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From paragraph to essay
1- Paragraph by listing
Definition:It’s a type of paragraph thatlists differentitems in a specific order by usinga set of functions
such as introducers,developers, modulators and terminators.
Example:
“Classrooms vary in the ways in which they operate, and their variation may be understood
in terms of the approach to learning (Watkins, 2005a). A few of these approaches are
considered in this discussion1. The first approach2, known as the ‘responsive classroom’
approach incorporates the learners’ social and emotional growth into their academic
learning. This idea stems from the belief that learners learn best through social interaction.
Therefore social and emotional skills should be overtly taught to the learners together with
their academic lessons (Rimm-Kaufman, Fan, Chiu & You, 2007).
The second approach3 considered here is constructivism. According to Ganga and Maphalala
(2016), constructivism is a notion that is based on the belief that during the teaching and
learning process learners construct their own knowledge and meaning through active
learning and mental processes of development. In such an environment, the learner plays
an active role in the learning process, and the teacher provides guidance and opportunities
for the learner to explore, experiment, discover, conclude, theorise, hypothesise, predict,
investigate and invent.
The third approach to learning is Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development,
based on the idea that development is defined both by what learners can do on their own
and by what they can do when assisted by a teacher or by a more competent peer (Daniels,
1995;Wertsch, 1991).According to Vygotsky (1978) for the curriculum to be appropriate for
the development of the learner, the teacher needs to plan learning activities that
incorporate not only what learners can do or learn on their own, but also what they can
learn with the help of others (Karpov & Haywood, 1998). As a result, the focus is on
cooperative learning activities for groups of children at different levels who can help each
other learn.”
Analysis:
1. “Classrooms vary in the ways in which they operate, and their variation may be understood in
terms of the approach to learning (Watkins, 2005a). A few of these approaches are considered
in this discussion…” This is the introducer of the sentence and its function is to introduce the
topic. The topic in this case is about different concepts about classrooms.
2. “First approach…” This sentence functions as a developer of the sentence and further support
the ideas previously mention from the introducer.
3. “Second approach…” This linker is also functions as modulator as it provides smooth transition
between ideas of the same type.
2&3 - Paragraph by examples
Definition: The example paragraph is a technique in which we use examples to support the topic
sentences.
Original introducer:
“Not only food diversity, but microbial diversity also plays a role in immunological
maturation and tolerance acquisition.1 A more diverse intestinal microbiota in the first week
of life has been associate with reduced subsequent onset of eczema in infant at risk of

allergic disease. Early interventions to enhance microbial diversity in early life may thus
useful in prevention of eczema and possibly food allergy in high risk infants” (First
paragraph)
“Other “sources” of microbial diversity have been suggested, for example, unpasteurised
milk and environmental “dirt”. A Polish study showed that the consumption of unpasteurised
milk In the first year was inversely associated with atopy2 (by skin prick tests) and asthma:
in town-dwelling patients, adjusted odds ratio was 0.46 for atopy and for asthma House
dust mite reduction strategies have not been shown to reduce AD; conversely, there is
evidence that high environmental house dust mite in early life reduce AD risk.” (Fifth
paragraph)
Analysis:
1. The introducer in this case is about primly about microbial diversity
2. This example supports the introducer by providing examples to provide a clear idea of what
microbial diversity is found.
4- Paragraph by comparison
Definition: A comparison paragraph is a type of paragraph that compares similar aspectof two subjects.
Frequently, examples are use to state which are the similarities.
Example:
“We live in a world of choice. In each moment, we are presented with the opportunity to
choose from an array of options. The truth is, though, that we do not always make our
choices consciously. Sometimes, instead of choosing what is best for our personal
requirements, we fall in the trap of commercial tricks and purchase a product we do not
need. When we want to make a choice based on facts and objective reasoning exclusively,
we need to methodically analyse and compare each product based on the criteria we value.
In this essay, I will try to do that when choosing between the two most populartypes of TVs:
LCD and plasma. When entering the technical department of any supermarket or a high-
tech store, many people ask themselves whether a LCD TV is better than a plasma TV, or vice
versa. To answer this question, we need to compare the two products based on several
relevant technical criteria.1” (First paragraph)
“At the same time, it is logical to assume that the LCD TV will also have some considerable
advantages that help it successfully compete with the plasma TV on store shelves and in
consumers’ households. One such important advantage of the LCD TV would be its lifespan.
LCD TVs have a longer lifespan as opposed to the plasma TV (Franz, TV Statistics). It also has
superior screen resolution. This would be a decisive factor to choose LCD over plasma for
those consumers who enjoy playing high-resolution video games on their TVs. However, this
would not greatly matter to an average TV viewer, since a plasma TV perfectly copes with
the other tasks of a regular TV set without any resolution imperfections for the viewer.2 ”
(Fifth paragraph).
Analysis:
1. The topic sentence is about whether is better to buy a LCD or a Plasma TV
2. Despite of that however, normally means contrast in this sentence but in this case, it’s showing
similarities between LCD and Plasmas TVs task management.

