![Available remote sensing systems I
Optical scanners
spectrometers
and
altimeters
Sensor System Global
Coverage
Spatial
Resolution
Temporal
Resolution
[days]
Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples
LANDSAT-TM multi-spectral
scanner
y 30m 17 450 – 520 nm
520 – 600 nm
630 – 690 nm
760 – 900 nm
1550 – 1740 nm
10400 – 12500 nm
2080 – 2350 nm
land use
NDVI, LAI, biomass
http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/s
ge/landsat/landsat.html
SPOT HRV XS multispectral and
panchromatic
scanner
y 5m PAN
10m XS
26 500 – 590 nm
610 – 680 nm
790 – 890 nm
DEM from stereoscopic
data
land use
plant parameters
http://www.spot.com
IRC-1C LISS-3
WIFS
y 23m, 70m
188m
24 520 - 590 nm
620 - 680 nm
770 - 860 nm
1550 - 1700 nm
WIFS:
620 – 680 nm
770-860
land use
NDVI, LAI, biomass
http://www.euromap.de/
doc_004.htm
NOAA/AVHRR advanced very high
resolution
radiometer
y 1.1km 12 580 - 680 nm
725 - 1100 nm
3550 - 3930 nm
10300 - 11300 nm
11500 - 12500 nm
NDVI
clouds
http://www.ncdc.noaa.go
v/ol/satellite/satellitereso
urces.html
Earth
Probe/TOMS
total ozone imaging
spectrometer
y 39km x
39km
1 360.0 nm
331.2 nm
322.3 nm
317.5 nm
312.5 nm
308.6 nm
aerosol, ozone, UV
Radiation, atmospheric
chemistry
http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.go
v/index.html
GOES imaging
spectrometer
y 1 km 2 550 - 750 nm
3800 - 4000 nm
6500 - 7000 nm
10200 - 11200 nm
11500 - 12500 nm
clouds,
rainfall rates
http://www5.ncdc.noaa.g
ov/plwebapps/plsql/goesb
rowser.goesbrowsemain
TOPEX/
Poseidon
2 Altimeters + /- 60° 1.6 - 3 km
(ALT)
7 km
(SSALT)
10 ALT: 13.6 GHz
SSALT: 16.6 GHz
sea surface altimetry
river and lake level
altimetry
http://www-
ccar.colorado.edu/researc](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gis-150705154229-lva1-app6891/85/Gis-5-320.jpg)
![Available remote sensing systems
II
Sensor System Global
Coverage
Spatial
Resolution
Temporal
Resolution
[days]
Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples
and web-page
SSM/I Radiometer y 70 x 45
60 x 40
38 x 30
16 x 14
1 19.35 GHz, HV
22.24 GHz, V
37.00 GHz, HV
85.50 GHz, HV
soil moisture
snow cover
sea ice
ocean surface wind speed
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov
/ol/satellite/ssmi/ssmiprod
ucts.html
ERS-2 ATSR along track
scanning
radiometer:
MW sounder
and
IR Radiometer
y 20 km
1 km
3 MW Sounder:
23.8 GHz
36.5 GHz
IRR:
1600 nm
3700 nm
11000 nm
12000 nm
atmospheric water vapor,
liquid water, sea state, sea
surface temperature
http://www.esa.esrin.it
ERS-2 RA radar altimeter mostly
oceans
16 – 20 km 3 330 MHz Ocean
82.5 MHz Ice
ocean level
ice, sea ice level
http://www.esa.esrin.it
ERS-2
AMI-SAR
Windscatterometer
mode
y 50 km 17 5.3 GHz, VV wind speed, ocean waves,
sea ice
RADARSAT Scan SAR mode y e.g. 50 x
50 m
24 5.3 GHz, VV wind speed, ocean waves,
sea ice
http://radarsat.space.gc.ca](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gis-150705154229-lva1-app6891/85/Gis-6-320.jpg)
![Future remote sensing systems
Sensor System Global
Coverage
Spatial
Resolution
Temporal
Resolution
[days]
Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples
SRTM
(1999)
Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission
y 5°x 5° a 10 day
period
5.3 GHz DEM,
surface roughness
http://www-
radar.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/
ENVISAT
A-SAR
(2000)
Advanced Synthetic
Aperture Radar
y 30 – 75m < 17 5.3 GHz, VV surface roughness
snow water equivalent
freeze/thaw cycles
http://envisat.estec.esa.nl/
EOS MODIS
(2000)
Spectrometer y 0.25 km
0.5 km
1 km
1-2 app. 19 optical
channels
land surface temperat.
