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Hasan Shaon

This document summarizes the key religious practices in Islam and compares them to Hinduism. It notes that Islam has five main pillars that are obligatory: faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca. Tables are presented analyzing the levels of religious practice in rural and urban Bangladeshi populations based on an index. The data shows that the majority in both populations fall into the high or medium categories of religious practice. The relationship between education, occupation, and religious practice levels is also examined, with some associations found between factors like illiteracy, housewives, and higher levels of religious practice.

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Islamic Religious Practices Compared to a religion like Hinduism, Islam enjoys simpler and fewer religious practices. While Hindus have grand religious ceremonies thirteen times in a year, Muslims have only two major religious festivals during the whole year. Islam enjoins only five religious practices as obligatory. These five pillars of Islam Are as follows: Iman: It is the most important element in the religious practice of Islam is faith in Allah as the one and only Allah. A man remains a Muslim as long as he believes in tawhid (the oneness of Allah) even if he does not carry out the branch duties. Namaz: Every adult Muslim has to pray five times a day. Roza: It is the Third pillar of Islam. Every muslim has to perform it. Fasting means to abstention from drinking and eating from dawn till sunset. Zakat: Zakat is obligatory for all muslim. Muslim has to donate a certain percentage of his wealth towards the welfare of the poorer section of the community every year. Hajj: One pilgrimage to mecca is obligatory for muslim who can afford not only traveling to mecca but also to come back home.
Category Frequency Percentage High Religious Practice 1779 51.4 Medium Religious Practice 1656 47.8 Low Religious Practice 26 0.8 Total 3461 100.0
Category Frequency Percentage High Religious Practice 1035 49.6 Medium Religious Practice 975 46.8 Low Religious Practice 76 3.6 Total 2086 100.0
We have stated in chapter III that we do not claim perfection in the question and procedure of scoring that we used in the construction of the scale of religious beliefs. We also do not claim sophistication for the questions and method of scoring that we have used in this chapter to measure the levels of observance of religious practice. We argue here again that Tables 5.1 (Rural) and 5.1 (Urban)based on our index, give at least a rough idea of the levels of observance of Islamic religious practice in Bangladesh today. Table Rural and Table Urban show the extensive observance of Islamic practice in contemporary Bangladesh. Only about 1 percent of our rural sample and about 4 percent of urban sample belongs to the low category of religious practice. While 47.8 percent rural sample and 46.8 percent of urban sample belongs to the medium category of religious practice. 51.4 percent of rural and 49.6 percent of urban is belongs to high religious practice category. In the urban sample the high and medium levels of religious practice achieve scores of 49.6 and 46.8 percent respectively. Thus about half of both the rural and urban samples have more than a casual interest in religion. The other halves of both the sample are high religious practitioners.
It is usually held that illiterate Muslims in Bangladesh are punctilious in observance of religious practices and that educated Bangladeshis become either indifferent or lax in the observance of the rituals Our Tables indicate that the above view about relationship between education and religious practice is too simplistic. As the X test of table 5.3 (Rural) shows, levels of education do not seem to make any difference in the degrees of observance of religious practices in the rural area where about 55 percent of our respondents are illiterate and only 4.8 percent of them have higher levels of education. How is education related to religious practice? Tables 5.3 (Rural) and 5.3 (Urban) examine the relationship between education and religious practice.
Rural- Urban Categories High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total Rural Area 1779 51.40 63.21 1.27 1656 47.85 62.94 0.8 26 0.75 25.49 -7.76 3461 62.4 Urban Area 1035 49.61 36.78 -1.28 975 46.74 37.05 -0.79 76 3.64 74.5 10.01 2086 37.6 Column Total 2814 50.73 2631 47.43 102 1.84 5547 100.0 X=58.284 with 2 df P<0.005
However we find a different picture of the relationship between education and religious practice in our urban sample in which 94 percent of our respondents are illiterate, and where 57 percent of our interviewees have higher education. The X test of table 5.2 (Urban) shows a significant association between education and religious practice and a distinct pattern of relationship levels of education and degree of religious practice emerges if we look at the adjusted residuals of the cells of the table.
