![5
4. Semi-micro qualitative analysis:
To analyse 4 - 6 inorganic mixtures containing four ions only.(Two cations and two
anions). Mixtures containing the following ions may be prepared
Cations :
Pb2+
, Bi3+
,Cu2+
, Cd2+
, Sn2+
, Sb3+
,Fe2+
, Fe3+
, Al3+
,Cr3+
,Zn2+
, Mn2+
, Ni2+
, Co2+
,
Ba2+
, Sr2+
,Ca2+
, Mg2+
, (NH4) +
, K+
Anions:
Cl¯, Br¯, I¯, NO2¯, NO3¯, SO3
2¯
, CO3
2¯
, SO4
2¯
, CrO4
2¯
, PO4
3¯
.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
I. Crystallization: - a) Benzoic acid from hot water. b) m-dinitrobenzene from ethanol
II. Sublimations: - a) Naphthalene and b) Anthracene
III.Distillation: - a) Separation of acetone and ethyl acetate using water condenser.
b) Separation of toluene and nitrobenzene using air condenser.
IV. Qualitative Analysis:
List of compounds
Acids: Benzoic, Acetylsalicylic, Salicylic, Phthalic.
Phenols: Phenol, α-Naphthol, β-Naphthol.
Bases: p-Toluidine, Diphenylamine, o-, m- and p-Nitroanilines, Aniline.
Hydrocarbons: Naphthalene, Anthracene.
Amides: Benzamide, Urea.
Carbonyl compounds: Benzaldehyde, Acetone, Butanone.
Note:
A] 7 compounds of the following types should be analyzed.
Acids – 2; Phenols – 1; Bases – 1; Hydrocarbons – 1; Amide – 1; Carbonyl compds – 1
Tests to be performed are i. Preliminary Tests; ii. Solubility and Chemical type;
iii. Elements; iv. Groups and v. Physical Constant.
B] Qualitative analysis is to be performed at a small scale level using preferably not more
than 1.0 g. solid and 1.0 ml. liquid.
C] The 7 compounds to be completed in 5 practical, while (I-III) to be completed in two
practical.
D]The experiments on distillation/sublimation/crystallization as the case may be are not
to be given for examination. However they are not demonstration experiments.
Every student is expected to perform these experiments.)
Books suggested for laboratory course
1.Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, (revised) Svehla, Orient L:ongman.
2. Vogel’s textbook of Quantitative Inorganic analysis (revised) J. Basset, R.C.
3. Mann and Saunders , Practical Organic Chemistry
4. N.K. Vishnoi, Practical Organic Chemistry
5. P. S. Sindhu, Practicals in Physical Chemistry, Macmillan India Ltd.,
First Edition, 2006.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/0c0a4b0f-6816-49b9-8bf3-281081ef6c3e-161110064316/85/F-Y-B-Sc-5-320.jpg)
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- 1. 1 F. Y. B. Sc CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS SEMESTER – I: COURSES CH – 101 AND CH – 103 SEMESTER – II: COURSES CH – 102 AND CH - 104 SEMESTER – I CH-101 : Physical & Inorganic Chemistry Section - I (Physical Chemistry) I Mathematical Concepts 06 L Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculations of slopes differentiation of functions like Kx, ex , xn , sin x, log x, maxima & minima, partial, differentiation & reciprocity relations. Integration of some useful/relevant functions II Gaseous State 10 L Postulates of kinetic theory of gases and deviation from ideal behaviour, Van der Waal’s equation of state. Critical phenomena; PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states , the isotherms of van der Waal’s equation, relationship between critical constants and van der Waal’s constants , the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state. Molecular Velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, mean free path and collision diameter, liquifacation of gases (based on Joule – Thomson effect) III Chemical Kinetics 14 L Rate of reaction, factors influencing the rate of a reaction concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst Concentration dependence of rates mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reaction. Zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life & mean life. Determination of order of reaction: Differential method Integration method, Method of half life period & Isolation method. Radioactive decay as a first order phenomenon. Theories of Chemical Kinetics. Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation and concept of activation energy. Simple collision theory based on hard sphere model. Transition state theory (equilibrium hypothesis ). Expression for the rate constant based on equilibrium constant & thermodynamic aspects. Section – II (Inorganic Chemistry) I. Atomic Structure 06 L Evidence for the electrical nature of matter; discharge tube experiments; Thomson’s atomic model; Rutherford model; Bohr's model of hydrogen atom; probability picture of electron; quantum numbers; Shapes of s, p, d, orbitals; Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity; Electronic configurations of the elements; effective nuclear charge.
