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BIOCHEMISTRY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – MBBS/PHASE – 1
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
PAPER – 1 SYLLABUS
1. Cell structures and functions, sub-cellular organelles, cell membranes, transport across the membranes
(5M)
2. Chemistry, digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates (10M)
3. Chemistry, digestion, absorption and metabolism of lipids (10M)
4. Amino acids and protein chemistry, general reactions of amino acids, digestion and absorption, urea cycle
and metabolism of amino acids (10M)
5. Endocrine functions and biochemical tests (5M)
6. Detoxification & xenobiotics (5M)
7. Enzymes (10M)
8. Biological oxidation, integration of metabolism, TCA cycle and regulation of metabolism (10M)
9. Free radicals and antioxidants, biochemistry of aging (5M)
10. Biochemistry of cancer, oncogenes and tumor markers (5M)
1. Nucleotides and nucleic acid chemistry (5M)
2. Purine and pyramidine nucleotide metabolism, DNA metabolism, RNA metabolism, protein biosynthesis
(10M)
3. Vitamins (10M)
4. Minerals (10M)
5. Molecular genetics, regulation of gene expression, recombinant DNA technology, PCR and gene therapy
(5M)
6. Electrolyte and water balance, acid-base balance (10M)
7. Nutrition and energy metabolism (10M)
8. Heme metabolism, normal and abnormal hemoglobins, plasma proteins and immunoglobulins (10M)
9. Liver function tests (5M)
10. Kidney function tests (5M)
11. Clinical chemistry, quality control, interpretation and reference values and analysis (5M)

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PAPER – 1
1. Cell structures and functions, sub-cellular organelles, cell membranes, transport across the
membranes (5M)
SHORT ESSAYS
1. Classify transport mechanisms across cell membrane. Write about uniport, symport and antiport with
examples (5M)
2. Explain Active Transport with examples (5M)
3. Structure of cell membrane – fluid mosaic model (5M)
4. Sodium – potassium pump (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
5. Functions of cell membrane (3M)
6. Structure of mitochondria (3M)
7. Marker enzymes (3M)
8. Endoplasmic reticulum (3M)
9. Endocytosis (3M)
10. Marker enzymes of DNA, Mitochondria, Golgi complex (3M)
2. Chemistry, digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates (10M)
Metabolism:
LONG ESSAYS
11. Give an account of EM pathway in carbohydrate metabolism. Describe the substrate level phosphorylation
and its importance in this pathway (10M)
12. Discuss in detail about glycogen metabolism and regulation (10M)
13. Why TCA cycle is called as common metabolic pathway? Describe TCA cycle and its inhibitors, energitics
and regulation. Add a note on amphibolic role of TCA cycle. How carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids
enter this cycle (10M)
14. Describe in detail the major catabolic pathway for acetyl CoA in aerobic organisms. How does it play a
pivotal role in metabolism? (10M)
15. Write in detail about gluconeogenesis and mention its significance. Write about glucose - alanine cycle
(10M)
16. Describe the steps of HMP shunt pathway. What its significance? How is it regulated (10M)
17. What is the normal blood sugar level? Describe the mechanism and factors that regulate blood sugar level.
What are the causes of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Add a note on insulin level (10M)

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18. Discuss the significance of multienzyme complexes with respect to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
(10M)
Chemistry:
19. Define and classify carbohydrates with examples. Add a note on functions of carbohydrates (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
Metabolism & blood sugar regulation:
20. Discuss in detail about glycogen storage disorders (5M)
21. Cori cycle and glucose - alanine cycle/what is fate of lactate produced in the muscle? Explain reactions
(5M)
22. Rapoport - leubering cycle (RL cycle) (2,6-bisphosphoglycerate pathway in erythrocytes) (5M)
23. What is the difference between oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation? Give two examples of
substrate level phosphorylation (5M)
24. Amphibolic nature of TCA cycle (5M)
25. Anaplerosis/anaplerotic reactions (5M)
26. Metabolism of fructose (5M)
27. Fructose intolerance (5M)
28. Metabolism of galactose (5M)
29. Galactosemia (5M)
30. Sorbitol/polyol pathway (5M)
31. Vongierke’s disease (5M)
32. PDH complex/multienzyme complex – enzymes and coenzymes components, mechanism of action and
biomedical importance (5M)
33. Fate of pyruvate (5M)
34. Key enzymes of gluconeogenesis (5M)
35. Significance of uronic acid pathway (5M)
36. Regulation of blood sugar (5M)
37. Structure and functions of insulin (5M)
38. Mechanism of action of insulin (5M)
39. Mechanism of action of glucagon (5M)
40. Metabolic effects of Insulin (5M)
41. Hyperglycemia (5M)
42. Hyperglycemic hormones (5M)
43. Classification of Diabetes mellitus (5M)
44. Metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus (5M)

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45. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (5M)
46. Glycosuria/renal glycosuria (5M)
47. Renal glycosuria (5M)
Digestion & absorption:
48. Explain the process the of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates (5M)
49. Mechanism of absorption of glucose and mention about lactose intolerance (5M)
50. Write a note on glucose transporters (5M)
Chemistry:
51. Define and classify polysaccharides with examples (5M)
52. Glycosaminoglycans/Mucopolysaccharides (GAGS) (5M)
53. Isomerism in carbohydrates (5M)
54. Glycoproteins. Give examples and its importance (5M)
55. Functions of carbohydrates (5M)
56. Glycosides and clinical importance (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
Metabolism & blood sugar regulation:
57. What are the major differences between hexokinase and glucokinase (3M)
58. Key enzymes of gluconeogenesis (3M)
59. Glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) (3M)
60. Aldolase B (3M)
61. Essential pentosuria (3M)
62. Essential fructosuria (3M)
63. UDP-glucuronic acid (3M)
64. Significance of 2,3 BPG (3M)
65. Substrate level phosphorylation (3M)
66. Lactic acidosis (3M)
67. Oral glucose tolerance test (3M)
68. Glycosylated hemoglobin (3M)
69. Hypoglycemia (3M)
70. Intracellular insulin receptor (3M)
71. Renal threshold for glucose and its significance (3M)
72. Renal glycosuria (3M)
73. Glycosuria (3M)

