Gaseous exchange
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The document discusses the process of gas exchange in the human respiratory system. It involves 3 main steps: 1) ventilation through inspiration and expiration, 2) external respiration where gas exchange occurs between air in the lungs and blood, and 3) internal respiration where gases diffuse between blood and tissues. The main organs involved are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange takes place in the alveoli which are lined with blood capillaries, allowing for diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out. Several pulmonary diseases and the effects of smoking on the lungs are also outlined.
Gaseous exchange
- 2. BREATHING. A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT RESULTS IN GAS EXCHANGE GAS EXCHANGE INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING STEPS: 1. VENTILATION: INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION 2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN AIR IN LUNGS AND AIR IN BLOOD. 3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE FLUID.
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY SURFACE 1. LARGE SURFACE AREA, IN RELATION TO THE BODY SIZE 2. PERMEABLE, SO THAT GASES CAN PASS THROUGH EASILY 3. THIN WALLS, TO HAVE EFFICIENT DIFFUSION. IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR EFFECTIVE GAS EXCHANGE 4. A MOIST INNER SURFACE, SO THAT GASES CAN DIFFUSE ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES 5. RICH BLOOD SUPPLY, TO PROVIDE AN EFFICIENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN A DIFFUSION GRADIENT.
- 4. Organs Involved in Gaseous Exchange. Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
- 5. NOSE
- 6. NOSE THE NASAL CAVITY OF THE NOSE LEADS TO THE PHARYNX THE NASAL CAVITY HAS CILIA AND XELLS THAT MAKE MUCUS. THE MUCUS AND CILIA FILTER THE AIR DUST, POLLEN AND OTHER FOREIGN PARTICLES TURBINATE BONES DIVIDE THE NASAL CAVITY IN TO 4 PASSAGES TO ENLARGE THE SURFACE AREA. BLOOD VESSELS WARM THE AIR
- 7. AIR PASSAGES
- 8. AIR PASSAGES 1. PHARYNX PASS AIR FROM NOSE TO TRACHEA, VIA LARYNX 2. TRACHEA LONG C-SHAPED CARTILAGE RINGS. TRACHEA IS LINED WITH CILIA AND GOBLET CELLS WHICH TRAP FOREIGN PARTICLES
- 10. BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES TRACHEA DIVIDES IN A RIGHT AND LEFT BRONCHUS. BRONCHI BRANCH IN THE LUNGS AND FORM BRONCHIOLES WHICH BRANCH FURTHER TO FORM AIR SACS(ALVEOLI), WHICH DO NOT HAVE CARTILAGE RINGS
- 11. LUNGS
- 12. LUNGS RIGHT LUNG IS SHORTER THAN THE LEFT LUNG. SPONGY, ELASTIC PINK ORGAN CONSISTS OF ALVEOLI WHICH FORM THE ENDINGS OF BRONCHIOLES
- 13. ALVEOLI
- 14. ALVEOLI HAS A SINGLE LAYER SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS, FOR EASY DIFFUSION. SURROUNDED BY NETWORK OF BLOOD CAPILARIES, FOR TRANSPORTATION LINED WITH MOIST LAYER OXYGEN DISSOLVES IN THE MOISTURE AND DIFFUSE INTO BLOOD CAPILARY.
- 15. PULMONARY DISEASES PNEUMONIA: Alveoli fill with pus and fluid making gas exchange difficult PULMONARY FIBROSIS: Fibrous connective tissue builds up in lungs, reducing their elasticity and Oxygen diffusion. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: CAUSES BACILLUS BACTERIUM EMPHYSEMA: ALVEOLI BURST AND DUSE INTO ENLARGED AIR SPACES. REDUCES SURFACE AREA BRONCHITIS: AIRWAYS ARE INFLAMED BECAUSE OF INFECTION OR IRRITATION. ASTHMA: AIRWAYS ARE INFLAMED BECAUSE OF IRRITATION AND BRONCHIOLES CONSTRICT BECAUSE OF MUSCLE SPASM.
- 16. SMOKING SMOKING TOBBACO CAUSES ALMOST ALL LUNG CANCES AND IT ALSO CAUSE EMPHYSEMA.
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