GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (REFRACTION) physical sciences G11

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Based on refraction only in the physics geometric optics

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (REFRACTION)
Grade 11
Presented by NM MAPHOTO

$OBJECTIVE  Define refraction  Definition of refractive Index  Defining Snell’s Law  Understand refractive index  Recognizing situations where refraction will occur.  Identify which direction light will bent when it passes from one medium to another.  Calculating refracted ray, incident ray, angle of incident or angle of refraction$

$CONTENT Introduction Definition of refraction Demonstration of refraction Refraction index Table of refraction index Ray diagrams Snell’s law Ray reflecting on two medium Assessment References$

$INTRODUCTION Everyday life situation that involve refraction of light. What happens when light passes from one medium to another. How the direction of light as it passes from one medium to another is associated with a change in velocity and wavelength and frequency.$

$REFRACTION Refraction occurs at the boundary of two media when light travels from one medium into the other and its speed changes, but its frequency remains the same. If the light ray hits the boundary at an angle which is not perpendicular to or parallel to the surface, then it will change direction and appear to ‘bend’.$

$DEMONSTATION OF REFRACTION  The picture shows two mediums which is water and air.  When the person looks in the water, she see the image of chest not the actual chest.  It appears to bend due to refraction.$

$REFRACTIVE INDEX The refractive index (symbol n) of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in the material and gives an indication of how difficult it is for light to get through the material. where n = c/v n = refractive index (no unit) c = speed of light in a vacuum (3,00 × 108 m·s−1) v = speed of light in a given medium (m·s−1)$

$TABLE OF REFRACTIVE INDEX 1. Each medium has its own Constant refractive index as shown in the picture. 2. Each refractive index is used to calculate the speed of light in that given medium.$

$REPRESENTING REFRACTION WITH RAY DIAGRAMS Normal The normal to a surface is the line which is perpendicular to the plane of the surface. Angle of incidence The angle of incidence is the angle defined between the normal to a surface and the incoming (incident) light ray. Angle of refraction The angle of refraction is the angle defined between the normal to a surface and the refracted light ray.$

$SNELL’S LAW  There is a relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction of the indexes of refraction of 2 medium (n).  Snell’s law applies to refraction of light in any situation regardless of the media. n1= refractive index of medium 1 n2= refractive index of medium 2$

Ray reflecting between two
medium
1. A ray entering a material of larger index bends towards the normal.
2. A ray entering a material of smaller index bends away from the normal.
3. A ray oriented perpendicular to a surface does not bends, regardless of the
materials.

Activity
 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScOZlKDM8lIx
1qm_J2p34l_NYUpDqSARSxi_R0Z1-vj0_1CUw/viewform?usp
=sf_link

$Summery of refraction  Video summery of refraction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zarxpu43-ls$

$REFERENCES  Nagar, V. (2023). Geometric Optics.PDF. Geometrical Optics.PDF (slideshare.net) (Accessed 17 August 2024).  Oh, M. (2011). Refraction. Available from slideshare at Refraction | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 16 August 2024).  Siyavula (2013). Geometrical optics. Available from slideshare at Geometrical optics | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 18 August 2024)  Swetha, R. (2017). Refraction. Available from slideshare at Refraction | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 17 August 2024).  Tatualia, E. (2015). Refraction of light. Available from slideshare at Refraction of Light | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 17 August 2024).  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zarxpu43-ls$

Geometrical optics describes the laws of reflection and refraction of light. When light travels from one medium to another, it can be reflected, refracted, scattered, or absorbed at the interface. Reflection follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is described by Snell's law, which relates the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive indices of the media. The bending of light occurs due to changes in speed as it passes between materials of different refractive indices. Prisms are used to demonstrate refraction and dispersion of light into its component wavelengths.

$1 reflection and refraction$ $1 reflection and refraction$

1 reflection and refractionMissingWaldo

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Light can be thought of as travelling in rays that change direction through reflection and refraction. Reflection occurs when light strikes a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another of different density, bending according to Snell's law that relates the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction through the refractive indices. The refractive index quantifies how much light slows down in a medium relative to a vacuum. Common refractive indices include air as 1, water as 1.33 and glass around 1.5.