- 2. 2 . II. Chemical Bonding (A) 09 L Covalent bond – Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and its limitations, directional characteristics of covalent bond, various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR Theory) to NH3, H3O+ , SF4, ClF3, ICl2 - and H2O. Molecular Orbital Theory, homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules(CO and NO), multicenter bonding in electron deficient molecules, bond strength and bond energy, percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference. Text Books 1 P.W. Atkins et al., Physical Chemistry, 7th edition 2. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS publications, 4th edition Reference Books Physical Chemistry 1. Puri, Sharma, Pathania,Principles of Physical Chemistry by Vishal Publishing Company, Oxford University Press 2. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical chemistry, Prentice Hall India, 1993, 3. Donald McQuarrie, Physical Chemistry 4. G. L. Agarwal, Basic Chemical Kinetics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Inorganic Chemistry 1. B.R. Puri, L.R.Sharma, K.C. Kale, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry Vallabh Publications, First Edition 2. F.A. Cotton and G.Wilkinson Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 2nd edition,1993 3. C N R Rao,University General Chemistry , Mc Millan , 1993. 4. Sharpe and Emilus, Inorganic Chemistry , , ELBS publications.New edition 5. N.N. Greenwood and Earnshaw, Chemistry of Elements, , Pergamon, Oxford,1984. CH-103 :Organic& Inorganic Chemistry Section – I (Organic Chemistry) I. Structure and Bonding: 4 L Hybridization, C-C bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy, localized and delocalized chemical bonds, Definition and examples of Van der Waals interactions, resonance, hyperconjugation, inductive and field effects, intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. II. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry: 8 L Curved arrow notation, drawing electron movement with arrows, half and double headed arrows, homolytic and heterolytic bond breaking. Types of reagents –
- 3. 3 electrophiles and nucleophiles with examples. Types of Organic Reactions: Addition, Elimination, Substitution, Oxidation, Reduction and Rearrangement-one example of each. Energy profile diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions, single step and two step reactions. Reactive intermediates – Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, arynes and nitrenes; examples, shape and ways of formation. Assigning formal charges on intermediates and other ionic species. Methods of determination of reaction mechanisms (one example each of product analysis, intermediates, isotope effects, kinetic and stereochemical studies). Theory of acids and bases: Lewis concept; Bronsted and Lowry concept III. Alkanes and cycloalkanes: 6 L IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes. General methods of formation (with special reference to Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction, Corey-House reaction & decarboxylation of carboxylic acids). Physical properties and chemical reactions of alkanes: halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes: orientation, reactivity and selectivity with propane as an example. Cycloalkanes – nomenclature, general methods of formation, Baeyer strain theory and its limitations. Ring strain in small rings (cyclopropane and cyclobutane), theory of strainless rings. The case of cyclopropane ring: banana bonds. IV. Alkenes, dienes and alkynes: 12 L IUPAC nomenclature of alkenes, general methods of formation, mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, regioselectivity in alcohol dehydration. The Saytzeff rule, Hoffmann elimination, physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes. Chemical reactions of alkenes – Epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4. Mechanisms involved in hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions, Markownikoff’s rule, hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-reduction. Polymerization of alkenes. Substitution at the allylic and vinylic positions of alkenes. Industrial applications of ethene and propene. Nomenclature and classification of dienes, isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes. Structure and stereochemistry of allenes, methods of formation of butadiene, polymerization. Chemical reactions – 1,2- and 1,4-additions, Diels-Alder reaction. Nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes. General methods of formation. Chemical reactions of alkynes, acidity of alkynes. Mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reactions, metal-ammonia reduction and polymerization. Section – II (Inorganic Chemistry) I. Periodic Properties 05 L Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity, definition, methods of determination or evaluation, trends in periodic table and applications in predicting and explaining the chemical behaviour. II. Acids, Bases and Non Aqueous Solvents 10 L Arrhenius Concept and Bronsted Theory. The Lux – Flood Solvent Systems.