Education High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total No Education 940 49.6 52.8 939 49.5 56.7 17 0.9 65.4 1896 54.8 Class I-V 418 53.8 23.5 357 46.0 21.6 2 0.2 7.7 777 22.4 Class VI-X 321 54.0 18.4 270 45.3 16.3 4 0.7 15.4 595 17.2 Intermediate and above 81 49.1 4.6 81 49.1 4.9 3 1.8 11.5 165 4.8 Not stated 19 67.9 1.1 9 32.1 0.5 0 0 0 28 0.8 Column Total 1779 51.4 1656 47.8 26 0.8 3461 100.0 X=14.265 with 8 df, P>0.05
Education High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total No Education 84 67.7 8.1 4.16 39 31.4 4.0 -3.51 1 0.8 1.3 -1.73 124 5.9 Class I-V 69 71.9 6.7 4.46 27 28.1 2.8 -3.74 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.95 96 4.7 Class VI-X 362 54.8 35.0 2.96 299 44.9 30.7 -1.15 5 0.08 6.6 -4.82 666 31.9 Intermediate and above 518 43.49 50.0 -6.45 603 50.62 61.8 4.0 70 5.9 92.1 6.28 1191 57.0 Not stated 2 22.2 0.2 -1.64 7 77.8 0.7 1.87 0 0 0 -0.58 9 0.4 Column Total 1035 49.5 975 46.7 76 3.6 2086 100.0 X=88.861 with 8df, P<0.001
Illiteracy seems to be associated with high religious practice. The degree of association between primary-level education and high religious practice seems to be even stronger. The level of association between high religious practice and education begins to decrease with middle-level education, although association between the two variables seems still strong at that level of education. At the level of high education seems to have more significant association with medium and low levels of religious practice, particularly with the latter.
Occupation and Religious Practice Table 5.4 rural and 5.4 urban shows significant association between occupation and religious practice. Table rural shows that agriculture in the rural area seem to be associated more with the medium level of religious practice than with high or low levels. The village traders are also likely to be oriented more towards medium rather than high or low level of religious conformity. The Professionals (teachers, service-holders, doctors) whose professional education and training are of a much lower order than those of their counterparts in the urban area. Rural housewives are more likely to have association with high religious practice than with medium and low degrees of religious observance. Rural students do not seem to be associated particularly with any level of religious practice.
Occupation High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total Agriculture 519 43.4 29.2 -6.88 667 55.7 40.3 6.74 11 0.9 42.3 0.83 1197 34.6 Trade 92 39.0 5.2 -3.95 142 60.2 8.6 3.92 2 0.8 7.7 0.17 236 6.8 Professionals (teachers, service-holders, doctors) 94 59.1 5.3 1.99 65 40.9 3.9 -1.8 0 0 0 -1.12 1462 42.2 Housewives 901 61.6 50.6 10.29 552 37.8 33.3 -10.16 9 0.6 34.6 -0.79 1462 42.2 Students 109 48.0 6.1 -1.05 117 51.5 7.1 1.15 1 0.4 3.8 -0.56 227 6.6 Unemployed and others 6.4 35.6 3.6 -4.36 113 62.8 6.8 4.11 3 1.7 11.5 1.46 180 5.2 Column Total 1179 51.4 1656 47.8 26 0.8 3461 100.0 Table 5.4: Rural X=132.126 with 8 df, P<.001
Table5.4: Urban X=166.361 with 8 df, P<.001 Occupation High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total Business and industry 138 46.5 13.3 -1.17 146 49.12 15.0 0.90 13 4.4 17.1 0.72 297 14.2 Professionals (teachers, service- holders, doctors, lawyers) 193 46.6 18.6 -1.36 193 46.6 19.8 -0.05 28 6.8 36.8 3.78 414 19.8 Students 203 33.7 19.6 -9.24 374 62.1 38.4 8.97 25 4.2 32.9 0.79 602 28.9 Housewives 480 66.8 46.4 11.35 232 32.3 23.8 -9.6 7 1.0 9.2 -4.71 719 34.5 Unemployed and others 21 38.9 2.0 -1.59 30 55.6 3.0 1.31 3 5.6 4.0 0.75 54 2.6 Column total 1035 49.6 975 46.7 70 3.6 2086 100.0
As table 5.4 urban shows ,in contrast to the pioneers of capitalist revolution in the west, the business and industrial group in Bangladesh does not seem to have any particular association with high religious practice. The professionals the usual leaders of the modernization process in the third world , seem to have more association with low rather than high or medium religious practice. Urban students seem to have more association with medium religious practice. Lastly , like their sisters in the rural area, the urban housewives seem to more significantly associated with high level religious practice rather than medium or low levels of religious practice.