5- Paragraph by contrast:
Definition:A contrastparagraph is a typeof paragraph thatcompare dissimilaraspects of two subjects.
Example:
“The community of practice (CoP) theory was proposed by cognitive anthropologists Jean
Lave and Etienne Wenger-Treyner in 1998.1 This theory has its origin in social constructivism,
which regards learning as a social process. Lave and Wenger-Treyner (1998) define
community of practice as a group of individuals in a particular environment who share a
common goal, and then regularly interact and collaborate to attain it together.
On the other hand2, Rowlands and Avramenko (2013) provide a distinction between
communities of practice and collaborative learning. They posit that a community of practice
is easily distinguishable because of its emphasis on the process of learning and building
knowledge for all members at both the individual and community level. In a community of
practice individual members are allowed to develop and learn collectively, whilst their
individual skills and growth are enhanced. When classrooms operate as learning
communities, all the learners are engaged in building knowledge under the guidance of the
teacher.”
Analysis:
1. “CoP” is the introducer of the paragraph.
2. “On the other hand…” functions as a modulator and it clear states that the followingidea will be
against of the topic sentence stated in the introducer of the paragraph.
6- Paragraph by definition and classification
Definition:A definition paragraph describe and explains terms that areunknown to the reader.
Example:
“Rhinitis isdefined as inflammation of the nasal membranes and is characterised by a typical
symptom complex and has both acute and chronic causes. Allergic rhinitis is but one cause
of chronic rhinitis and differentiating allergic rhinitis from other causes of rhinitis can be
difficult as the diagnostic criteria for the various forms of rhinitis are not always clear-cut.
Non-allergic rhinitis has nine basic sub classifications, as follows: (i) infectious rhinitis, (ii)
drug-induced rhinitis, (iii) vasomotor rhinitis, (iv) hormone-induced rhinitis, (v) gustatory
rhinitis, (vi) atrophic rhinitis, (vii) occupational rhinitis, (viii) non-allergic rhinitis with
eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) and (ix) rhinitis secondary to systemic disorders, e.g. cystic
fibrosis or primary ciliary dyskinesia. Each of these requires specific therapy. The aim of this
article is to remind clinicians that chronic rhinitis, labelled as allergic in nature, requires proof
of allergy. In addition when chronic rhinitis does not respond to conventional ‘allergy’
treatments, other causes for this condition should be sought rather than endlessly adding
therapies to a failing regimen.”
Analysis:
1. This is a clear example of a definition paragraph as itintroduces to reader information about the
Rhinitis

Sources:
 Mnecidisi Christian Maphalala (2017), University of Zululand, South Africa "The
classroom as learning communities" Retrived September 17, 2017 from
Sabinet: https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-77db5849d?fromSearch=true
 CL Gray (2015) "Allergic prevention: Something old, something new, something
borrowed, something blue" Retrevied September 17, 2017 from Sabinet:
https://journals.co.za/content/caci/28/3/EJC175909?fromSearch=true
 Teshni Moodley (20) "Runny nose - Not always allergy" Retreived September 17. 2017
from Sabinet: https://journals.co.za/content/caci/23/1/EJC22541?fromSearch=true
 What is better purchase: LCD TV or Plasma TV?" Retreived September 17. 2017 from
Pencraft: https://academichelp.net/samples/academics/essays/compare-contrast/lcd-vs-
plasma.html

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