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74. Flatulence (3M)
75. Glucose transporters (3M)
76. Lactose intolerance (3M)
Chemistry:
77. Mutarotation (3M)
78. Anomerism (3M)
79. Define epimer. Name two epimers (3M)
80. Epimerization (3M)
81. Disaccharides (3M)
82. Milk sugar (3M)
83. Invert sugar (3M)
84. Amylase and amylopectin (3M)
85. Homopolysaccharides (3M)
86. Heteropolysaccharides (3M)
87. Animal homopolysaccharides (3M)
88. Importance of inulin (3m)
89. Why sucrose is called as non-reducing sugar (3M)
90. Benedicts test and its importance/detection of reducing sugar in urine (3M)
3. Chemistry, digestion, absorption and metabolism of lipids (10M)
Metabolism:
LONG ESSAYS
91. What is carnitine and its role in oxidation of fatty acids? Write in detail about Beta - oxidation of fatty
acids (16C palmitic acid/saturated fatty acid) under following headings:
a) Definition (b) Site (c) Steps (d) Energetics (e) Regulation of acetyl CoA in our body (10M)
92. Describe in detail the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies. Add a note on ketosis (10M)
93. Describe in detail the de novo synthesis / Extramitochondrial / cytoplasmic synthesis of fatty acid (16C
Palmitic acid). Add a note on FAS complex and regulation of lipogenesis (10M)
94. Write the structure, synthesis, sources and clinical importance of cholesterol. Add a note on athresclerosis
(10M)
95. How are lipoproteins classified? What are their composition, transport and functions? Describe the
metabolism of LDL (10M)
96. Write in detail about the digestion and absorption of lipids? Write about causes of fatty stools (10M)

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Chemistry:
97. Define lipids. Classify lipids with examples. Mention the functions of lipids (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
Metabolism:
98. List various types of fatty acid oxidation. Write about activation of fatty acids (5M)
99. Ketone bodies – with its significance and tests for detection (5M)
100.Ketone bodies synthesis and utilization (5M)
101.Ketosis. Name two conditions where it occurs (5M)
102.How is HMG CoA formed? What is its importance? (5M)
103.Catabolic products of cholesterol (5M)
104.Metabolism of HDL Cholesterol (5M)
105.Metabolism of LDL metabolism (5M)
106.Metabolism of VLDL (5M)
107.Metabolism of chylomicrons (5M)
108.Synthesis of TAG
109.Fatty liver and lipotropic factors (5M)
110.Lipoproteins/apolipoproteins and their functions (5M)
111.Classification of hyperlipidemias and their clinical importance (5M)
112.Lipid storage diseases/Dyslipidemia (5M)
113.Niemann-pick disease (5M)
114.What are eicasonoids? mention their functions (5M)
115.Prostaglandins – classification and biological functions (5M)
116.Alcohol metabolism (5M)
117.Atherosclerosis (5M)
118.Fatty acid synthase complex (5M)
119.Digestion and absorption of lipids (5M)
120.Enzymes involved in digestion of lipids (lipases) (5M)
121.Emulsification (5M)
Chemistry:
122.Classification of lipids (5M)
123.Compound lipids (5M)
124.Classification of fatty acids (5M)
125.Phospholipids and their functions (5M)

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126.Structure of cholesterol and its importance and derivatives of cholesterol (5M)
127.Bile salts and their functions (5M)
128.Lipoproteins (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
Metabolism:
129.Methyl melonic aciduria (3M)
130.Methylmalonic academia (3M)
131.Role of carnitine in beta-oxidation of fatty acids (3M)
132.LCAT (3M)
133.Substances synthesized from cholesterol (3M)
134.Reverse cholesterol transport (3M)
135.Hyperchlosterolemia (3M)
136.Fatty liver – causes (3M)
137.Leukotrienes (3M)
138.Role of Apo CII (3M)
139.Gaucher’s disease (3M)
140.Consequences of obesity (3M)
141.Significance of brown adipose tissue (3M)
142.What is arachidonic acid? Mention two uses of arachidonic acid (3M)
143.Lipid peroxidation – clinical importance (3M)
144.What is the function of lipoprotein lipase (3M)
145.Different types of lipases (3M)
146.Micelle formation (3M)
Chemistry:
147.Essential fatty acids, functions and deficiency (3M)
148.PUFA/unsaturated fatty caids (3M)
149.Pulmonary surfactant - structure and its clinical importance (3M)
150.Rancidity (3M)
151.Bile acids (3M)
152.Refsum’s disease (3M)
153.Mixed micelles (3M)
154.Gangliosides (3M)
155.Biomedical importance of cholesterol (3M)

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156.Dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL)/respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (3M)
157.Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (3M)
158.Structure of lecithin (3M)
159.Iodine number and its importance (3M)
160.Chylomicrons (3M)
4. Amino acids and protein chemistry, generalreactions of amino acids, digestionand
absorption, urea cycle and metabolism of amino acids (10M)
Metabolism:
LONG ESSAYS
161.What are the sources of ammonia in the body? How is it detoxified in the body? Write about
hyperammonemia (10M)
162.What is the normal Blood urea level? How is urea synthesized in the body (urea cycle)? How it is linked
to TCA cycle. Add a note on the inborn errors associated with the urea synthesis. (10M)
163.Describe Glycine metabolism. Write the various special compounds/products formed from glycine. Add a
note on metabolic disorders associated with glycine metabolism. Why glycine is nutritionally
nonessential? (10M)
164.How is creatinine synthesized? Discuss about creatinine clearance and its clinical significance (10M)
165.What are the aromatic amino acids? Describe the metabolism of Phenyl alanine and write about disorders
(10M)
166.Discuss the metabolism of tyrosine. Name the biologically important compounds derived from tyrosine.
What are the inborn errors of metabolism of tyrosine (10M)
167.Name the aromatic amino acids. Describe the metabolism of tryptophan. Name the important compounds
synthesized from it and metabolic disorders (10M)
168.Name the sulfur-containing amino acids. Describe in detail the metabolism of essential sulfur containing
amino acid and add a note on the special products synthesized from it. Add a note on inborn errors
associated with its pathway (10M)
169.What is the active form of methionine. How it is formed? What are its functions? Enumerate the steps of
methionine metabolism and write the disorders associated with its metabolism (10M)
170.Name the branched chain amino acids. Describe the pathway for the metabolism of branched chain amino
acids. Add a note on maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) (10M)
171.Write in detail about one carbon metabolism and its significance (10M)
172.Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism (10M)
Protein and amino acids chemistry:

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173.Classify amino acids based on their structure giving examples (10M)
174.Classification of protein based on chemical nature and solubility (10M)
175.Write in detail about structural organization of proteins and briefly mention about various methods used in
elucidation of primary structure (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
Metabolism:
176.Polyamines/Biogenic amines synthesis, degradation, functions and clinical significance (5M)
177.Transamination, salient features, mechanism of transamination and clinical significance of serum
transaminases (5M)
178.Deamination (5M)
179.How ammonia is detoxified in the body? (5M)
180.Hyperammonemia/Ammonia toxicity (5M)
181.Urea cycle (5M)
182.Disorders associated with urea cycle (5M)
183.Name the important compounds formed from glycine and enumerate the steps of synthesis of creatine
(5M)
184.How creatine phosphate is synthesized? Mention the significance of estimation of urinary creatinine (5M)
185.What is PKU and what are the alternate metabolic pathways for the accumulated phenylalanine? How is it
diagnosed biochemically? (5M)
186.Alkaptunuria (5M)
187.List the important compounds formed from tyrosine and write the metabolic pathway (5M)
188.Name the catecholamines. Trace the pathway of catecholamine synthesis (5M)
189.Outline the synthesis of epinephrine and give its functions (5M)
190.Serotonin synthesis and functions (5M)
191.Metabolic functions of methionine (5M)
192.Disorders of sulfur containing amino acids (5M)
193.Maple syrup urine disease (5M)
194.Name the sulfur containing amino acids. Outline the metabolism of cycteine (5M)
195.Cystinuria and homocystinurias (5M)
196.Synthesis and functions of nitric oxide (5M)
197.Nitric oxide synthase and its isoenzymes (5M)
198.FIGLU (5M)
199.Serotonin pathway (5m)
200.Functions of Melatonin (5M)

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201.Enzyme deficiency in albinism. Mention two clinical features (3M)
202.Write about aminoaciduria (5M)
203.Formation of creatine (5M)
204.Explain how SAM is formed? Mention about trans-methylation reactions with examples (5M)
205.Explain the process of digestion & absorption of proteins (5M)
206.Meister cycle (5M)
Chemistry:
207.Classification of Proteins based on chemical nature and solubility (5M)
208.Decarboxylation of amino acids (5M)
209.Classification of proteins bases on their function (5M)
210.Secondary structure of proteins (5M)
211.Bonds responsible for the stability of protein structure (5M)
212.Covalent Bonds (5M)
213.Classification of amino acids (5M)
214.Biologically important peptides (5M)
215. Denaturation and its characteristics (5M)
216.Classification of proteins based on nutritional value (5M)
217.Structure of collagen (5M)
218.Glutathione role in amino acid transport (5M)
219.Essential amino acids (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
Metabolism:
220.Urea cycle disorders cause orotic aciduria. Explain (3M)
221.Carbomyl phosphate synthetase deficiency (3M)
222.What is normal level of NPN substances in blood? Significance of NPN compounds (3M)
223.Amino acids used for synthesis of creatinine (3M)
224.Addison’s disease (3M)
225.Hartnup’s disease (3M)
226.Xanthinuria (3M)
227.Write composition of (i) SAM (ii) PAPS (phospho adenosyl phospho sulphate) (3M)
228.Cystinuria (3M)
229.Significance of Homocysteine (3M)
230.Melatonin (3M)

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231.How GABA is formed? What is its function (3M)
232.Name the polyamines (3M)
233.Hartnup’s disease (3M)
234.Role of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion (3M)
235.How is pepsinogen activated? What is the function of pepsinogen? (3M)
236.Peptidases – endopeptidases and their specifications (3M)
237.Gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl cycle (3M)
Chemistry:
238.Semi essential amino acids (3M)
239.Hydroxyl amino acids (3M)
240.Glutathione and its functions (5M)
241.Nutritional classification of amino acids (3M)
242.Metabolic classification of amino acids (3M)
243.Ketogenic amino acids (3M)
244.Limiting amino acids (3M)
245.What is complete protein (3M)
246.What is Isoelectric pH? What is the application of Isoelectric pH? State properties of protein at its
Isoelectric pH (3M)
247.Zwitter ion (3M)
248.Peptide bond (3M)
249.Sanger’s reagent (3M)
250.Edman’s reagent (3M)
251.Biuret reaction and its application (3M)
252.Ninhydrin reaction (3M)
253.Heat coagulation test and its clinical application (3M)
254.Non-protein amino acids and their significance (3M)
5. Endocrine functions & biochemical tests (5M)
SHORT ESSAYS
255.List the different mechanisms involved in hormone action. Write about the mechanism of action of
hormones cAMP as second messenger (5M)
256.List varies thyroid function tests and give the importance of free thyroid hormones in assessing thyroid
function (5M)