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  • 3. Islamic Religious Practices Compared to a religion like Hinduism, Islam enjoys simpler and fewer religious practices. While Hindus have grand religious ceremonies thirteen times in a year, Muslims have only two major religious festivals during the whole year. Islam enjoins only five religious practices as obligatory. These five pillars of Islam Are as follows: Iman: It is the most important element in the religious practice of Islam is faith in Allah as the one and only Allah. A man remains a Muslim as long as he believes in tawhid (the oneness of Allah) even if he does not carry out the branch duties. Namaz: Every adult Muslim has to pray five times a day. Roza: It is the Third pillar of Islam. Every muslim has to perform it. Fasting means to abstention from drinking and eating from dawn till sunset. Zakat: Zakat is obligatory for all muslim. Muslim has to donate a certain percentage of his wealth towards the welfare of the poorer section of the community every year. Hajj: One pilgrimage to mecca is obligatory for muslim who can afford not only traveling to mecca but also to come back home.
  • 4. Category Frequency Percentage High Religious Practice 1779 51.4 Medium Religious Practice 1656 47.8 Low Religious Practice 26 0.8 Total 3461 100.0
  • 5. Category Frequency Percentage High Religious Practice 1035 49.6 Medium Religious Practice 975 46.8 Low Religious Practice 76 3.6 Total 2086 100.0
  • 6. We have stated in chapter III that we do not claim perfection in the question and procedure of scoring that we used in the construction of the scale of religious beliefs. We also do not claim sophistication for the questions and method of scoring that we have used in this chapter to measure the levels of observance of religious practice. We argue here again that Tables 5.1 (Rural) and 5.1 (Urban)based on our index, give at least a rough idea of the levels of observance of Islamic religious practice in Bangladesh today. Table Rural and Table Urban show the extensive observance of Islamic practice in contemporary Bangladesh. Only about 1 percent of our rural sample and about 4 percent of urban sample belongs to the low category of religious practice. While 47.8 percent rural sample and 46.8 percent of urban sample belongs to the medium category of religious practice. 51.4 percent of rural and 49.6 percent of urban is belongs to high religious practice category. In the urban sample the high and medium levels of religious practice achieve scores of 49.6 and 46.8 percent respectively. Thus about half of both the rural and urban samples have more than a casual interest in religion. The other halves of both the sample are high religious practitioners.
  • 7. It is usually held that illiterate Muslims in Bangladesh are punctilious in observance of religious practices and that educated Bangladeshis become either indifferent or lax in the observance of the rituals Our Tables indicate that the above view about relationship between education and religious practice is too simplistic. As the X test of table 5.3 (Rural) shows, levels of education do not seem to make any difference in the degrees of observance of religious practices in the rural area where about 55 percent of our respondents are illiterate and only 4.8 percent of them have higher levels of education. How is education related to religious practice? Tables 5.3 (Rural) and 5.3 (Urban) examine the relationship between education and religious practice.
  • 8. Rural- Urban Categories High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total Rural Area 1779 51.40 63.21 1.27 1656 47.85 62.94 0.8 26 0.75 25.49 -7.76 3461 62.4 Urban Area 1035 49.61 36.78 -1.28 975 46.74 37.05 -0.79 76 3.64 74.5 10.01 2086 37.6 Column Total 2814 50.73 2631 47.43 102 1.84 5547 100.0 X=58.284 with 2 df P<0.005
  • 9. However we find a different picture of the relationship between education and religious practice in our urban sample in which 94 percent of our respondents are illiterate, and where 57 percent of our interviewees have higher education. The X test of table 5.2 (Urban) shows a significant association between education and religious practice and a distinct pattern of relationship levels of education and degree of religious practice emerges if we look at the adjusted residuals of the cells of the table.