- 4. 4 Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases. Physical Properties of a solvent. Types of Solvents and their general Characteristics. Reactions in non aqueous solvents with respect to liquid NH3 and liquid SO2. Text Books 1. Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry;; 6th Edition, Prentice Hall India 2. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS publications, 4th edition Reference Books Organic Chemistry 1. Francis Carey, Organic Chemistry; 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill India 2. Paula Yurkanis Bruice, Organic Chemistry; 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Asia 3. Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry; 4rd Edition, John Wiley Inorganic Chemistry 1. B.R. Puri, L.R.Sharma, K.C. Kale, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry Vallabh Publications, First Edition 2. F.A. Cotton and G.Wilkinson Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 2nd edition,1993 3. C N R Rao,University General Chemistry , Mc Millan , 1993. 4. Sharpe and Emilus, Inorganic Chemistry , , ELBS publications.New edition 5. N.N. Greenwood and Earnshaw, Chemistry of Elements, , Pergamon, Oxford,1984. Laboratory Course for the entire semester i.e. for courses CH – 101 and CH 103: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Chemical Kinetics : 1. Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate using two different initial concentrations in presence of mineral acid (HCl) as catalyst. 2. Relative strength of two acids i.e. HCl & H2SO4. 3. Degree of hydrolysis of urea hydrochloride. 4. Measurements of viscosity of a given liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer (minimum three liquids) INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Calibrations and dilutions: 1. Calibration of Burette and Pipettes. 2. To prepare 100 mL of standard 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 solution and carry out dilution to 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.001 M in 100 mL standard flasks. 3. To prepare 100 ppm of Manganese solution using KMnO4 and carry out dilution of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mL in 100 mL standard flasks.
- 5. 5 4. Semi-micro qualitative analysis: To analyse 4 - 6 inorganic mixtures containing four ions only.(Two cations and two anions). Mixtures containing the following ions may be prepared Cations : Pb2+ , Bi3+ ,Cu2+ , Cd2+ , Sn2+ , Sb3+ ,Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Al3+ ,Cr3+ ,Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+ , Ba2+ , Sr2+ ,Ca2+ , Mg2+ , (NH4) + , K+ Anions: Cl¯, Br¯, I¯, NO2¯, NO3¯, SO3 2¯ , CO3 2¯ , SO4 2¯ , CrO4 2¯ , PO4 3¯ . ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I. Crystallization: - a) Benzoic acid from hot water. b) m-dinitrobenzene from ethanol II. Sublimations: - a) Naphthalene and b) Anthracene III.Distillation: - a) Separation of acetone and ethyl acetate using water condenser. b) Separation of toluene and nitrobenzene using air condenser. IV. Qualitative Analysis: List of compounds Acids: Benzoic, Acetylsalicylic, Salicylic, Phthalic. Phenols: Phenol, α-Naphthol, β-Naphthol. Bases: p-Toluidine, Diphenylamine, o-, m- and p-Nitroanilines, Aniline. Hydrocarbons: Naphthalene, Anthracene. Amides: Benzamide, Urea. Carbonyl compounds: Benzaldehyde, Acetone, Butanone. Note: A] 7 compounds of the following types should be analyzed. Acids – 2; Phenols – 1; Bases – 1; Hydrocarbons – 1; Amide – 1; Carbonyl compds – 1 Tests to be performed are i. Preliminary Tests; ii. Solubility and Chemical type; iii. Elements; iv. Groups and v. Physical Constant. B] Qualitative analysis is to be performed at a small scale level using preferably not more than 1.0 g. solid and 1.0 ml. liquid. C] The 7 compounds to be completed in 5 practical, while (I-III) to be completed in two practical. D]The experiments on distillation/sublimation/crystallization as the case may be are not to be given for examination. However they are not demonstration experiments. Every student is expected to perform these experiments.) Books suggested for laboratory course 1.Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, (revised) Svehla, Orient L:ongman. 2. Vogel’s textbook of Quantitative Inorganic analysis (revised) J. Basset, R.C. 3. Mann and Saunders , Practical Organic Chemistry 4. N.K. Vishnoi, Practical Organic Chemistry 5. P. S. Sindhu, Practicals in Physical Chemistry, Macmillan India Ltd., First Edition, 2006.
