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Geen vrede zonder water - Pieter vd Zaag 130328

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1. The document discusses six major water challenges for the 21st century: providing water and sanitation for all, feeding a growing population, powering economies sustainably, protecting people from water-related disasters, maintaining ecological integrity, and transforming potential water conflicts into cooperation. 2. Water scarcity could lead to tensions between different users and sectors as well as between social and political entities, but creating interdependencies between parties through data sharing, infrastructure development, and other means can encourage cooperation over immediate benefits. 3. While water may cause conflicts, it also provides opportunities for cooperation, and experts can promote awareness of water's cooperation potential through education and other means.

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Geen vrede zonder water Pieter van der Zaag Hoogleraar Water Resources Management, UNESCO-IHE & TU Delft Waterseminar Green vrede zonder water Rotary in Nederland, Watermuseum, Arnhem, 28 March 2013
Geen vrede zonder water De zes grote water uitdagingen van de 21ste eeuw Hoe kunnen dreigende water conflicten getransformeerd worden in water samenwerking Een concluderende opmerking
De zes grote water uitdagingen van de 21ste eeuw Water en sanitatie voor allen Mensenrecht Voeden van een groeiende bevolking Voedsel Duurzame energie voor economie谷n Energie Bescherming tegen water gerelateerde rampen, Overstromingen, inclusief klimaat adaptatie droogtes, zeespiegelstijging Handhaven en verbeteren van ecologische Milieu integriteit Transformeren van conflicten tot samenwerking Governance, Bestuur
1. Water and sanitation services for all
1. Water and sanitation services for all Improved drinking water Source: UN, 2010 Improved sanitation Source: UN, 2011
2. Feeding a growing population Meat consumption and income 1961-2000 120 100 USA meat consumption (kg/cap/yr) 80 60 China 40 20 0 India 10 100 1000 10000 100000 GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year) Source: De Fraiture and Clayton, 2009
2. Feeding a growing population Per capita water requirement for food consumption in China Animal products Cereals and starchy roots Source: Lundqvist (2010)
2. Feeding a growing population Most agriculture takes place under rainfed conditions. There is ample scope to increase productivity Source: De Fraiture et al., 2009
3. Powering economies sustainably x x
3. Powering economies sustainably To produce energy requires water (and, in case of biofuels, also land) To produce drinking water requires energy Treatment of wastewater produces energy
4. Protecting people from water related disasters victims economic losses Source: OECD, 2012
4. Protecting people from water related disasters Climate change is here with us Increase in temperature leads to sea level rise speeds up the hydrological cycle in most regions: - more droughts and floods - glacier melt - reduction of usable water adaptation to climate change is >90% water-related
5. Maintaining and restoring ecological integrity Ecological disasters due to unsustainable practices: depletion of water stocks (surface and groundwater) Source: UN, 2011
5. Maintaining and restoring ecological integrity Ecological disasters due to unsustainable practices: depletion of water stocks (surface and groundwater) Source: Sutcliffe et al., 1999 accumulation of pollutants modification of natural flow regimes Source: Ronco et al., 2010
6. Turning potential conflict into cooperation photo: Eric Baran Cochabamba - Bolivia Mekong Scheldt estuary - Netherlands/Belgium Omo river basin (Ethiopia) and Lake Turkana (Kenya) Indus
Water is special Water is special: vital and finite and fugitive recognised as such in all major religions Different forms: blue, green, grey, virtual Multiple uses, involving different sectors Multiple scales: from bucket to basin; from communities to nations and regions Rising pressure on our water resources
Water is special Rising pressure on water leads to tensions: between the haves and the have-nots - 0.9 billion without clean water - 2.6 billion without basic sanitation between water users within the same sector - e.g. irrigators between different sectors - urban water supply vs. irrigators - distant energy consumers vs. riparian communities - environmental vs. economic interests between different social/political entities - the transboundary dimension at the global scale - e.g. the current land & water grab in Africa
Water sharing Different regimes to reconcile competing interests: - customary vs. statute - moral (value-based), legal (rule-based), economic (market) Principles of water sharing 1. The right of equitable and reasonable use 2. The duty not to cause significant harm 3. The duty to cooperate
Water sharing The water asymmetry boundary up down sea
Water sharing Principles of equity and no harm imply that water users have to consider the needs of other users. Thus, users may have to forgo some potential (and immediate) water benefits. Why would water users voluntarily accept to forgo benefits?