land/cloud boundaries
land/cloud properties
atmosph. water vapor
http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/
MODIS/MODIS.html
http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/
MODIS/MAS/index.html
EOS ASTER
(2000)
Advance Space-
borne Thermal
Emission and
Reflection
Radiometer
y 15 m VIS
30 m SWIR
90 m TIR
16 app. 14 optical
channels
evaporation
vegetation stress
soil moisture
http://eos-
am.gsfc.nasa.gov/aster.html
EOS MISR
(2000)
Multi-angle Imaging
Spectro-radiometer
y 0.275 km 9 443 nm
555 nm
670 nm
865 nm
vegetation parameters
vegetation indices
http://eos-
am.gsfc.nasa.gov/misr.html](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gis-150705154229-lva1-app6891/85/Gis-7-320.jpg)
![Soil moisture retrieval from SAR
Image processing steps
• slant range correction
• speckle reduction (multi-looking)
• inversion modeling (physical
model) to obtain soil dielectric
constant ε
• conversion of ε into %Vol with
3rd order polynomial (e.g. Topp
et al. 1991)
• grouping into 5% classes
• raster-to-vector conversion or
raster use in GIS
Inversion Model Dubois et al. (1995)
σ
θ
θ
θε θ
hh A kh°
=
cos
sin
( sin )
.
. tan .
1 5
5
0 28 1 4
10
σ
θ
θ
θε θ
vv kh°
=
cos
sin
( sin ). tan .
3
3
0 46 1 1
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
soil water content [cm^3/cm^3]
RealpartofDielectricConstant
Sand Loam sand Sand loam
Loam organic matter Topp et al.
%Vol](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gis-150705154229-lva1-app6891/85/Gis-16-320.jpg)
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- 1. GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
- 2. Spatial data retrieval • Remote sensing measurements of surface characteristics surface hydrology soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer • large area assessment spatial data temporal repetition
- 3. Overview • data use in hydrological applications • satellite systems • image processing example • software and data exchange • new developments
- 4. Parameter retrieval for Hydrology State variables • surface temperature • surface soil moisture Other spatial data • land use categories • vegetation biomass • surface roughness • DEM Secondary parameters • regions of varying ET • ground water recharge and discharge zones • storm runoff contribution • hydrologic properties of soils • spatial pollution
- 5. Available remote sensing systems I Optical scanners spectrometers and altimeters Sensor System Global Coverage Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution [days] Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples LANDSAT-TM multi-spectral scanner y 30m 17 450 – 520 nm 520 – 600 nm 630 – 690 nm 760 – 900 nm 1550 – 1740 nm 10400 – 12500 nm 2080 – 2350 nm land use NDVI, LAI, biomass http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/s ge/landsat/landsat.html SPOT HRV XS multispectral and panchromatic scanner y 5m PAN 10m XS 26 500 – 590 nm 610 – 680 nm 790 – 890 nm DEM from stereoscopic data land use plant parameters http://www.spot.com IRC-1C LISS-3 WIFS y 23m, 70m 188m 24 520 - 590 nm 620 - 680 nm 770 - 860 nm 1550 - 1700 nm WIFS: 620 – 680 nm 770-860 land use NDVI, LAI, biomass http://www.euromap.de/ doc_004.htm NOAA/AVHRR advanced very high resolution radiometer y 1.1km 12 580 - 680 nm 725 - 1100 nm 3550 - 3930 nm 10300 - 11300 nm 11500 - 12500 nm NDVI clouds http://www.ncdc.noaa.go v/ol/satellite/satellitereso urces.html Earth Probe/TOMS total ozone imaging spectrometer y 39km x 39km 1 360.0 nm 331.2 nm 322.3 nm 317.5 nm 312.5 nm 308.6 nm aerosol, ozone, UV Radiation, atmospheric chemistry http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.go v/index.html GOES imaging spectrometer y 1 km 2 550 - 750 nm 3800 - 4000 nm 6500 - 7000 nm 10200 - 11200 nm 11500 - 12500 nm clouds, rainfall rates http://www5.ncdc.noaa.g ov/plwebapps/plsql/goesb rowser.goesbrowsemain TOPEX/ Poseidon 2 Altimeters + /- 60° 1.6 - 3 km (ALT) 7 km (SSALT) 10 ALT: 13.6 GHz SSALT: 16.6 GHz sea surface altimetry river and lake level altimetry http://www- ccar.colorado.edu/researc
