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Foundation of research
Nupur Prasad
Foundation of research (GEN 740)
Division of Research and Development
Lovely Professional University.
Phagwara, Punjab-144411
India.
1

CA 1
1. Title of the paper
2. Name of Author
3. Author’s affiliation
4. Abstract
5. Introduction (With citation)
6. Main body (2 to 3 sections, with citation)
7. Summary
8. References
2

CA 2 (4 to 5 pages)
1. Title of the proposed work
2. Name of Author
3. Author’s affiliation
4. Abstract
5. Introduction (With citation)
6. Research Gap (Not more than half page)
7. How it useful for society (Not more than half page)
8. Summary
9. References
3

Unit 5: Journals, Citations and Indexing
1. Types of research paper
2. Classification of journals
3. Journal citation indices (h-index, h5-index, h5-median, JIF, JIF
percentile, CiteScore, SJR, SNIP, eigenfactor)
4. Publication review process
5. Citation
6. Self-citation
7. Funding agencies
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• Etymology of the word journal
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• Etymology of the word journal
i. Dairy: A record of daily activity
ii. Logbook: A record of everyday
event
iii. Daybook: Daily record of
financial transaction
The term has evolved to mean any
record of activities, regardless of time
elapsed between entries.
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• What is a journal?
A journal contains articles and is regularly published. They are
sometimes referred to as magazines, periodicals, or serials.
• Journals:
i. cover a particular discipline or subject area
ii. are published regularly (weekly, monthly, quarterly)
iii. contain articles, reviews and editorial content
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• What is a scientific journal?
Scientific journal is an academic journal focusing on science.
• Information found in journals is:
i. authoritative and often peer-reviewed
ii. current
iii. digestible i.e., with an easily understandable structure:
Abstract, introduction, methodology, results & discussions and
conclusion)
iv. topic specific
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• There are many types of journals, including:
i. peer-reviewed journals: Articles published in peer-reviewed journals
go through an extensive editorial process before publication and are
therefore of a high academic standard. Not all scholarly journals are
peer-reviewed.
• Double Blind or Blind Peer Review: submitted manuscripts are
sent outside of the journal’s publishing or sponsoring
organization for review by external reviewers (usually two,
sometimes as many as four). In Double Blind, neither the author
nor the reviewers know each other’s identities, thus ensuring
impartiality.
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Editorial Board Peer Review: submitted manuscripts are reviewed
by an internal board of editors and not solely by one editor. Author’s
identity may be known or unknown to the reviewing editors.
Open Peer Review: submitted manuscripts are reviewed by
experts, and both the experts and the author are aware of each
other’s identity. Sometimes authors are encouraged to suggest
possible reviewers.
10

Evidences to whether a particular journal is peer-reviewed:
• There is a description of the journal’s peer review process in its
instructions to authors or manuscript submission guidelines.
• Notice of an independent editorial review board in the journal’s front
matter. The academic or scholarly affiliation of each member of the
board is listed.
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• Original research: These are detailed studies reporting original
research and are classified as primary literature or primary data.
They include hypothesis, background study, methods, results,
interpretation of findings, and a discussion of possible
implications.
A research paper is based on original research. The kind of research
may vary depending on your field or the topic (experiments, survey,
interview, questionnaire, etc.), but authors need to collect and
analyse raw data and conduct an original study. The research paper
will be based on the analysis and interpretation of this data.
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• A review article or review paper is based on others’ published
articles. It does not report original research. Review articles
generally summarize the existing literature on a topic to explain
the current state of understanding on the topic.
Review papers form valuable scientific literature as they summarize
the findings of existing literature. Readers can form an idea about the
existing knowledge on a topic without having to read all the published
works in the field. It provides a list relevant literature in that field and
hence helps in literature survey.
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Review articles can be of several types:
• A systematic review searches for the answer to a particular
question in the existing scientific literature on a topic.
• A meta-analysis compares and combines the findings of
previously published studies, usually to assess the effectiveness
of an intervention or mode of treatment.
• A narrative review explains the existing knowledge on a topic
based on all the published research available on the topic.
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Review articles can be of several types:
• Critical review: Aims to demonstrate writer has extensively
researched literature and critically evaluated its quality. Goes
beyond mere description to include degree of analysis and
conceptual innovation. Typically results in hypothesis or model.
• Mapping review/Systematic map: Map out and categorize existing
literature from which to commission further reviews and/or primary
research by identifying gaps in research literature.
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• Short communication: Short Communications are short papers that
present original and significant material for rapid dissemination. For
example, a Short Communication may focus on a particular aspect
of a problem or a new finding that is expected to have a significant
impact. It may address new ideas, controversial opinions,
“Negative” results etc.
• A letter to the editor (sometimes abbreviated LTTE or LTE) is a
letter sent to a publication about issues of concern from its readers.
Usually, letters are intended for publication. In many publications,
letters to the editor may be sent either through conventional mail or
electronic mail.
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3. Journal citation
• Citation: Citation is an alpha-numeric (mostly numeric) appearance
inserted in a document to acknowledge the relevance of the
works of
others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation
appears.
• A citation is the text reference and acknowledgement of a
documented information
• References: It is the list of all the citations present in a document.
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3. Examples of citation
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3. Examples of references
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3. Examples of references
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What is index?
• An alphabetical list of names, subjects, etc. with reference to the
pages on which they are mentioned in a book.
• a sign or measure of something. E.g. (i) Literature is an index to the
condition of civilization. (ii) The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is a
socioeconomic index usually designed to measure the relative
access to education of males and females.
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Major citation indexing services
• A citation index is a kind of bibliographic database, an index of
citations between publications, allowing the user to easily establish
which later documents cite which earlier documents.
• Institute for Scientific Information (ISI): Citation indexing has long
been dominated by the ISI. It publishes the citation indexes in print
and compact disc forms, which are generally accessed through the
web under the name ‘Web of Science’ (WOS). WOS provides
access to 7 databases.
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Major citation indexing services
i. WoS by Clarivate Analytics
ii. SCOPUS by Elsevier
• Each of these offer an index of citations between publications and a
mechanism to establish which documents cite which other
documents.
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• WOS provides access to 7 databases:
i. Science Citation Index (SCI)
ii. Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)
iii. Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI)
iv. Index Chemicus
v. Current Chemical Reactions,
vi. Conference Proceedings Citation Index: Science
vii. Conference Proceedings Citation Index: Social Science and
Humanities
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Journal impact factor
The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the
average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to
measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times it's
articles are cited.
How Impact Factor is Calculated?
The calculation is based on a two-year period and involves dividing the
number of times articles were cited by the number of articles that are
citable.
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Examples of Impact factor calculation
Calculation of 2010 IF of a journal:
A = the number of times articles published in 2008 and 2009 were cited
by indexed journals during 2010.
B = the total number of "citable items" published in 2008 and 2009.
A/B = 2010 impact factor
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SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) indicator
The SJR is an open access, free journal citationmetric, based on citation
information from Scopus.
SJR indicator is a measure of scientific influence of scholarly journals
that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and
the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come
from.
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H-index
The H-index, sometimes called the Hirsch index or Hirsch number, was
first developed by Hirsh as a measure to quantify the impact and
quality of the published work of a scientist or scholar.
A scientist has index h if h of his Np papers have at least h citations
each, and the other (Np−h) papers have no more than
h-citations
each. In other words, a scholar with an index of h has published
h-papers, each of which has been cited in other papers at least h times.
For example, if the h-index is 15, you have 15 papers cited 15 times
or more. If your h-index is 20, you have 20 papers
cited 20 times or more.
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i10-index
i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations.
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