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Fuel presentation1

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Todd Shellnutt
Todd Shellnutt

This document discusses aircraft fuel systems and aviation gasoline (avgas). It provides details on: - Avgas is a specialized fuel used in piston aircraft and is formulated for stability, safety, and performance in various environments. 100LL is the most commonly used avgas. - Aviation fuels consist of over 1000 chemicals including hydrocarbons and additives. Fuel types vary in their lead content and dye color for identification. - Proper fuel management and fuel system knowledge is important for safety. Pilots must ensure they add the correct fuel type and check for contamination, which can cause engine damage or failure.

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Aircraft Fuel Systems
Avgas • Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. • Generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperatures, amongst other properties.
Fuel presentation1
Avgas • Avgas (aviation gasoline) is an aviation fuel used to power piston-engine aircraft. • It can be distinguished from mogas (motor gasoline), which is the everyday petroleum spirit used in cars. • Avgas is formulated for stability, safety, and predictable performance under a wide range of environments. • Avgas is typically used in aircraft that use reciprocating or wankel engines. • Dyes for the fuel are required in some countries.
Avgas • Aviation fuels consist of blends of over a thousand chemicals: – primarily Hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, naphth enes, and aromatics) as well as additives such as antioxidants and metal deactivators, and impurities. – Principal components include n-octane, isooctane. – Like other fuels, blends of Aviation fuel used in piston engine aircraft are often described by their Octane rating.
100LL • The most commonly used aviation fuel is dyed blue for easy visual identification. • 100LL, spoken as "100 low lead", contains a small amount of tetra-ethyl lead (TEL), a lead compound that reduces gasoline's tendency to spontaneously explode (detonation or "knock") under high loads, high temperatures and high pressures. • Sustained detonation causes catastrophic engine failure.
Avgas Table of Aviation Fuel Types Country Fuel Lead content Status Dye Phased out, Worldwide 80/87 Low lead difficult to red obtain Not produced Worldwide 82UL Unleaded purple since 2008 Most commonly Worldwide 100LL Low lead used aviation blue fuel 4 grams of lead In process of Worldwide 100/130 per US gallon being replaced green (1.1 g/l) by 100LL Discontinued (sometimes Worldwide 91/96 brown produced for races) Discontinued Worldwide 115/145 (mainly military purple use)
Fuel presentation1
Don’t Lie About Your Fuel State • I’ve never overloaded my airplane • I have the traffic in sight • Yes, tower, I responded. You didn't hear me? • You're not picking up my squawk code? Here, let me recycle the transponder • I have the check-list memorized • I broke out of the clouds right at minimums
Still???? • http://www.google.com/search?um=1&hl=en &safe=off&biw=1024&bih=707&q=the%20run way%20behind%20you&ie=UTF- 8&sa=N&tab=iw#sclient=psy&hl=en&safe=off &biw=1024&bih=707&source=hp&q=aircraft+ crash+ran+out+of+fuel&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq= &pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=a316b5c db3fe9040
Weight & Balance • Avgas has a density of 6.02 lb/U.S. gal at 15 °C, or 0.721 kg/l, and this density is commonly used for weight and balance computation. • Density increases to 6.40 lb/US gallon at -40 °C, and decreases by about 0.5% per 5 °C (9 °F) increase in temperature. • As you use fuel, your CG will move.
?Hybrid?
Very Important
What’s Going In? • Be present when Fuel is pumped. – Quantity – Quality – Correctness – Damage to A/C
Cases On March 2, 2008, a turbo-normalized Cirrus SR22 was destroyed when it crashed shortly after takeoff in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, killing all four people aboard. Shortly after the aircraft departed from Runway 20, the airplane's engine lost power, and the aircraft hit a building and exploded. Further investigation revealed that the aircraft had been refueled with Jet A instead of 100LL.
Effects of Contamination • Zero Octane • Instant destructive detonation • You will loose the engine
The Fuel System • Tanks • Lines • Vents • Drains • Primer • Gauges • Fuel Pump & Gravity Feed
Fuel Pump System • Usually found in Low Wing Aircraft • High Performance aircraft with Fuel Injected engines • Usually will have a boost pump (Aux Pump)
Question In all fuel injected aircraft, if the engine fuel pump fails you will still be able to run the engine if the aux fuel pump is activated? False
Fuel Pressure Fuel Pressure Gauge Fuel Pump • Cherokee Six • Lycoming
The Relationship
Low Wing Design
High Wing Gravity Feed
Gravity Feed
Question In order to maximize range performance, on aircraft equipped with more than one fuel tank, it is common and safe to run a tank completely dry before switching fuel tanks. Vapor Lock
Question Once vapor lock is induced, there are steps a pilot can take while flying to counter it. False
Fuel Tank Venting/Overflow Drain
Fuel Gauges
The Digital Age
More Reasonable
Fuel Selector Valve
Fuel Cross Feed
Question Using a fuel grade higher than specified can cause cylinder head and engine temperatures to exceed normal operating limits. False
Question You arrive at your aircraft for a flight and realize you need fuel. The fuel should be drained and checked immediately following the filling/adding of fuel to the fuel tanks. False
Fuel Tips • Infrequently used fuel tanks should have their sumps drained before filling • Agitation action of fuel entering the tank may suspend or entrain liquid water or other contaminants. • After fueling, wait at least 15 minutes per foot of depth of the tank before sumping
AC-20-125 • How much fuel says the FAA? – 10 ounces or more!! • Cross feed and multiple tanks should be checked separately.
3 Useless Things in Aviation The runway behind you The sky above you The Fuel in the truck