Water sharing If water users acknowledge that they depend on each other, Strategy: not only in terms of water but also 1. make explicit the in other ways existing not only now but also in the future interdependencies between parties it may be rational for them to cooperate 2. actively seek to and forgo some immediate benefits increase mutual even for upstream users/countries dependencies even in cases where power- differences are large
Water sharing Creating interdependencies Strategy: data sharing 1. make explicit the joint infrastructure development existing interdependencies benefit sharing between parties rewards for environmental services 2. actively seek to issue linking increase mutual .. dependencies
Conflict or cooperation? research search term in title, 1998-2007 papers citations water AND conflict NOT cooperation 91 317 water AND cooperation NOT conflict 30 96 water AND cooperation AND conflict 11 28 Web of Knowledge database (isiwebofknowledge.com) 132 441 source: Gupta & Van der Zaag, 2009; Van der Zaag et al., 2009
Conflict or cooperation? source: Zeitoun & Mirumachi, 2008
Conflict or cooperation? source: Zeitoun & Mirumachi, 2008
Conflict or cooperation? source: Zeitoun & Mirumachi, 2008
Conclusion Water may be a cause of conflict Water may also be a cause for cooperation What can we, as engineers, environmentalists, lawyers, mediators, educators and philanthropists do? We can promote the awareness of the cooperation potential of water
Conflict or cooperation? from Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential Water may be a cause of conflict Water may also be a cause for cooperation What can we, as engineers, Since wars begin environmentalists, lawyers, mediators, educators and philanthropists do? in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men We can promote the awareness of that the defences of peace the cooperation potential of water must be constructed UNESCO Constitution, November 1945 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/ihp/ihp-programmes/pccp/
Conflict or cooperation? from Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential Thank you for your attention www.unesco-ihe.org/users/pvanderzaag http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/ihp/ihp-programmes/pccp/
Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers (ILA, 1966) Convention on the Protection and use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE, 1992) UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN, 1997) [Berlin Rules of Water Resources Law (ILA, 2004)]
UN Watercourses Convention The convention is not yet in force* As of February 2013, the 1997 UN Convention had been ratified, or acceded to, by the following 30 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, Qatar, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Tunisia and Uzbekistan. (NB: Countries in italics did not vote in favour of the UN Convention yet ratified it.) Source: http://treaties.un.org; look for Status of Treaties, then Chapter XXVII Environment; then entry no. 12 * 35 countries need to ratify, accept, approve or accede to the Convention before it comes into force.

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Geen vrede zonder water - Pieter vd Zaag 130328

  • 1. Geen vrede zonder water Pieter van der Zaag Hoogleraar Water Resources Management, UNESCO-IHE & TU Delft Waterseminar Green vrede zonder water Rotary in Nederland, Watermuseum, Arnhem, 28 March 2013
  • 2. Geen vrede zonder water De zes grote water uitdagingen van de 21ste eeuw Hoe kunnen dreigende water conflicten getransformeerd worden in water samenwerking Een concluderende opmerking
  • 3. De zes grote water uitdagingen van de 21ste eeuw Water en sanitatie voor allen Mensenrecht Voeden van een groeiende bevolking Voedsel Duurzame energie voor economie谷n Energie Bescherming tegen water gerelateerde rampen, Overstromingen, inclusief klimaat adaptatie droogtes, zeespiegelstijging Handhaven en verbeteren van ecologische Milieu integriteit Transformeren van conflicten tot samenwerking Governance, Bestuur
  • 4. 1. Water and sanitation services for all
  • 5. 1. Water and sanitation services for all Improved drinking water Source: UN, 2010 Improved sanitation Source: UN, 2011
  • 6. 2. Feeding a growing population Meat consumption and income 1961-2000 120 100 USA meat consumption (kg/cap/yr) 80 60 China 40 20 0 India 10 100 1000 10000 100000 GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year) Source: De Fraiture and Clayton, 2009
  • 7. 2. Feeding a growing population Per capita water requirement for food consumption in China Animal products Cereals and starchy roots Source: Lundqvist (2010)
  • 8. 2. Feeding a growing population Most agriculture takes place under rainfed conditions. There is ample scope to increase productivity Source: De Fraiture et al., 2009
  • 9. 3. Powering economies sustainably x x
  • 10. 3. Powering economies sustainably To produce energy requires water (and, in case of biofuels, also land) To produce drinking water requires energy Treatment of wastewater produces energy
  • 11. 4. Protecting people from water related disasters victims economic losses Source: OECD, 2012
  • 12. 4. Protecting people from water related disasters Climate change is here with us Increase in temperature leads to sea level rise speeds up the hydrological cycle in most regions: - more droughts and floods - glacier melt - reduction of usable water adaptation to climate change is >90% water-related