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257.Mechanism of action of steroid hormones
SHORT ANSWERS
258.What is second messenger? Give an example (3M)
259.Laboratory diagnosis of hypothyroidism (3M)
260.Signal transduction (3M)
261.G-proteins (3M)
262.Functions of cAMP (3M)
263.Functions of cGMP (3M)
6. Detoxification & xenobiotics (5M)
SHORT ESSAYS
264.What is biotransformation? Discuss the different phases of biotransformation with an example (5M)
265.Xenobiotics/detoxification with reactions (5M )
266.Role of Cytochrome P450 in detoxification reaction (5M)
267.Detoxification by conjugation / Phase -2 with examples (5M)
268.Detoxification by hydroxylation and oxidation (5M)
269.Phase -1 reactions of detoxification (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
270.Detoxification of alcohol and aspirin (3M)
271.How is paracetamol detoxified? (3M)
272. What are xenobiotics (3M)
7. Enzymes (10M)
LONG ESSAYS
273.What are enzymes? Classify enzymes with one example each. Explain factors that affect enzyme activity.
Add a note on enzyme specificity (10M)
274.What are Isoenzymes? Write about different isoenzymes and their clinical importance (10M)
275.Explain the affects of different factors on rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions (10M)
276.Define and classify enzymes (IUB classification). Describe the different types of inhibition. Add a note on
clinical significance of enzymes (10M)
277.Enzyme patterns (enzyme profiles) in the following conditions (10M)
a. Hepatic diseases
b. Myocardial infarction
c. Muscle diseases

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d. Bone diseases
e. Prostate cancer
f. Pancreatitis
SHORT ESSAYS
278.Isoenzymes and their diagnostic importance (5M)
279.Classify enzymes with examples (5M)
280.Effect of substrate concentration on (i) enzyme catalyzed reaction (ii) Michaelies-menten equation (5M)
281.Mechanism of enzyme action (5M)
282.Enzyme specificity (5M)
283.Active site of enzyme and salient features of active site (5M)
284.Km value of an enzyme and its significance with a suitable example (5M)
285.Competitive inhibition – features, examples, importance in medicine (clinical use) (5M)
286.Noncompetitive enzyme inhibition (5M)
287.Coenzyme and their role in metabolism with examples (5M)
288.Enzyme inhibition (5M)
289.Allosteric enzymes (5M)
290.Mechanism of action of allosteric enzymes? Name the allosteric inhibitor and allosteric activator for
phosphofructokinase and acetyl CoA carboxylase (5M)
291.Regulation of enzyme activity (5M)
292.Peoenzymes (5M)
293.Therapeutic uses of enzymes (5M)
294.Diagnostic importance of enzymes (5M)
295.Isoenzyme forms of LDH and CK. What is their clinical significance (5M)
296.Enzymes profile in AMI (5M)
297.Prostate cancer marker enzymes (5M)
298.Cardiac enzymes (5M)
299.Enzyme profile in liver disease (5M)
300.Feedback regulation (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
301.Suicide inhibition (3M)
302.Therapeutic applications of enzymes (3M)
303.Diagnostic applications of enzymes (3M)
304.What is meant by lock and key mechanism of enzymes? (3M)
305.Enzyme poisons (3M)

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306.Coenzymes (3M)
307.Line weaver - burk plot (3M)
308.Km value and its significance (3M)
309.Define zymogen (proenzymes). Give two examples (3M)
310.What are ribozymes? Mention one use of ribozymes (3M)
311.Serum amylase and its diagnostic significance (3M)
312.Define metalloenzymes with two examples (3M)
313.Double reciprocal plot (3M)
314.Diagnostic significance of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (3M)
315.Explain troponin as a marker for myocardial infarction (3M)
316.Non-protein enzymes (3M)
317.Abzymes (3M)
318.Regan’s ALP (3M)
8. Biological Oxidation, integration of metabolism, TCA cycle and regulation of metabolism (10M)
Biological Oxidation:
LONG ESSAY
319. Describe the components of electron transport chain. Write a note on uncouplers ad inhibitors (10M)
320. Schematically represent the ETC. Indicate the sites of ATP generation and inhibitors at these sites (10M)
321. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Discuss the mechanism and mention its inhibitors (10M)
SHORT ESSAY
322. Uncouplers of ETC and its importance (5M)
323. Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation (5M)
324. What are cytochromes? Role of cytochromes in ETC (5M)
325. Components of ETC (5M)
326. Chemiosmotic theory (5M)
327. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Explain its mechanism (Chemiosmotic theory). Mention inhibitors
and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (5M)
328. Discuss about the enzymes involved in biological oxidation (5M)
329. What is P:O ratio? Which are the inhibitors of ETC (5M)
330. Shuttle pathways (i) Glycerol-phosphate (ii) Malate-aspartate shuttle (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
331. Physiological uncouplers (3M)
332. Name the inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase (3M)

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333. Substrate level phosphorylation (3M)
334. High energy compounds (3M)
335. Site specific inhibitors of ETC (3M)
336. Name the mobile carriers of ETC (3M)
337. Ionophores (3M)
338. Michondrial shuttle systems (3M)
339. Coenzyme Q (3M)
340. How ATP is stored in the body (3M)
341. What are cytochromes (3M)
342. Brown adipose tissue (3M)
343. ATP synthase (3M)
344. MELAS (3M)
Integration of metabolism
LONG ESSAY
345. Discuss the biochemical/metabolic changes during starvation (10M)
346. Compare the metabolic changes in well fed state and starvation (10M)
347. Describe TCA cycle and its inhibitors, energitics. Add a note on amphibolic role of TCA cycle. How is
TCA cycle is regulated (10M)
SHORT ESSAY
348. Role of liver in integration of metabolism during postprandial state (5M)
349. Metabolic changes in starvation (5M)
350. Sources and fate of acetyl CoA (5Ms)
351. Organs in metabolic integration (5M)
9. Free radicals and antioxidants, biochemistry of aging (5M)
SHORT ESSAYS
352.Antioxidants (5M)
353.Antioxidant vitamins (5M)
354.Damages caused by free radicals (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
355.Nutritional antioxidants (3M)
356.Free radicals – definition, generation and functions (3M)
357.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) – enumerate, formation and characteristics (3M)

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358.Mention the dietary antioxidants (5M)
359.What are antioxidants? Name chain breaking and preventive antioxidants (3M)
360.Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants with examples (3M)
10. Biochemistry of cancer, oncogenes and tumor markers (5M)
SHORT NOTES
361. Tumor markers – definition, examples and diagnostic significance (5M)
362. Activation of Proto-oncogenes to oncogenes (5M)
363. Write on tumor markers indicating their clinical applications (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
364. Mechanism of carcinogenesis (3M)
365. Mutagens (3M)
366. Oncogenes – definition, examples, role in carcinogenesis (3M)
367. Antioncogenes (3M)
368. Anticancer agents (drugs) (3M)
369. Clinical significance of CEA, PSA and AFP
370. Tumor suppressor genes (3M)
371. Carcinogenic viruses/Cancer causing Viruses (3M)
372. Burkitt’s Lymphoma (3M)

