4. 犧犹犧犧犧犧朽: 犧犧萎犧迦犧犧園犧犧死犧犧犧死犧
Research Institutes
International Labor Organization (ILO), Switzerland
International Union Food Commercial Worker
(IUFCW), Switzerland.
Environment Protection Agency, USA.
United State Drug Agriculture (USDA), USA.
5. 犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧迦犧死犧犹犧迦犧犧犧犧∇魂犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 犧犧迦犧犧萎犧巌 犧犧朽犧犧死犧犧萎犧準 犹犧ム紺
犧犹犹犧犧死犧犧萎犧準犧犧朽 犧犧死此犧犧項犧犧園, 犧犧萎犧о犧犧萎昏犧巌犹犧 犹犧犧犧萎犧伍犧園
犧犧劇犧犧迦此犧園 %
犧犧迦犧犧犧
犧ム佐犧
犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犹犧 犧犧萎犧犧犧犹犧迦犧犹 犧犧項犧犹犧迦犧犧死犧 犧犧萎犧犧 犧о艮犧犧犧犧
犧犧萎犧準
犹犧ム犧犧朽 犧о艮犧犹犧死
犧犹犧迦犧死
Common Name a.l content
(%)
Trade name Type of
application
Importer Country Date of
issue
Registration
No
Data of
Expiry
Glyphosate 41% W/W Lyphoxim 41 SL,
Roud up
Mosanto
Rodeo
Pond master
犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂
Herbicide
Saigon Plant
Protection Ltd
犧犧о砂犧犧犧迦此 7/12/2007 00026P/犧犧犧 25/5/2009
Paraquat
Dichloride
276 g/l Pesle 276SL 犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂
Herbicide
Saigon
Pesticide Co
犧犧о砂犧犧犧迦此 5/7/2006 00054P/犧犧犧 4/7/2008
Atrazine 犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂
Herbicide
6. GLYPHOSATE
STATUS: ISO 1750 (published)
IUPAC: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
CAS: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
REG. NO.: 1071-83-6
FORMULA: C3H8NO5P
ACTIVITY: herbicides (organophosphorus herbicides)
NOTES:
When this substance is used as an ester or a salt, its identity should
be stated, for example glyphosate-diammonium [69254-40-6],
glyphosate-dimethylammonium [34494-04-7], glyphosate-
isopropylammonium [38641-94-0], glyphosate-monoammonium [40465-
66-5], glyphosate-potassium [70901-20-1], glyphosate-sesquisodium
[70393-85-0], glyphosate-trimesium [81591-81-3].
STRUCTURE:
PRONUNCIATION: gl朝-f-st Guide to British pronunciation
INCHI:
InChI=1/C3H8NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h4H,1-
2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)/f/h5,7-8H
9. Glyphosate
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Glyphosate is a colorless crystal at
room temperature
Chemical Name: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine
CAS Number: 1071-83-6
Molecular Weight: 169.08
Water Solubility: 12,000 mg/L @ 25 C
Solubility in Other Solvents: i.s. in common
organics (e.g., acetone, ethanol, and xylene)
Melting Point: 200 C
Vapor Pressure: negligible
10. GLYPHOSATE
Inert Ingredients in Glyphosate Formulations
犧犹犧о犧犧萎犧犧犧犧酌艮犧犧犧犧 犧犧項犧犧迦 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧
Inerts known to be included in glyphosate products include ammonium
sulfate, benziothiazolone, 3-iodo-2-propynl butylcarbamate (IPBC),
isobutane, methyl pyrrolidinone, pelargonic acid, sodium sulfite,
sorbic acid, and isopropylamine. All of these chemicals are associated
with skin irritation, gastric and respiratory problems.
犧犧園犹犧犧犧犧劇犧犧園犧犧迦昏犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧朽犹犧犧園犧犹犧о犧犧萎昏犧死此犧犧犧 犧∇魂犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 犹犧犧酌犧
犹犧犧 犧犹犧迦犹犧犧朽犧犧朽 犧ム婚犧÷犧犹犧÷叉犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧犧巌婚犹犧園, 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犹犧準梱犧
犧犧迦昆犧迦 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧園犹犧犹犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧園犧犧.
11. GLYPHOSATE
Trade and Other :
Names 犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犹犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧劇犧犹:
犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犧犧犧迦 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧ム婚犧÷此犧: Gallup,
Landmaster, Pondmaster, Ranger, Roundup,
Rodeo, and Touchdown, Mosantoetc
It may be used in formulations with other
herbicides.
