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GEOGRAPHIES FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION. MAPPING AND PREVENTING VIOLENCE AND POST-ELECTORAL DISORDERS IN NAIROBI SLUMS: AN ICT4D PARTICIPATIVE PROJECT

Elisabetta Demartis
Elisabetta Demartis

Presentation made during the III Congress of the Italian University Network for Development Cooperation (CUCS). Turin, 19-21 September 2013

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CUCSTorino2013 Imagining cultures of cooperation: universities networking to face the new development challenges III Congress of the Italian University Network for Development Cooperation (CUCS) Turin, 19-21 September 2013 GEOGRAPHIES FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION. MAPPING AND PREVENTING VIOLENCE AND POST-ELECTORAL DISORDERS IN NAIROBI SLUMS: AN ICT4D PARTICIPATIVE PROJECT Elisabetta Demartis University of Turin, , eliz-de@hotmail.it
The Project A monitoring activity of Kenya presidential elections by using an open source crowdmap to prevent violence and disorders Where? In Kibera, Mathare and Mukuru slums, Nairobi (Kenya).
Monitoring elections in three slums of Nairobi: Kibera, Mathare and Mukuru Kibera Population ranging from 235.000 to 1.200.000, depending on the source. It is the biggest Nairobi slum and a big recipient of local and international NGO projects. Mathare Poulation around 500.000 people. Theater of violence between two gangs from Luo ad Kikuyus tribes in 2006. Mukuru Home to over 600.000 people, is one of the poorest Nairobi slum.
The crowdmap history - Non-profit Kenyan tech company - A participatory mapping process: map made by people (crowd) - Developed to map reports of violence after post-election fallout in 2008 How does it works? Ushahidi, the crowdmapping open source software
Map Kibera The initiative started in 2009 with Ground Truth Initiative, with a small grant from Jumpstart International that allowed them to create the first digital map of Kibera How? Training a group of local youths in the use of an open source GPS tool: Open Street Map Projects Mappers: mapping project that uses Open Street Map Voice of Kibera: blogger and SMS reporting team that uses the Ushahidi platform to enable residents to text in reports on events in Kibera Kibera News Network: video maker who create documentaries about Kibera enhancing citizen journalism
The Research - How can a crowdmapping project work in a place like a slum and in a particular period like presidential elections? - How the project may involve slum dwellers and influence them positively? - What is the background of Map Kibera members and how they are integrated within the territory of the slum? - Can this project be considered a successful ICT4D case study?
Methodology - Three months of fieldwork in Kibera and Mathare slums, Nairobi - Semi-structured questionnaires to Map Kibera members - Local NGO and CBO interviews - Focus groups and participation to the organization daily activities - Previous research on ICT4D and Kenya politic
Map Kibera monitoring project Three working groups 1. Repoters 55 young volunteers from the slum sending reports from the field 7 video reporters shooting videos and taking pictures 2. SMS Team 2 people receiving and verifying the veridicity of the reports and geolocalizating them into the map, available to everyone 3. Media monitoring Team 4 people editing the web site and blogs by monitoring the reports of the volunteers in the field and the mainstream media news
Working in iHub in partnership with the Ushahidi staff during election days
The crowdmap of Map Kibera
3% 3% 7% 14% 7% 21% 21% 3% 7% 0% 3% 7% 0% 3% 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Age of Map Kibera members Age