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2. Purine and pyramidine nucleotide metabolism, DNA metabolism, RNA metabolism, protein biosynthesis
(10M)
3. Vitamins (10M)
4. Minerals (10M)
5. Molecular genetics, regulation of gene expression, recombinant DNA technology, PCR and gene therapy
(5M)

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PAPER – 2
LONG ESSAYS
373.Discuss about nucleic acids in the following headings (a) types (b) functions (c) components (d)
Chargaff’s rule (e) different forms of DNA double helix (f) differences between DNA and RNA (10M)
374.Draw neat diagram of Watson crick model of DNA, explain its characteristics and the bonds that play a
role in the stability of DNA structure (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
375.What are nucleotides? Name any three biologically important nucleotides and their importance (5M)
376.Structure and functions of t-RNA (5M)
377.Structure and functions of messenger RNA (5M)
378.Structure and functions of DNA (5M)
379.RNA – types and explain the functions (5M)
380.Synthetic nucleotides and their importance (5M)
381.Differences between DNA and RNA (5M)
382.Functions of c-GMP (5M)
383.Functions of c-AMP (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
384.Sources of carbon and nitrogen in purine ring (3M)
385.Ribose and deoxy ribose (3M)
386.Chargaff’s rule (3M)
387.Physiologically important nucleotides (3M)
388.Cyclic nucleotides (3M)
2. Purine and pyramidine nucleotide metabolism, DNA metabolism, RNA metabolism, protein
biosynthesis (10M)
Purine and pyramidine metabolism:
LONG ESSAYS
389.What are sources of C and N atoms of purine? Describe the denovo synthesis of purine nucleotides. Add a
note on regulation (10M)
390.What are nucleotides? Explain the catabolism (degradation) of purine nucleotides. Add a note on gout (10)
391.Describe the synthesis of pyrimidine and its regulation (10M)
DNA & RNA metabolism and protein synthesis:
392.Describe the mechanism of DNA replication. Add a note on inhibitors (10M)

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393.Write in detail about the initiation, elongation and termination of transcription. Give an account of post-
transcriptional processing (10M)
394.Define the term replication, transcription and translation. Describe the steps involved in protein/peptide
synthesis. Add a note on inhibitors (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
395.How is uric acid formed in the body? Write a note on hyperuricemia (5M)
396.Write the enzyme defect in (1) Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (2) Orotic aciduria (3M)
397.Hyperuricemia/Gout – causes, features and drugs to lower plasma uric acid levels (5M)
398.Synthesis of uric acid (5M)
399.Salvage pathway (5M)
400.What is meant by exonucleases and endonucleases? Write the importance of each (5M)
401.Define and explain point mutation with examples (5M)
402.List various DNA repair mechanisms and give their biomedical importance (5M)
403.DNA damages (5M)
404.Chaperones or heat shock proteins (Hsp) (5M)
405.Mutations (5M)
406.Restriction endonucleases (5M)
407.Post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA (5M)
408.Reverse transcription (5M)
409.Post-translational modifications (5M)
410.Genetic code – definition, salient features, initiating and termination codon (5M)
411.Okazaki fragments (5M)
412.Diseases associated with DNA repair (5M)
413.DNA polymerases (5M)
414.RNA polymerase (5M)
415.Telomeres & telomerase (5M)
416.Protein misfolding & prion diseases (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
417.What is the function of thioredoxin (3M)
418.Hypoxanthine (3M)
419.What is normal serum uric acid level? Mention two causes of hyperuricemia (3M)

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420.Allopurinol (3M)
421.Identify the sources of carbon and nitrogen atoms of pyrimidine ring (3M)
422.Orotic aciduria. Explain the biochemical basis of manifestations (3M)
423.Lesch-Nyhan syndrome – causes, features (3M)
424.Name bacterial polymerases. Mention its significance (3M)
425.Causes for xeroderma pigmentosa (3M)
426.Okazaki fragments (3M)
427.What is meant by semiconservative mechanism of replication? (3M)
428.RNA polymerase (3M)
429.Inhibitors of RNA synthesis (3M)
430.Wobble hypothesis (3M)
431.Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis (3M)
432.Histones (3M)
433.DNA helicases (3M)
434.SSBP (3)
435.Genome (3M)
436.TATA box (3M)
437.Palindromes (3M)
438.Alzheimer’s disease (3M)
439.Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (3M)
3. Vitamins (10M)
Fat soluble:
LONG ESSAYS
440.Write an essay on chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations and hyper-vitaminosis state of vitamin
- A (10M)
441.Name the active form of Vitamin D? How is it formed in the human body? Explain the chemistry, sources,
daily requirement, metabolic functions and deficiency manifestations of Vitamin D (10M)
Water soluble:
442.Name the sulfur containing water soluble vitamins. Describe the chemistry, sources, and RDA and
biochemical functions of thiamine. Add a note on beriberi. (10M)
443.Discuss the chemistry, sources, daily requirement, metabolic functions and deficiency manifestations of
vitamin C (10M)