Geometrical opticsSiyavula

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Geometrical optics is the study of how light interacts with materials and their shapes. Light rays reflect off surfaces according to the law of reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another and its speed changes, causing it to change direction. Snell's law describes the relationship between the refractive indices and angles of incidence and refraction between two media. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, and the light is fully reflected back into the first medium.

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The document summarizes the ray model of light, which describes light traveling in straight lines called rays. It discusses how light rays change direction upon reflection off surfaces or when passing between materials with different refractive indices. This redirection of light rays is governed by two laws: the law of reflection, which states that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, and Snell's law of refraction, which relates the refractive indices of materials to how much a light ray bends when passing between them. Total internal reflection can occur when light passes from a higher to lower refractive index material at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing all the light to be reflected back into the first material.

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Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It travels in straight lines called rays. Reflection is when light bounces off a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and that the incident, normal, and reflected rays lie in the same plane. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another due to the different refractive indices, following Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light cannot pass from an optically denser medium to a less dense one if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

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GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (REFRACTION) physical sciences G11

1. PHYSICAL SCIENCES GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (REFRACTION) Grade 11 Presented by NM MAPHOTO

2. OBJECTIVE  Define refraction  Definition of refractive Index  Defining Snell’s Law  Understand refractive index  Recognizing situations where refraction will occur.  Identify which direction light will bent when it passes from one medium to another.  Calculating refracted ray, incident ray, angle of incident or angle of refraction

3. CONTENT Introduction Definition of refraction Demonstration of refraction Refraction index Table of refraction index Ray diagrams Snell’s law Ray reflecting on two medium Assessment References

4. INTRODUCTION Everyday life situation that involve refraction of light. What happens when light passes from one medium to another. How the direction of light as it passes from one medium to another is associated with a change in velocity and wavelength and frequency.

5. REFRACTION Refraction occurs at the boundary of two media when light travels from one medium into the other and its speed changes, but its frequency remains the same. If the light ray hits the boundary at an angle which is not perpendicular to or parallel to the surface, then it will change direction and appear to ‘bend’.

6. DEMONSTATION OF REFRACTION  The picture shows two mediums which is water and air.  When the person looks in the water, she see the image of chest not the actual chest.  It appears to bend due to refraction.

7. REFRACTIVE INDEX The refractive index (symbol n) of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in the material and gives an indication of how difficult it is for light to get through the material. where n = c/v n = refractive index (no unit) c = speed of light in a vacuum (3,00 × 108 m·s−1) v = speed of light in a given medium (m·s−1)

8. TABLE OF REFRACTIVE INDEX 1. Each medium has its own Constant refractive index as shown in the picture. 2. Each refractive index is used to calculate the speed of light in that given medium.

9. REPRESENTING REFRACTION WITH RAY DIAGRAMS Normal The normal to a surface is the line which is perpendicular to the plane of the surface. Angle of incidence The angle of incidence is the angle defined between the normal to a surface and the incoming (incident) light ray. Angle of refraction The angle of refraction is the angle defined between the normal to a surface and the refracted light ray.

10. SNELL’S LAW  There is a relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction of the indexes of refraction of 2 medium (n).  Snell’s law applies to refraction of light in any situation regardless of the media. n1= refractive index of medium 1 n2= refractive index of medium 2

11. Ray reflecting between two medium 1. A ray entering a material of larger index bends towards the normal. 2. A ray entering a material of smaller index bends away from the normal. 3. A ray oriented perpendicular to a surface does not bends, regardless of the materials.

12. Activity  https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScOZlKDM8lIx 1qm_J2p34l_NYUpDqSARSxi_R0Z1-vj0_1CUw/viewform?usp =sf_link

13. Summery of refraction  Video summery of refraction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zarxpu43-ls

14. REFERENCES  Nagar, V. (2023). Geometric Optics.PDF. Geometrical Optics.PDF (slideshare.net) (Accessed 17 August 2024).  Oh, M. (2011). Refraction. Available from slideshare at Refraction | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 16 August 2024).  Siyavula (2013). Geometrical optics. Available from slideshare at Geometrical optics | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 18 August 2024)  Swetha, R. (2017). Refraction. Available from slideshare at Refraction | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 17 August 2024).  Tatualia, E. (2015). Refraction of light. Available from slideshare at Refraction of Light | PPT (slideshare.net) (Accessed 17 August 2024).  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zarxpu43-ls

15. THANK YOU

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GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (REFRACTION) physical sciences G11

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