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Fuel presentation1

  • 2. Avgas • Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. • Generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperatures, amongst other properties.
  • 4. Avgas • Avgas (aviation gasoline) is an aviation fuel used to power piston-engine aircraft. • It can be distinguished from mogas (motor gasoline), which is the everyday petroleum spirit used in cars. • Avgas is formulated for stability, safety, and predictable performance under a wide range of environments. • Avgas is typically used in aircraft that use reciprocating or wankel engines. • Dyes for the fuel are required in some countries.
  • 5. Avgas • Aviation fuels consist of blends of over a thousand chemicals: – primarily Hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, naphth enes, and aromatics) as well as additives such as antioxidants and metal deactivators, and impurities. – Principal components include n-octane, isooctane. – Like other fuels, blends of Aviation fuel used in piston engine aircraft are often described by their Octane rating.
  • 6. 100LL • The most commonly used aviation fuel is dyed blue for easy visual identification. • 100LL, spoken as "100 low lead", contains a small amount of tetra-ethyl lead (TEL), a lead compound that reduces gasoline's tendency to spontaneously explode (detonation or "knock") under high loads, high temperatures and high pressures. • Sustained detonation causes catastrophic engine failure.
  • 7. Avgas Table of Aviation Fuel Types Country Fuel Lead content Status Dye Phased out, Worldwide 80/87 Low lead difficult to red obtain Not produced Worldwide 82UL Unleaded purple since 2008 Most commonly Worldwide 100LL Low lead used aviation blue fuel 4 grams of lead In process of Worldwide 100/130 per US gallon being replaced green (1.1 g/l) by 100LL Discontinued (sometimes Worldwide 91/96 brown produced for races) Discontinued Worldwide 115/145 (mainly military purple use)
  • 9. Don’t Lie About Your Fuel State • I’ve never overloaded my airplane • I have the traffic in sight • Yes, tower, I responded. You didn't hear me? • You're not picking up my squawk code? Here, let me recycle the transponder • I have the check-list memorized • I broke out of the clouds right at minimums
  • 10. Still???? • http://www.google.com/search?um=1&hl=en &safe=off&biw=1024&bih=707&q=the%20run way%20behind%20you&ie=UTF- 8&sa=N&tab=iw#sclient=psy&hl=en&safe=off &biw=1024&bih=707&source=hp&q=aircraft+ crash+ran+out+of+fuel&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq= &pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=a316b5c db3fe9040
  • 11. Weight & Balance • Avgas has a density of 6.02 lb/U.S. gal at 15 °C, or 0.721 kg/l, and this density is commonly used for weight and balance computation. • Density increases to 6.40 lb/US gallon at -40 °C, and decreases by about 0.5% per 5 °C (9 °F) increase in temperature. • As you use fuel, your CG will move.
  • 14. What’s Going In? • Be present when Fuel is pumped. – Quantity – Quality – Correctness – Damage to A/C
  • 15. Cases On March 2, 2008, a turbo-normalized Cirrus SR22 was destroyed when it crashed shortly after takeoff in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, killing all four people aboard. Shortly after the aircraft departed from Runway 20, the airplane's engine lost power, and the aircraft hit a building and exploded. Further investigation revealed that the aircraft had been refueled with Jet A instead of 100LL.
  • 16. Effects of Contamination • Zero Octane • Instant destructive detonation • You will loose the engine
  • 17. The Fuel System • Tanks • Lines • Vents • Drains • Primer • Gauges • Fuel Pump & Gravity Feed
  • 18. Fuel Pump System • Usually found in Low Wing Aircraft • High Performance aircraft with Fuel Injected engines • Usually will have a boost pump (Aux Pump)
  • 19. Question In all fuel injected aircraft, if the engine fuel pump fails you will still be able to run the engine if the aux fuel pump is activated? False
  • 20. Fuel Pressure Fuel Pressure Gauge Fuel Pump • Cherokee Six • Lycoming
  • 25. Question In order to maximize range performance, on aircraft equipped with more than one fuel tank, it is common and safe to run a tank completely dry before switching fuel tanks. Vapor Lock
  • 26. Question Once vapor lock is induced, there are steps a pilot can take while flying to counter it. False
  • 33. Question Using a fuel grade higher than specified can cause cylinder head and engine temperatures to exceed normal operating limits. False
  • 34. Question You arrive at your aircraft for a flight and realize you need fuel. The fuel should be drained and checked immediately following the filling/adding of fuel to the fuel tanks. False
  • 35. Fuel Tips • Infrequently used fuel tanks should have their sumps drained before filling • Agitation action of fuel entering the tank may suspend or entrain liquid water or other contaminants. • After fueling, wait at least 15 minutes per foot of depth of the tank before sumping
  • 36. AC-20-125 • How much fuel says the FAA? – 10 ounces or more!! • Cross feed and multiple tanks should be checked separately.
  • 37. 3 Useless Things in Aviation The runway behind you The sky above you The Fuel in the truck