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444.Name the important vitamins which require for proper functioning of the nerve. Describe the sources,
biochemical functions, daily requirements and deficiency manifestations of any one of them.(10M)
445.Describe the sources, biochemical functions, daily requirements and deficiency manifestations of
pyridoxine (10M)
446.Name the coenzyme forms of vitamin involved in amino acid metabolism. Discuss the chemistry, sources,
biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of this vitamin (10M)
447. Describe the chemistry, source, daily requirement, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of
Folic acid (10M)
448.Describe the chemistry, sources, daily requirement, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations
of Vitamin B12 (10M)
449.Describe the sources, biochemical functions, daily requirements and deficiency manifestations of
riboflavin (10M)
450.Describe the sources, biochemical functions, daily requirements and deficiency manifestations of niacin
(10M)
451.Discuss the coenzyme functions of Riboflavin, Niacin, Folic acid, Pantothenic acid and Biotin (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
Fat soluble:
452. Functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin A (5M)
453. Wald’s visual cycle (5M)
454. Active form of vitamin D and role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism (5M)
455. Justify the statement that vitamin D is an hormone (5M)
456. Vitamin E (5M)
457. Functions of vitamin K/vitamin K cycle and inhibitors of vitamin K cycle (5M)
Water soluble:
458. Write about the functions of TTP or Co-carboxylase (5M)
459. Coenzyme form riboflavin and biochemical functions (5M)
460. Role of niacin as coenzyme and its deficiency (5M)
461. Sources and biochemical functions of Pyridoxine (5M)
462. Biochemical functions of biotin (5M)
463. Give the coenzyme role of pantothenic acid and its importance (5M)
464. Chemistry, sources, daily requirement, coenzyme forms and functions of folic acid (5M)
465. Role of folic acid in one carbon metabolism (5M)
466. Hyperhomocysteinemia (5M)
467. Histidine load test (5M)

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468. Folate trap/methyl trap (5M)
469. Methyl folate trap (5M)
470. Coenzyme form of B12 and its biochemical functions (5M)
471. Sources, daily requirement, biochemical functions and deficiency manifestations of vitamin C (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
Fat soluble:
472. Visual cycle (3M)
473. Causes and clinical features of hypervitaminosis A
474. Beta – carotene (3M)
475. Retinoids (3M)
476. Dark adaptation (3M)
477. Keratomalacia (3M)
478. Bitot’s spot (3M)
479. Deficiency of vitamin D (3M)
480. Different types of rickets (5M)
481. Renal rickets (3M)
482. Different forms of vitamin K (3M)
483. Dicumarol & Warfarin (3M)
484. Vitamin E-antioxidant functions (3M)
485. Vitamin K-biochemical role and requirement (3M)
Water soluble:
486. Name the B-complex vitamins and coenzyme forms (3M)
487. Thiamine – sources, daily requirement, role, deficiency manifestations (3M)
488. Therapeutic uses of niacin (B3) (3M)
489. Functions of niacin coenzymes (3M)
490. Role of PLP in transamination reaction (3M)
491. Biotin (3M)
492. Name anti-egg white factor, its source and coenzyme function (3M)
493. Folic acid functions and deficiency (3M)
494. Folic acid antagonists (3M)
495. FIGLU (3M)
496. FIGLU excretion test (3M)
497. Name two folate antagonists and their therapeutic use (3M)
498. What are antivitamins? Give two examples (3M)

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499. Provitamins (3M)
500. Pernicious anemia (3M)
501. Vitamin C – functions and deficiency (Scurvy) (3M)
502. Vitamins involved in ETC (3M)
503. Choline and its functions (3M)
504. Lipoic acid and what are the enzymes contain lipoic acid (3M)
505. PABA (3M)
4. Minerals (10M)
LONG ESSAYS
506.Discuss the distribution of calcium in the body. Describe the sources, daily requirement, absorption and
excretion of calcium. How is the blood calcium level regulated (homeostasis) and deficiency signs of
calcium (10M)
507.Describe the sources, requirement, absorption, transport, storage forms, functions, deficiency and toxic
manifestations of Iron (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
508. Normal blood level of calcium and mention the factors regulate it (5M)
509. Factors affecting the absorption of calcium (5M)
510. Intestinal absorption of calcium (5M)
511. Calcium homeostasis (regulation of blood calcium level) – by vitamin D, PTH and calcitonin (5M)
512. Renal rickets (5M)
513. Absorption, transport and storage and of iron in the body (5M)
514. What are the major biochemical functions of sodium and potassium? Mention their normal serum levels
(5M)
515. Functions of iodine (5M)
516. Functions of selenium (5M)
517. Wilsons disease/hepatolenticular degeneration (5M)
518. Metabolism of zinc (5M)
519. Metabolism of phosphorous (5M)
520. Functions of zinc and selenium (5M)
521. Metabolism of copper (5M)
522. Functions of magnesium (5M)
523. Functions of calcium (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS

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524.Functions of calcium (3M)
525.What are the different forms of calcium (3M)
526.Keshan disease (3M)
527.Renal rickets (3M)
528.Osteoporosis (3M)
529.Hyponatremia – causes (3M)
530.Hypernatremia (3M)
531.Hypokalemia (3M)
532.Hyperkelemia (3M)
533.Iron-is one way substance? (3M)
534.Ferritin (3M)
535.Causes of hemochromatosis (3M)
536.What is hemosiderosis? How it is causes? (3M)
537.Bronze diabetes (3M)
538.PAPS (3M)
539.Functions of copper (3M)
540.Ceruloplasmin (3M)
541.Menke’s Disease (3M)
542.RDA and functions of iodine (3M)
543.Functions of fluorine (3M)
544.Flurosis (3M)
545.Write the normal levels of serum sodium and potassium (3M)
546.Mention the enzymes require selenium as cofactor (3M)
547.Name two zinc containing enzymes (3M)
5. Molecular genetics, regulation of gene expression, recombinant DNA technology, PCR and gene
therapy (5M)
LONG ESSAYS
548.What is cloning? Mention varies types of cloning. Describe in detail the steps involved in R-DNA
technology (10m)
549.Polymerase chain reaction and its applications in medicine (10 m)
SHORT ESSAYS
550.Describe with an example regulation of gene expression (5M)
5c – operon concept of gene regulation (5M)