- 6. Available remote sensing systems II Sensor System Global Coverage Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution [days] Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples and web-page SSM/I Radiometer y 70 x 45 60 x 40 38 x 30 16 x 14 1 19.35 GHz, HV 22.24 GHz, V 37.00 GHz, HV 85.50 GHz, HV soil moisture snow cover sea ice ocean surface wind speed http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov /ol/satellite/ssmi/ssmiprod ucts.html ERS-2 ATSR along track scanning radiometer: MW sounder and IR Radiometer y 20 km 1 km 3 MW Sounder: 23.8 GHz 36.5 GHz IRR: 1600 nm 3700 nm 11000 nm 12000 nm atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, sea state, sea surface temperature http://www.esa.esrin.it ERS-2 RA radar altimeter mostly oceans 16 – 20 km 3 330 MHz Ocean 82.5 MHz Ice ocean level ice, sea ice level http://www.esa.esrin.it ERS-2 AMI-SAR Windscatterometer mode y 50 km 17 5.3 GHz, VV wind speed, ocean waves, sea ice RADARSAT Scan SAR mode y e.g. 50 x 50 m 24 5.3 GHz, VV wind speed, ocean waves, sea ice http://radarsat.space.gc.ca
- 7. Future remote sensing systems Sensor System Global Coverage Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution [days] Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples SRTM (1999) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission y 5°x 5° a 10 day period 5.3 GHz DEM, surface roughness http://www- radar.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ ENVISAT A-SAR (2000) Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar y 30 – 75m < 17 5.3 GHz, VV surface roughness snow water equivalent freeze/thaw cycles http://envisat.estec.esa.nl/ EOS MODIS (2000) Spectrometer y 0.25 km 0.5 km 1 km 1-2 app. 19 optical channels land surface temperat. land/cloud boundaries land/cloud properties atmosph. water vapor http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/ MODIS/MODIS.html http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/ MODIS/MAS/index.html EOS ASTER (2000) Advance Space- borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer y 15 m VIS 30 m SWIR 90 m TIR 16 app. 14 optical channels evaporation vegetation stress soil moisture http://eos- am.gsfc.nasa.gov/aster.html EOS MISR (2000) Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-radiometer y 0.275 km 9 443 nm 555 nm 670 nm 865 nm vegetation parameters vegetation indices http://eos- am.gsfc.nasa.gov/misr.html
- 8. Future radar systems Sensor Frequency Provider Program Launch w eb-page Radarsat I and II Cvv, Chv CCRS RADARSAT http://radarsat.space.gc.ca AMSR Adeos II Cv NASA EOS-PM 2000 http://lightsar.jpl.nasa.gov/ ASAR Cv ESA ENVISAT 2000 http://envisat.estec.esa.nl/in struments/asar Lightsar L-band polarimetric NASA/JPL Lightsar 2002/2003 http://lightsar.jpl.nasa.gov/ SMOS Lhv 2-d ESA Living Planet (?) 2002-2004 ? CMIS Chv US Weather Polar Orbiter 2007 ?
- 9. Data exchange with GIS • decision for raster or vector GIS or hybrid systems • data quantization and volume • full exchange of geometry (e.g. regions) and attribute table? • handling of complex data formats (HDF, CDF)?