  • 13. 5. Maintaining and restoring ecological integrity Ecological disasters due to unsustainable practices: depletion of water stocks (surface and groundwater) Source: UN, 2011
  • 14. 5. Maintaining and restoring ecological integrity Ecological disasters due to unsustainable practices: depletion of water stocks (surface and groundwater) Source: Sutcliffe et al., 1999 accumulation of pollutants modification of natural flow regimes Source: Ronco et al., 2010
  • 15. 6. Turning potential conflict into cooperation photo: Eric Baran Cochabamba - Bolivia Mekong Scheldt estuary - Netherlands/Belgium Omo river basin (Ethiopia) and Lake Turkana (Kenya) Indus
  • 16. Water is special Water is special: vital and finite and fugitive recognised as such in all major religions Different forms: blue, green, grey, virtual Multiple uses, involving different sectors Multiple scales: from bucket to basin; from communities to nations and regions Rising pressure on our water resources
  • 17. Water is special Rising pressure on water leads to tensions: between the haves and the have-nots - 0.9 billion without clean water - 2.6 billion without basic sanitation between water users within the same sector - e.g. irrigators between different sectors - urban water supply vs. irrigators - distant energy consumers vs. riparian communities - environmental vs. economic interests between different social/political entities - the transboundary dimension at the global scale - e.g. the current land & water grab in Africa
  • 18. Water sharing Different regimes to reconcile competing interests: - customary vs. statute - moral (value-based), legal (rule-based), economic (market) Principles of water sharing 1. The right of equitable and reasonable use 2. The duty not to cause significant harm 3. The duty to cooperate
  • 19. Water sharing The water asymmetry boundary up down sea
  • 20. Water sharing Principles of equity and no harm imply that water users have to consider the needs of other users. Thus, users may have to forgo some potential (and immediate) water benefits. Why would water users voluntarily accept to forgo benefits?
  • 21. Water sharing If water users acknowledge that they depend on each other, Strategy: not only in terms of water but also 1. make explicit the in other ways existing not only now but also in the future interdependencies between parties it may be rational for them to cooperate 2. actively seek to and forgo some immediate benefits increase mutual even for upstream users/countries dependencies even in cases where power- differences are large
  • 22. Water sharing Creating interdependencies Strategy: data sharing 1. make explicit the joint infrastructure development existing interdependencies benefit sharing between parties rewards for environmental services 2. actively seek to issue linking increase mutual .. dependencies
  • 23. Conflict or cooperation? research search term in title, 1998-2007 papers citations water AND conflict NOT cooperation 91 317 water AND cooperation NOT conflict 30 96 water AND cooperation AND conflict 11 28 Web of Knowledge database (isiwebofknowledge.com) 132 441 source: Gupta & Van der Zaag, 2009; Van der Zaag et al., 2009
  • 24. Conflict or cooperation? source: Zeitoun & Mirumachi, 2008
  • 25. Conflict or cooperation? source: Zeitoun & Mirumachi, 2008
  • 26. Conflict or cooperation? source: Zeitoun & Mirumachi, 2008
  • 27. Conclusion Water may be a cause of conflict Water may also be a cause for cooperation What can we, as engineers, environmentalists, lawyers, mediators, educators and philanthropists do? We can promote the awareness of the cooperation potential of water
  • 28. Conflict or cooperation? from Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential Water may be a cause of conflict Water may also be a cause for cooperation What can we, as engineers, Since wars begin environmentalists, lawyers, mediators, educators and philanthropists do? in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men We can promote the awareness of that the defences of peace the cooperation potential of water must be constructed UNESCO Constitution, November 1945 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/ihp/ihp-programmes/pccp/
  • 29. Conflict or cooperation? from Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential Thank you for your attention www.unesco-ihe.org/users/pvanderzaag http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/ihp/ihp-programmes/pccp/
  • 30. Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers (ILA, 1966) Convention on the Protection and use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE, 1992) UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN, 1997) [Berlin Rules of Water Resources Law (ILA, 2004)]
  • 31. UN Watercourses Convention The convention is not yet in force* As of February 2013, the 1997 UN Convention had been ratified, or acceded to, by the following 30 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, Qatar, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Tunisia and Uzbekistan. (NB: Countries in italics did not vote in favour of the UN Convention yet ratified it.) Source: http://treaties.un.org; look for Status of Treaties, then Chapter XXVII Environment; then entry no. 12 * 35 countries need to ratify, accept, approve or accede to the Convention before it comes into force.
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