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552.Mutations (5M)
553.rDNA technology and its applications (5M)
554.What is a restriction endonuclease? Give any two examples with their biomedical importance (5M)
555.What is the difference between endonuclease and restriction endonuclease ? Give two examples for
endonuclease (5M)
556.Plasmid and application in rDNA technology (5M)
557.Blotting technique and write two applications (5M)
558.Southern Blot technique (procedure) and write two applications (5M)
559.Blotting techniques (5M)
560.Gene amplification (5M)
561.Nucleic acid blotting techniques (5M)
562.DOT-blotting (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
563.Operon concept (3M)
564.Plasmid (3M)
565.PCR and its applications (3M)
566.What is a vector? What are the commonly used vectors (3M)
LONG ESSAYS
567.What is the normal Blood pH? Write a note on the blood buffers (10M)
568.Write how acid-base balance is maintained in the body. Mention causes and biochemical alterations of
metabolic acidosis (10M)
569.Write in detail diagrammatically the reaction mechanism by which HCO3
- is reclaimed and regenerated in
kidney. What is meant by metabolic acidosis and how it is compensated (5M)
SHORT ESSAYS
570.Role of kidney in regulation of acid-base balance (5M)
571.Anion gap and its diagnostic importance (5M)
572.What is Handerson-Hasselbalch equation? Describe the buffer system in blood and urine (5M)
573.Bicarbonate buffer system (5M)
574.Role of lungs in pH maintenance (5M)
575.Chloride shift (5M)
576.Write about Metabolic Acidosis and metabolic alkalosis (5M)
577.Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis (5M)

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578.Dehydration and characteristics of dehydration (5M)
579.Give an account of water distribution and its balance in the body (5M)
580.Hormonal regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance (5M)
581.Water toxicity (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
582.Define (1) Hyponatremia (2) Hypernatremia (3) Hypokalemia (4) Hyperkalemia (3M)
583.Carbonic anhydrase (3M)
584.Titrable acidity (3M)
585.Anion gap (3M)
586.Alkali reserve (3M)
587.Causes of metabolic acidosis (3M)
588.Hemoglobin buffer system (3M)
589.Chloride shift (3M)
LONG ESSAYS
590. Define basal metabolic rate (BMR). Name the factors that can affect BMR, determination, normal value
(10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
591. What is meant by dietary fiber? What are the sources of dietary fiber? Discuss the importance of dietary
fiber (5M)
592. Specific Dynamic action (SDA) (5M)
593. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM). What are the different types of PEM. Write the important features
(5M)
594. Nitrogen balance – positive and negative, factors affecting (5M)
595. Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and factors affecting RDA. Mention about important nutrients
for an adult man (5M)
596. Describe biological value of proteins (5M)
597. What is balanced diet? Discuss the components of balanced diet (5M)
598. Nutritional importance of carbohydrates (5M)
599. Nutritional importance of lipids (5M)
600. Essential fatty acids – functions, deficiency and dietary intake (3M)
601. Nutritional importance of proteins (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS

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602. Respiratory Quotient (RQ) – definition, RQ value for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (3M)
603. Calorific value – definition, calorific value of protein and fat (3M)
604. Kwashiorkor (3M)
605. Marasmus (3M)
606. Comparison between kwashiorkor and marasmus (3M)
607. Nutritional deficiency anemias (3M)
608. Obesity (3M)
609. Nitrogen balance (3M)
610. Biological value (3M)
611. Limiting amino acids (3M)
612. Glycemic index (5M)
613. RDA (3M)
614. Balanced diet (3M)
Heme metabolism:
LONG ESSAYS
615. Outline heme synthesis. Write a note on its function and abnormal hemoglobin (10M)
616. What are porphyrias? Classify different types of porphyrias and give the enzyme defect and biochemical
findings (10M)
Plasma proteins:
617. What are plasma proteins? Write a note on their separation and functions. Draw pattern of
electrophoresis in (i) Multiple myeloma (ii) Nephritic syndrome (10M)
SHORT ESSAYS
Heme chemistry and metabolism:
618. Describe the process of heme synthesis and its regulation. (5M)
619. Describe the process of heme degradation (5M)
620. What is methemoglobin? How it is formed? Mention the causes of methemoglobinemia. How it is
detected? (5M)
621. Hemoglobinopathies/ Abnormal hemoglobins (5M)
622. Write a note hemoglobin derivatives (5M)
623. Discuss the manifestation, molecular bases and laboratory diagnosis of sickle cell disease (5M)
624. How are bile acid synthesized? Mention two functions of bile acids (5M)
625. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (5M)

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626. Acute intermittent porphyria (5M)
627. Jaundice (5M)
628. Hemolytic jaundice (5M)
629. Hepatocellular jaundice (5M)
630. Congenital hyper bilirubinemias (5M)
631. Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemias (5M)
632. Thalassaemia (5M)
633. Structure and functions of hemoglobin (5M)
Plasma proteins & immunoglobulins:
634. How plasma proteins are separated? Explain the significance of M band. What is A/G ratio? What is its
clinical significance (5M)
635. What is electrophoresis? Name the plasma proteins and their functions (5M)
636. Function of albumin. Mention the causes of hypoalbuminemia and consequences of hypoalbuminemia
(5M)
637. Classes and structure of immunoglobulin’s and their functions (5M)
638. Acute phase proteins/acute phase reactants (5M)
639. Transport proteins of blood (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
Heme chemistry and metabolism:
640. What is Dubin – Johnson disease (3M)
641. Hemoglobin as buffering agent (3M)
642. Siginificance of 2,3 – BPG (3M)
643. Carboxyhemoglobin (3M)
644. Methemoglobin (3M)
645. Biochemical defects in thalassemia (3M)
646. Fate of bilirubin (3M)
647. How is bilirubin conjugated (3M)
648. Normal level of serum total bilirubin. What is conjugated bilirubin (3M)
649. Obstructive jaundice and biochemical findings (3M)
650. Physiological jaundice and phototherapy (3M)
651. What is Crigler – Najjar syndrome? Name the enzyme defect (3M)
652. Gilbert’s Disease (3M)
Plasma proteins & immunoglobulins:
653. Functions and clinical significance of albumin (3M)