- 6. 6 SEMESTER – II CH-102 : Physical & Inorganic Chemistry Section - I (Physical Chemistry) I Thermodynamics 10 L Thermodynamic terms:System, surrounding, types of systems, intensive & extensive properties. State & path functions & their differentials. Thermodynamic process. Concept of work & heat First law of thermodynamics : statements and definitions of internal energy & enthalpy. Heat capacities at constant volume & pressure & their relationship. Joule’s law, Joule- Thomson coefficient & inversion temperature . Calculation of w, q, dU, dH, for the expansion of ideal gases under isothermal & adiabatic conditions for reversible processes. Thermochemistry : standard state, standard enthalpy of formation . Hess’s law of heat summation & its applications. Heat of reaction at constant pressure & at constant volume . Enthalpy of neutralization, bond dissociation energy & its calculation from thermochemical data. Temperature dependence of enthalpy. Kirchoff’s equation. II Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties 10 L Ideal & non ideal solutions, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, activity & activity coefficients. Dilute solutions, colligatve properties, Roult’s law , relative lowering of vapour pressure molecular weight determination. Osmosis: osmotic pressure & its measurement, depression of freezing point, thermodynamic derivation of relation between molecular weight and depression of freezing point. Elevation in boiling point thermodynamic derivation of relation between molecular weight and elevation in boiling point. Experimental methods for determining various colligative properties. III Liquid State and Applications 10 L Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (Qualitative description) Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystal : Difference between liquid crystals ,solid and liquid. Classification, structure of nematic and cholestric phases. Thermography and seven segment cell. Surface between a liquid and vapour .Surface tension by capillary rise method, stalagmometer method .Viscosity of liquids, Poiseuille equation, use of Ostwald’s Viscometer. Section – II (Inorganic Chemistry) I. s – block elements 06 L Comparative study including diagonal relationship of groups, salient features of
- 7. 7 Hydrides, solvation and complexation tendencies including their function in biosystems. An introduction to alkyls and aryls. II. p - block elements (A) 09 L Comparative study including diagonal relationship of groups 13 and 14. Group 13--- Hydrides of Boron, diborane, and higher boranes, borazine, borohydrides. Group 14 ---Fullerenes, carbides, fluorocarbons, silicates (structural principle) Text Books : 1. P.W. Atkins et al., Physical Chemistry, 7th edition 2. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS publications, 4th edition Reference Books Physical Chemistry 1. Puri, Sharma, Pathania,Principles of Physical Chemistry by Vishal Publishing Company, Oxford University Press 2. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical chemistry, Prentice Hall India, 1993, 3. Donald McQuarrie, Physical Chemistry 4. G. L. Agarwal, Basic Chemical Kinetics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication Inorganic Chemistry 1. B.R. Puri, L.R.Sharma, K.C. Kale, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry Vallabh Publications, First Edition 2. F.A. Cotton and G.Wilkinson Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 2nd edition,1993 3. C N R Rao,University General Chemistry , Mc Millan , 1993. 4. Sharpe and Emilus, Inorganic Chemistry , , ELBS publications.New edition 5. N.N. Greenwood and Earnshaw, Chemistry of Elements, , Pergamon, Oxford,1984 CH-104 :Organic& Inorganic Chemistry Section – I (Organic Chemistry) I. Stereochemistry of organic compounds: 14 L Newman and saw horse formulae, Fischer and flying wedge formulae. Concept of isomerism. Types of isomerism. Conformational isomerism – Conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane; conformations of cyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds, conformation of mono-substituted cyclohexane derivatives. Optical isomerism – elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, definition and examples of enantiomers, stereogenic centre, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers, diastereomers, threo and erythro diastereomers, meso compounds, resolution of enantiomers, inversion, retention and racemization. Specification of configuration at chiral centers: Sequence rules and R:S system of nomenclature. Geometric Isomerism - Determination of configuration of geometric isomers.