SWOT analisys of the project using the semi-structured interview results Weaknesses Strengths Threats Opportunities
More security for the community 7% To make community partecipate in the monitoring process 14% Providing a monitoring map for the police force 12% Providing a monitoring map for the police community 13% To garantee peaceful elections 11% To investigate and monitorate elections, thanks to citizen journalism 25% To bring people to vote 1% Knowledge of the pooling station in the slum 17% Strenghts
Weaknesses The problem to access internet for many people in the slum 28% The lack of an offline strategy to show the people your work 18% Lack of security for the reporters in the field 29% Communication problems between reporters and SMS/Media Team 8% Management problems with the people working on the project 17%
Opportunities Increase people's awareness about their rights 15% To keep them informed with the crowdmap 13% To make map Kiberawork be recognised by police force 10% To make map Kiberawork be recognised by community 25% To be a reference point for the entire community 25% To be a reference point for police force 12%
Threats To remain unknown for those who cannot access internet 38% Make this project lose value once it will be ended 25% Make the map an instrument of the police force 12% Make the map lose its original purpose 25%
CBOs and NGOs interviews Do you know Map Kibera monitoring project during election? Yes No Out of 15 people interviewed, 5 answered yes and the rest answered no Map Kibera members did not give enough visibility of the project with the local community actors
The question... What do you think about the efficacy of the project? Did the community really benefit from it? ...some interesting answers - Map Kibera gave a strong contribution - It depends on the involvement of community - 束If we see peace in Kibera, its because those kind of project損 - 束Yes, and the security agencies used Map Kibera security map損 CBO and NGO interviews
New technologies for an urban inclusive development? Use of a local technology: Ushahidi Not just bottom-up, but an exchange and dialogue between North and South Empowerment of the local trust and easier interaction between local actors Map Kibera and Ushahidi in partneship with the police force HIGHT LEVEL OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
Map Kibera security map hanging on Langata District Peace Committee wall in Kibera. The police station of Kibera
New technologies for an urban inclusive development? The personal relationships of Map Kibera members were essential in the verification of the reports Thanks to the social relations (families and friends) got to know the project and spread the word The community benefited indirecly from the monitoring project
New technologies for an urban inclusive development? Failure of the project in Mukuru slum Logistic and managment inner problems How an open source technology can be useful when the money lack?
New technologies for an urban inclusive development? Difficulty to access internet for the most slum communities Easily access for middle class and police force It can became an instrument of power and control from those who can access internet TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE GAP
CONCLUSION Can the positive impact of the project overpass the lack of technology accessibility? How can an ICT4D technology like this one garantee a positive long term effects in the slum community? How an open source technology can be useful when the money run out?
THANK YOU! Contacts eliz-de@hotmail.it Elsabetta Demartis @elidemartis http://blog.wired.it/ictpeople