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654. Hypoalbuminemia (3M)
655. List conditions A/G ratio is altered (3M)
656. Normal values of serum proteins and its fractions (3M)
657. Ceruloplasmin (3M)
658. Negative acute phase reactants (3M)
659. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) (3M)
660. Structure of IgM (3M)
661. C-reactive protein (CRP) (3M)
662. Emphysema (3M)
663. Multiple myeloma (3M)
664. Heptoglobulin (3M)
665. M-band (3M)
666. Bence-Jones proteins – significance and detection (3M)
667. Gamma – globulins (3M)
668. Bradshaw’s test (3M)
SHORT ESSAYS
669. Describe about liver function tests with diagnostic significance of each (10M)
670. Vanden berg’s reaction and its clinical significance (5M)
671. Serum enzymes estimated to assess the liver function (5M)
672. Define Jaundice. Explain about different types of jaundice (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
673. Physiological jaundice and phototherapy (3M)
674. Hippuric acid test (3M)
675. Bromosulphthalein test (BSP) (3M)
676. Serum transaminases (3M)
SHORT ESSAYS
677. Write in detail about renal function tests (5M)
678. Define renal clearance? Name clearance tests used to assess kidney function. Explain any one of the
clearance tests and mention its significance (5M)
679. Creatinine clearance and its diagnostic importance (5M)

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680. Standard urea clearance test and its significance (5M)
SHORT ANSWERS
681. Tests of renal distal tubular function (3M)
682. What is meant by renal clearance? How is creatinine clearance is calculated? (3M)
683. Urea clearance and its diagnostic importance
684. Standard urea clearance (3M)
685. Creatinine clearance
686. GFR (3M)
687. Functions of kidney (3M)
688. Micro-albuminuria (3M)
689. Proteinuria and mention biochemical tests to detect proteinuria (3M)
690. Renal threshold (3M)
691. Write about quality control – accuracy, precision, specificity and sensitivity (5M)
TECHNIQUES & MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
692. Radioactive isotopes iodine and their clinical applications (5M)
693. Chromatography (5M)
694. Chromatography (principle) and applications (3M)
695. Electrophoresis (5M)
696. Electrophoresis (principle) and applications (3M)
697. Monoclonal antibodies (3M)
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
698. Discuss the significance of multienzyme complexes with respect to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
(10M)
699. Multienzyme complexes (5M)
700. Name two agents used to precipitate proteins (3M)
701. Abnormal components of urine (3M)
Reference values/Normal values
Blood glucose/Diabetic panel
1. FBS: 74 – 106 mg/dl
2. PPBS: 100 – 140 mg/dl

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3. RBS: 80 – 140 mg/dl
4. HbA1c: 4 – 6 %
5. Microalbumin: 30 – 300 mg/day
Renal function tests
6. Blood urea: 15 – 45 mg/dl
7. Serum creatinine: 0.7 – 1.4 mg/dl
8. Serum uric acid: 3 – 7 mg/dl
Liver function tests
9. Serum total bilirubin: 0.2 – 1 mg/dl
10. Direct bilirubin: <0.4 mg/dl
11. Indirect bilirubin: <0.6 mg/dl
12. Alanine transaminase (ALT/SGPT): 5 – 40 IU/L
13. Aspartate transaminase (AST/SGOT): 5 – 45 IU/L
14. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 40 – 125 IU/L
15. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): 10 – 55 IU/L
16. Total proteins: 6 – 8 g/dl
17. Serum albumin: 3.5 – 5 g/dl
18. Serum globulin: 2.5 – 3.5 g/dl
19. A/G ratio: 1.5:1
Lipid profile
20. Serum total cholesterol: 150 – 200 mg/dl
21. Triglycerides (TGL): 40 – 150 mg/dl
22. HDL cholesterol (HDLC): Women: 35 – 75 mg/dl, Men: 30 – 60 mg/dl
23. LDL cholesterol (LDLC): 80 -130 mg/dl
24. VLDL cholesterol: 20 – 40 mg/dl
Electrolytes
25. Serum sodium: 135 – 145 mEq/L
26. Serum potassium: 3.5 – 5 mEq/L
27. Serum chloride: 96 – 106 mEq/L
28. Bicarbonate: 22 – 28 mEq/L
29. Anion gap: 10 – 16 mEq/L
Minerals/Inorganic substances
30. Serum calcium: 9 – 11 mg/dl
31. Serum phosphorous: Adults: 2.5 – 4.5 mg/dl, Children: 4 – 7 mg/dl

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32. Iron: 50 – 150 μg/dl
33. Copper:70 – 150 μg/dl
Pancreatic function tests
34. Serum amylase: 50 – 120 IU/L
35. Serum lipase: 0.5 – 1.5 IU/L
Anemia panel
36. Hemoglobin: Male: 14 – 16 g/dl, Female: 12 – 14 g/dl
37. Ferritin: Male: 3 - 30 μg/dl, Female: 2 – 12 μg/dl
38. Vitamin B12: 20 – 80 ng/dl
39. Folic acid: 5 – 20 ng/ml
40. TIBC: 250 – 400 μg/dl
Cardiac markers
41. Aspartate transaminase (AST): 8 – 20 IU/L
42. Cardiac troponin T: <0.01 ng/ml
43. Cardiac troponin I: <0.1 ng/ml
44. Creatine kinase (CK): 15 – 100 U/L
45. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): 100 – 200 IU/L
46. Myoglobin: 19 – 92 μg/L
Thyroid profile
47. Total T3: 77 – 135 ng/dl
48. Total T4: 5 – 12 μg/dl
49. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): 0.5 – 5 IU/ml
50. Free T3: 3.1 – 6.8 pmol/L
51. Free T4: 10 – 22 pmol/L
52. Thyroxine binding globulin: 1 – 2 mg/dl
Tumor markers
53. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): 5 -15 μg/l
54. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): <3 μg/l
55. Prostate specific antigen (PSA): 1 – 5 μg/L
56. CA-125: < 35 units/ml
57. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 40 – 125 IU/L

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Reference Books
1. Biochemistry – U. Satyanarayana
2. Textbook of Biochemistry for medical students – DM Vasudevan
3. Textbook of biochemistry – Pankaja Nayak
4. Textbook of biochemistry – MN Chatterjea
5. Textbook of biochemistry – AR Aroor
6. Biochemistry – Harper
Gandham. Rajeev
Mail: gandhamrajeev33@gmail.com
AIMSRC, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

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GANDHAM RAJEEV-BIOCHEMISTRY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS-RGUHS-2017

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