  • 10. Education High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total No Education 940 49.6 52.8 939 49.5 56.7 17 0.9 65.4 1896 54.8 Class I-V 418 53.8 23.5 357 46.0 21.6 2 0.2 7.7 777 22.4 Class VI-X 321 54.0 18.4 270 45.3 16.3 4 0.7 15.4 595 17.2 Intermediate and above 81 49.1 4.6 81 49.1 4.9 3 1.8 11.5 165 4.8 Not stated 19 67.9 1.1 9 32.1 0.5 0 0 0 28 0.8 Column Total 1779 51.4 1656 47.8 26 0.8 3461 100.0 X=14.265 with 8 df, P>0.05
  • 11. Education High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total No Education 84 67.7 8.1 4.16 39 31.4 4.0 -3.51 1 0.8 1.3 -1.73 124 5.9 Class I-V 69 71.9 6.7 4.46 27 28.1 2.8 -3.74 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.95 96 4.7 Class VI-X 362 54.8 35.0 2.96 299 44.9 30.7 -1.15 5 0.08 6.6 -4.82 666 31.9 Intermediate and above 518 43.49 50.0 -6.45 603 50.62 61.8 4.0 70 5.9 92.1 6.28 1191 57.0 Not stated 2 22.2 0.2 -1.64 7 77.8 0.7 1.87 0 0 0 -0.58 9 0.4 Column Total 1035 49.5 975 46.7 76 3.6 2086 100.0 X=88.861 with 8df, P<0.001
  • 12. Illiteracy seems to be associated with high religious practice. The degree of association between primary-level education and high religious practice seems to be even stronger. The level of association between high religious practice and education begins to decrease with middle-level education, although association between the two variables seems still strong at that level of education. At the level of high education seems to have more significant association with medium and low levels of religious practice, particularly with the latter.
  • 13. Occupation and Religious Practice Table 5.4 rural and 5.4 urban shows significant association between occupation and religious practice. Table rural shows that agriculture in the rural area seem to be associated more with the medium level of religious practice than with high or low levels. The village traders are also likely to be oriented more towards medium rather than high or low level of religious conformity. The Professionals (teachers, service-holders, doctors) whose professional education and training are of a much lower order than those of their counterparts in the urban area. Rural housewives are more likely to have association with high religious practice than with medium and low degrees of religious observance. Rural students do not seem to be associated particularly with any level of religious practice.
  • 14. Occupation High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total Agriculture 519 43.4 29.2 -6.88 667 55.7 40.3 6.74 11 0.9 42.3 0.83 1197 34.6 Trade 92 39.0 5.2 -3.95 142 60.2 8.6 3.92 2 0.8 7.7 0.17 236 6.8 Professionals (teachers, service-holders, doctors) 94 59.1 5.3 1.99 65 40.9 3.9 -1.8 0 0 0 -1.12 1462 42.2 Housewives 901 61.6 50.6 10.29 552 37.8 33.3 -10.16 9 0.6 34.6 -0.79 1462 42.2 Students 109 48.0 6.1 -1.05 117 51.5 7.1 1.15 1 0.4 3.8 -0.56 227 6.6 Unemployed and others 6.4 35.6 3.6 -4.36 113 62.8 6.8 4.11 3 1.7 11.5 1.46 180 5.2 Column Total 1179 51.4 1656 47.8 26 0.8 3461 100.0 Table 5.4: Rural X=132.126 with 8 df, P<.001
  • 15. Table5.4: Urban X=166.361 with 8 df, P<.001 Occupation High Religious Practice Medium Religious Practice Low Religious Practice Row Total Business and industry 138 46.5 13.3 -1.17 146 49.12 15.0 0.90 13 4.4 17.1 0.72 297 14.2 Professionals (teachers, service- holders, doctors, lawyers) 193 46.6 18.6 -1.36 193 46.6 19.8 -0.05 28 6.8 36.8 3.78 414 19.8 Students 203 33.7 19.6 -9.24 374 62.1 38.4 8.97 25 4.2 32.9 0.79 602 28.9 Housewives 480 66.8 46.4 11.35 232 32.3 23.8 -9.6 7 1.0 9.2 -4.71 719 34.5 Unemployed and others 21 38.9 2.0 -1.59 30 55.6 3.0 1.31 3 5.6 4.0 0.75 54 2.6 Column total 1035 49.6 975 46.7 70 3.6 2086 100.0
  • 16. As table 5.4 urban shows ,in contrast to the pioneers of capitalist revolution in the west, the business and industrial group in Bangladesh does not seem to have any particular association with high religious practice. The professionals the usual leaders of the modernization process in the third world , seem to have more association with low rather than high or medium religious practice. Urban students seem to have more association with medium religious practice. Lastly , like their sisters in the rural area, the urban housewives seem to more significantly associated with high level religious practice rather than medium or low levels of religious practice.