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GEOGRAPHIES FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION. MAPPING AND PREVENTING VIOLENCE AND POST-ELECTORAL DISORDERS IN NAIROBI SLUMS: AN ICT4D PARTICIPATIVE PROJECT

  • 1. CUCSTorino2013 Imagining cultures of cooperation: universities networking to face the new development challenges III Congress of the Italian University Network for Development Cooperation (CUCS) Turin, 19-21 September 2013 GEOGRAPHIES FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION. MAPPING AND PREVENTING VIOLENCE AND POST-ELECTORAL DISORDERS IN NAIROBI SLUMS: AN ICT4D PARTICIPATIVE PROJECT Elisabetta Demartis University of Turin, , eliz-de@hotmail.it
  • 2. The Project A monitoring activity of Kenya presidential elections by using an open source crowdmap to prevent violence and disorders Where? In Kibera, Mathare and Mukuru slums, Nairobi (Kenya).
  • 3. Monitoring elections in three slums of Nairobi: Kibera, Mathare and Mukuru Kibera Population ranging from 235.000 to 1.200.000, depending on the source. It is the biggest Nairobi slum and a big recipient of local and international NGO projects. Mathare Poulation around 500.000 people. Theater of violence between two gangs from Luo ad Kikuyus tribes in 2006. Mukuru Home to over 600.000 people, is one of the poorest Nairobi slum.
  • 4. The crowdmap history - Non-profit Kenyan tech company - A participatory mapping process: map made by people (crowd) - Developed to map reports of violence after post-election fallout in 2008 How does it works? Ushahidi, the crowdmapping open source software
  • 5. Map Kibera The initiative started in 2009 with Ground Truth Initiative, with a small grant from Jumpstart International that allowed them to create the first digital map of Kibera How? Training a group of local youths in the use of an open source GPS tool: Open Street Map Projects Mappers: mapping project that uses Open Street Map Voice of Kibera: blogger and SMS reporting team that uses the Ushahidi platform to enable residents to text in reports on events in Kibera Kibera News Network: video maker who create documentaries about Kibera enhancing citizen journalism
  • 6. The Research - How can a crowdmapping project work in a place like a slum and in a particular period like presidential elections? - How the project may involve slum dwellers and influence them positively? - What is the background of Map Kibera members and how they are integrated within the territory of the slum? - Can this project be considered a successful ICT4D case study?
  • 7. Methodology - Three months of fieldwork in Kibera and Mathare slums, Nairobi - Semi-structured questionnaires to Map Kibera members - Local NGO and CBO interviews - Focus groups and participation to the organization daily activities - Previous research on ICT4D and Kenya politic
  • 8. Map Kibera monitoring project Three working groups 1. Repoters 55 young volunteers from the slum sending reports from the field 7 video reporters shooting videos and taking pictures 2. SMS Team 2 people receiving and verifying the veridicity of the reports and geolocalizating them into the map, available to everyone 3. Media monitoring Team 4 people editing the web site and blogs by monitoring the reports of the volunteers in the field and the mainstream media news
  • 9. Working in iHub in partnership with the Ushahidi staff during election days
  • 10. The crowdmap of Map Kibera
  • 11. 3% 3% 7% 14% 7% 21% 21% 3% 7% 0% 3% 7% 0% 3% 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Age of Map Kibera members Age
  • 12. SWOT analisys of the project using the semi-structured interview results Weaknesses Strengths Threats Opportunities
  • 13. More security for the community 7% To make community partecipate in the monitoring process 14% Providing a monitoring map for the police force 12% Providing a monitoring map for the police community 13% To garantee peaceful elections 11% To investigate and monitorate elections, thanks to citizen journalism 25% To bring people to vote 1% Knowledge of the pooling station in the slum 17% Strenghts
  • 14. Weaknesses The problem to access internet for many people in the slum 28% The lack of an offline strategy to show the people your work 18% Lack of security for the reporters in the field 29% Communication problems between reporters and SMS/Media Team 8% Management problems with the people working on the project 17%
  • 15. Opportunities Increase people's awareness about their rights 15% To keep them informed with the crowdmap 13% To make map Kiberawork be recognised by police force 10% To make map Kiberawork be recognised by community 25% To be a reference point for the entire community 25% To be a reference point for police force 12%
  • 16. Threats To remain unknown for those who cannot access internet 38% Make this project lose value once it will be ended 25% Make the map an instrument of the police force 12% Make the map lose its original purpose 25%
  • 17. CBOs and NGOs interviews Do you know Map Kibera monitoring project during election? Yes No Out of 15 people interviewed, 5 answered yes and the rest answered no Map Kibera members did not give enough visibility of the project with the local community actors
  • 18. The question... What do you think about the efficacy of the project? Did the community really benefit from it? ...some interesting answers - Map Kibera gave a strong contribution - It depends on the involvement of community - 束If we see peace in Kibera, its because those kind of project損 - 束Yes, and the security agencies used Map Kibera security map損 CBO and NGO interviews
  • 19. New technologies for an urban inclusive development? Use of a local technology: Ushahidi Not just bottom-up, but an exchange and dialogue between North and South Empowerment of the local trust and easier interaction between local actors Map Kibera and Ushahidi in partneship with the police force HIGHT LEVEL OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
  • 20. Map Kibera security map hanging on Langata District Peace Committee wall in Kibera. The police station of Kibera
  • 21. New technologies for an urban inclusive development? The personal relationships of Map Kibera members were essential in the verification of the reports Thanks to the social relations (families and friends) got to know the project and spread the word The community benefited indirecly from the monitoring project
  • 22. New technologies for an urban inclusive development? Failure of the project in Mukuru slum Logistic and managment inner problems How an open source technology can be useful when the money lack?
  • 23. New technologies for an urban inclusive development? Difficulty to access internet for the most slum communities Easily access for middle class and police force It can became an instrument of power and control from those who can access internet TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE GAP
  • 24. CONCLUSION Can the positive impact of the project overpass the lack of technology accessibility? How can an ICT4D technology like this one garantee a positive long term effects in the slum community? How an open source technology can be useful when the money run out?