperatuur
proces ca. 350属C,
tot 550属C
Meting van long residue
(Bitumen, Teer, Asfalt)
Betrouwbaar op hoge temperatuur
Ultrasone flowmeters meten ook
46. 4730/07/14
UFM voor LNG meting
Flowmeting van vloeibaar aardgas
Temperatuur 170 C
Flowrates 15 000 m3
/h
Flowmeter diameter 20
47. 48
Voor vloeibaar
zwavel met een
verwarmingsmantel
Speciale constructies
Grote diameter
inlasversie met
speciale
transducenten met
verwarming ter
voorkoming van
wasvorming
(Kaspische
Oliepijpleiding)
Voor meting van Jetfuel in
Afghanistan met speciale
snelkoppelingen
48. 49
Vergelijking van Cost of Ownership
Flow meter
Technologie
Engineering Installatie
Kosten
Onderhoud Gebruik Totaal
Coriolis mass Low High Low Low Average
EMF Average Low Low Low Low
Orifice High High Average Low Average
Turbine
(incl. air separator
& straightener)
High High High High High
UFM Low Low Low Low Low
Vortex Average Low Average Low Average
51. 52 | welcome at KROHNE
Altometer
Let nothing stop you from going ahead !息 www.gianlucacecchini.com
Editor's Notes
#2: The new OPTIFLUX EMF range is the next example of the strong innovation of KROHNE, in a long history since 1962.
#29: Werkingsprincipe. Van belang is:
Padlengte en padhoek zijn geometrische eigenschappen en bepalen de nauwkeurigheid
Zo ook natuurlijk Diameter maar deze komt niet in de gas snelheid voo
Door op en neerwaarts te meten kunnen we Vos eruit halen. Meting is dus onafhankelijk van gas samenstelling druk en temperatuur.
#31: Naming
OPTI stands for: process meters
ALTO: custody transfer meters / KROHNE Altometer
SONIC stands for: sound
UFM stands for: Ultrasonic Flow Meter
KROHNE Altometer takes care of the production process for ultrasonic flowmeters = both non custody transfer meters and custody transfer meters.
The knowledge and experience about custody transfer meters is with KROHNE Oil & Gas in Breda, the Netherlands
For more detail information set about custody transfer please refer to KROHNE Oil & Gas.
(It is important to know for what reason the customer would like to buy a flowmeter before you recommend custody transfer or non custody transfer.
Whether a flowmeter can be used as a custody transfer depends on several issues, e.g. roughness of the inner pipe, frequency of the ultrasonic beams/chords, fluid or gas in de pipe.
#38: Customer: Maatschap Europoort Terminal (MET)
joint venture of Total and Ruhr Oil.
most important task of the MET terminal is to ensure efficient supplying of refineries in Belgium and Germany, which are inaccessible to supertankers.
Crude oil is delivered to the Rotterdam Europoort from all over the world.
Two of the UFM 500s are installed at the jetties of the terminal
more than 10 years of experience with KROHNE ultrasonic flowmeters
1993 MET decided to standardise on KROHNE UFM 500, which is now the only type of flowmeter in use at the terminal.
There is no prover on site.
Total of 10 UFM 500s & 1 UFM 3030 are applied with
diameter sizes from 12 up to 40.
#42: At tank terminal in Kralupy, turbine meters were used to measure high grade crude oil, flowing through pipelines.
In order to handle lower grade crude oils, the customer revamped the production unit.
Unfortunately, the turbines in the new production unit could not cope with these crudes because they contain higher grades of paraffin
and subsequently the meters were clogged.
This meant more regular
cleaning and
re-calibration of the flowmeters,
using expensive piston provers and regular cleaning of the filters.
So the customer decided to start looking for an alternative.
#43: Solution
One option considered was a triple bank of twin mass meters, but it was rejected because of the size of the installation.
MERO decided to choose for a proven solution: ALTOSONIC V because of the many benefits the multibeam ultrasonic flowmeter has for this type of application:
No internal (moving) parts, no pressure drop
No filters necessary
No periodic re-calibrations
High accuracy & repeatability
Maintenance free, low cost of ownership
In addition, the customer, already had 10 years of trouble-free experience with KROHNE&apos;s 2-beam UFM 500 flowmeters.
![3
History on In-line Process Ultrasonic Flowmeters for Liquids
1980:
First Ultrasonic Flowmeter (UL50)
2 Beam design
Accuracy: 賊 1.5%
Temperature: -40尊C to 140尊C
1990:
UFM500
2 Beam
Accuracy: 賊 1%
Temperature: -40尊C to 180尊C
2003:
UFM3030
DN 25 - 3000 (1-120)
3 Beam design
Accuracy: 賊 0.5%
Temperature: -40尊C to 220尊C
> 30.000 instruments sold
Very first meter still in operation!
-80
-40
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Time [year]
Temperature[尊C]
賊 1.5% 賊 1.0% 賊 0.5%](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/flow3b-140730094831-phpapp01/85/Ultrasone-flowmeters-Krohne-3-320.jpg)
![4
High/low Temperatures Liquids
1990:
UFM500 HT
Introduction Wave guide
Accuracy: 賊 1.0%
Temperature: -200尊C to 600尊C
DN 25 - 3000 (1-120)
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Time [year]
Temperature[尊C]
賊1.0%](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/flow3b-140730094831-phpapp01/85/Ultrasone-flowmeters-Krohne-4-320.jpg)
![5
High precision Measurement Liquids
1995:
ALTOSONIC V
Introduction of worlds first fiscal
ultrasonic flowmeter
5 Beam design
DN 100- 1000 (4 to 40)
Accuracy: 賊 0.2%
Temperature: - 40尊C to 140尊C
Viscosity independent: 0.1 cSt to 150 cSt
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Time [year]
Temperature[尊C]
賊 0.2%賊 0.2%](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/flow3b-140730094831-phpapp01/85/Ultrasone-flowmeters-Krohne-5-320.jpg)
![6
History on In-line Ultrasonic Flowmeters Overall
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Time [year]
Temperature[尊C]
賊1.0%
賊 0.2%賊 1.0%
賊 0.5%
賊 0.2%賊 1.5%
Gas CT
Gas & Steam
Liquid Process
Liquid CTLiquid HT
Liquid Process](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/flow3b-140730094831-phpapp01/85/Ultrasone-flowmeters-Krohne-6-320.jpg)
![830/07/14
Geluidsnelheid
Gassen
Chloor 210 m/s
Lucht 330 m/s
Methaan 430 m/s
Helium 965 m/s
Waterstof 1.280 m/s
Vloeistoffen
Methanol 1.100 m/s
Kerosine 1.298 m/s
Water 1.480 m/s
Natronloog 2.600 m/s
Vaste Stoffen
Glas 5.600 m/s
Staal 5.900 m/s
Beryllium 12.900 m/s
Geluidsnelheid =
Voortplantingssnelheid van een
geluidsgolf in een medium .
v [m/s] @ 200
C
Bij een zekere temperatuur heeft
elk medium zijn specifieke
geluidsnelheid](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/flow3b-140730094831-phpapp01/85/Ultrasone-flowmeters-Krohne-8-320.jpg)
![27
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
0 20 40 60
Temperature [属C]
VelocityofSound[m/s]
A
B
Gebaseerd op de
Geluidsnelheid kan er een
duidelijk onderscheid
tussen A en B gemaakt
worden
Geluidsnelheid Product identificatie
Vloeistoffen](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/flow3b-140730094831-phpapp01/85/Ultrasone-flowmeters-Krohne-27-320.jpg)