- 8. 8 E and Z system of nomenclature, geometric isomerism in oximes and alicyclic compounds. Difference between configuration and conformation. II. Arenes and Aromaticity 09 L Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Structure of benzene: molecular formula and Kekule structure. Stability and C–C bond lengths of benzene, resonance structure, MO picture. Aromaticity: The Huckel’s rule, aromatic ions, anti-aromaticity. Aromatic electrophilic substitution – general pattern of the mechanism role of σ- and π- complexes. Mechanism of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts reaction. Activating and deactivating substituents, orientation and ortho/para ratio. Side chain reactions of benzene derivatives. Birch reduction. General methods of formation and chemical reactions of alkyl benzenes – reduction, oxidation, ring and side chain substitution. III. Alkyl and aryl halides: 07 L Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, general methods of formation, chemical reactions. Mechanism and stereochemistry of nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides, SN2 and SN1 reactions with energy profile diagrams, solvent effect. The addition – elimination (bimolecular displacement) and the elimination – addition (benzyne) mechanisms of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Relative reactivities of alkyl halides vs. allyl, vinyl and aryl halides. Section – II(Inorganic Chemistry) I. p - block elements (B) 12 L Comparative study including diagonal relationship of groups 15, 16 and 17. group 15- phosphazenes, group 16—tetra sulfur tetranitride, group 17—basic properties of halogens, interhalogens and polyhalides. II. Chemistry of Noble Gases 03 L Chemical properties of Noble Gases, Chemistry of Xenon, structure and bonding in Xenon compounds, Text Books 1. Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry;; 6th Edition, Prentice Hall India 2. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, ELBS publications, 4th edition Reference Books Organic Chemistry 1. Francis Carey, Organic Chemistry; 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill India 2. Paula Yurkanis Bruice, Organic Chemistry; 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Asia 3. Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry; 3rd Edition, John Wiley Inorganic Chemistry 1. B.R. Puri, L.R.Sharma, K.C. Kale, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry Vallabh Publications, First Edition
- 9. 9 2. F.A. Cotton and G.Wilkinson Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 2nd edition,1993 3. C N R Rao,University General Chemistry , Mc Millan , 1993. 4. Sharpe and Emilus, Inorganic Chemistry , , ELBS publications.New edition Laboratory Course for the entire semester i.e for courses 102 and 104: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1. Measurements of surface tension of a given liquid using stalagmometer (minimum three liquids) 2. Preparation of standard solutions based on normality, molarity, molality. Also further dilutions from a standard solution are expected (e.g. KMnO4, NaOH etc.) 3. Preparation of standard solutions based on ppm and mole fraction. Also further dilutions from a standard ppm solution are expected(e.g. Oxalic acid, CuSO4) 4. To investigate the order of the reaction between K2S2O8 + KI (a = b) INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Volumetry: (Double Burette*) 1. To prepare 0.1 N Na2CO3/ Borax solution and standardize the given ≈ 0.1 N HCl solution. 2. To prepare 0.1 N Succinic acid/KHP solution and standardize the given ≈ 0.1 N NaOH solution. Volumetry: (Single Burette) 1. To prepare 0.05 N Na2C2O4 solution and standardize the given KMnO4 solution. 2. To prepare 0.005 M EDTA solution and estimate the amount of Zn2+ and Mg2+ from ZnSO4.7H2O and MgSO4. 6H2O solutions respectively. Gravimetric analysis: 1. NH4Cl + BaSO4 2. ZnO + ZnCO3 * Note: The prepared solution in burette no. 1to be titrated with given solution in burette no. 2 with indicator added once for the first titration, without throwing out the conical flask content. Plot the readings from burette no. 1 v/s readings from burette no. 2 and from the graph, calculate the normality of solution in burette no. 2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Qualitative Analysis
- 10. 10 List of compounds Alkyl and aryl halides: Chloroform, Carbon tetrachloride, Chlorobenzene, Bromobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene. Nitrohydrocarbons: Nitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, p-nitrotoluene. Bases: α-Naphthylamine, Diphenylamine, o-, m- and p-Nitroanilines, N-methylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline. Alcohols: Methanol, Ethanol, 2-propanol, Cyclohexanol. Esters: Methyl acetate, Ethyl acetate, Ethyl benzoate, Methyl salicylate. Anilides: Acetanilide, Benzanilide Carbohydrates: Glucose, Fructose, Mannose Note: 7 compounds of the following type to be analyzed in 5 practicals: Carbohydrate – 1; Anilide – 1; Ester – 1; Alcohol – 1; Nitrohydrocarbon -1; Alkyl or aryl halide – 1; Base – 1. Books suggested for laboratory course 1. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, (revised) Svehla, Orient L:ongman. 2. Mann and Saunders , Practical Organic Chemistry 3. N.K. Vishnoi, Practical Organic Chemistry 4. Vogel’s textbook of Quantitative Inorganic analysis (revised) J. Basset, R.C. 5. P. S. Sindhu, Practicals in Physical Chemistry, Macmillan India Ltd., First Edition, 2006.