- 10. Spatial data resolution problem • trade-off pixel size vs. spatial coverage • quantization and data volume • data merge from different sources • grid displacement in time • information content of different resolutions • raster-vector conversion
- 11. Information loss & pixel resolution • spatial statistics to analyze information loss • see poster P1.8 • Fragstats for raster data (free) • Fragstats for vector data by Innovative GIS Inc, Fort Collins, CO www.innovativegis.com 800m 1600m 2400m 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 time series of soil moisture images number 800m 1600m 2400m Number of soil moisture patches
- 12. Image processing software and portability of formats • ARC/Info GRID various basic raster formats, tif, sun, gis, lan, img, bil, bip, bsq, grass, adrg, rlc • Arcview ERDAS lan, img, grid, tif • ERDAS IMAGINE Arc/info live link, no conversion needed • PCI EASI PACE Arc/Info GeoGateway for multiple formats • ENVI/IDL imports shapefiles, e00, dxf, USGS, SDTS, dlg, exports ArcView grid, uses own vector format • ERMAPPER various raster formats, import of dxf and SeisWorks, uses own vector format • other packages: TNT, IDRISI, ILWIS...
- 13. Image processing steps • geometric and radiometric correction • atmospheric correction • subsetting, mosaic, enhancement • geo-coding (map projection, spheroid, units) • parameter extraction (multivariate statistics, regression model, physical model etc.) • post-processing (filtering, grouping, data reduction) • Raster GIS: focal or global operations • hybrid GIS: zonal/region-based operations, spatial statistics
- 14. Raster data or hybrid GIS analysis • Global or focal analysis – find contiguous pixels – eliminate data by area – search for raster layer combinations – define rules for overlay analysis – pixel comparisons between images • zonal operations – spatial statistics in defined polygon overlays – descriptives, diversity, proximity, neighborhood etc. Soil moisture and soil texture overlay
- 15. Atmospheric Correction • LANDSAT-TM without and with atmospheric correction
- 16. Soil moisture retrieval from SAR Image processing steps • slant range correction • speckle reduction (multi-looking) • inversion modeling (physical model) to obtain soil dielectric constant ε • conversion of ε into %Vol with 3rd order polynomial (e.g. Topp et al. 1991) • grouping into 5% classes • raster-to-vector conversion or raster use in GIS Inversion Model Dubois et al. (1995) σ θ θ θε θ hh A kh° = cos sin ( sin ) . . tan . 1 5 5 0 28 1 4 10 σ θ θ θε θ vv kh° = cos sin ( sin ). tan . 3 3 0 46 1 1 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 soil water content [cm^3/cm^3] RealpartofDielectricConstant Sand Loam sand Sand loam Loam organic matter Topp et al. %Vol
- 17. Processing level of remote sensing data • raw data from the satellite • system corrected, calibrated, geo-coded, terrain corrected • atmospheric correction for optical data • thematic evaluations (land use, NDVI, rainfall etc.) • EXA-Byte tape, CD-ROM • most commercial data formats are read by software • generic binary format BSQ, BIL
- 18. 3-D Visualization and analysis • ERDAS IMAGINE Virtual GIS, • ESRI ArcView 3D Analyst, • CLR PolyTRIM Polygonal Toolkit for Representation, Interaction and Modelling, • Wooleysoft Visual Explorer 98 • CIRAD AMAP Advanced Modeler of the Architecture of Plants for SGI, GrowthEngine, Texture, Terrain, Landmaker, Animation, • TerraVision Artificial Intelligence Center, • INTERGRAPH MGE Terrain Modeler, MGE Geologic Analyst, MGE Kriging Modeler, MGE Voxel Analyst, MGE ModelView, • Questar Productions World Construction Set • ERMapper • Konrad Zuse Center for Informationtechnology Berlin Amira,
- 19. Summary • Remote sensing data provide large area spatial data for GIS analysis and modeling • basic thematic products are available • image processing and model coupling is often needed to retrieve quantitative data • commercial software for combined evaluation is widely available • data merge should be done carefully