犧犧犧犧犧園犧犧犧迦犹犧犹犹犧犧犧項犧犧迦 犹犧犧犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂
犧犧劇犧犹..
14. 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧
GLYPHOSATE
Environmental Effects 犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧犧朽犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧
EPA acknowledges that the material does have the potential to contaminate
surface waters. If glyphosate reaches surface water, it is not broken down
readily by water or sunlight14. The half-life of glyphosate in pond water ranges
from 70 to 84 days15.
犧犧死犧犧迦犧犧死犧犹犧犧犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 (EPA) 犧犧犧÷混犧園犧о犧迦犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧÷叉犹犧犧犧迦犧犧項犧犧朽犧犧萎犧死犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犹犹犧犹犹犧
犹犹犧迦犧朽 犧犹犧迦昆犧迦犧о犧迦昏犧迦犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚犧犧朽犧ム沙犧犧犧項犧犹犹犧迦犹犧迦犧朽, 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犹犹犧犧迦此犧迦犧犧萎坤犧迦犧犧死婚 犧犹犧о犧犹犹犧
犹犧ム紺犹犧犧犧犧迦犧巌. 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犧迦此犧迦犧犧死犧∇差犹犹犧犧犹犹犧迦犧犹 犹犧犧朽犧犧犧巌婚犧巌 犧犧萎此犧迦 70 犧犧 84 犧о艮犧.
Glyphosate is moderately persistent in soil, with an average half-life of 47 days,
although there are studies reporting field half lives of up to 174 days16.
犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犧迦此犧迦犧犧死犧∇差犹犹犧犧犧朽犹犧犹 犹犧犧犧犧萎犧ム艮犹犧 犹犧犧朽犧犧犧朽婚犧巌 犧犧酌嵯 47 犧о艮犧, 犹犧犹犧犧朽犧犧迦此犧犧迦犧犧謹
犧犧迦犧犹犧ム魂犧犧犧迦犧о犧 犹犧犧朽犧犧犧朽婚犧巌犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧死犧犧死婚犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧園犧犹犧迦婚 犹犧÷犧 174 犧о艮犧.
Residues of glyphosate have been known to persist for months in anaerobic
soils deficient in microorganisms.
犧犧項犧犧園犧о犧 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犧迦此犧迦犧犧死犧∇差犹 犧犧酌嵯 犧犧死犧犹犧迦 犹犧犧犧朽犧犧犧犹犧犧酌犧犧犧朽犧÷叉犧犧伍坤犧朽犧犧朽犹犧犧 犹犧犹犧犧迦
犹犧犧朽犧犧酌魂犧犹犧犧劇梱犧.
15. 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 GLYPHOSATE
Environmental Effects 犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧犧朽犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧
Much of the belief about glyphosates environmental safety is based on the expectation that
residues will be immobile in soil, and therefore the chemical will not contaminate groundwater.
犹犧犧劇犧犧犧園犧о犧 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 (glyphosate) 犧犧犧犹犧犧犹犹犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧犹犹犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧死
犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犹犹犧犹犹犧迦犧犹犧犧朽犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 , 犧犹犧犧犧犹犧迦婚犹犧 犧犧犧犹犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧園犧÷佐犧犧犧園犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧
Round-Up is another matter Advertised by Monsanto Corporation as safe and environmentally friendly,
it has become the most widely used herbicide today.
Round-Up 犧犧酌嵯 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犹犹犹犧犹犧園犧犧準婚犧犧園, 犧犧朽犹犧犧犧萎犧迦犹犧о 犧犹犧ム佐犧犧園 Monsanto
Corporation 犧о犧迦犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園犧犧朽犧犧犧犹犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧園犧÷佐犧犧犧園犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧÷犧園犧 犹犧犹
犧犧迦犹犧犧園犧犧死犧犹犧犧犧犧朽犧÷叉犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧朽犧∇犧迦犧犧о犧迦犧犧о魂犧犧犧朽犧伍犧÷嵯犹犧犧朽.
Monsanto was sued by New York state for claiming Round- Up is "safe" and "environmentally friendly."
The suit ended in a settlement with Monsanto paying a quarter million dollars and agreeing to cease and
desist from using the terms " safe" and "environmentally friendly" in advertising.
犹犧犧犧 2008 犧ム艮犧 犧犧朽婚犧∇梱犹犧(New York state) 犧犹犧犧 犧犹犧ム佐犧犧園 Monsanto Corporation 犧犧朽
犹犧犧犧萎犧迦婚犹犧 犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園 Round- Up 犧犧犧犹犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧園犧÷佐犧犧犧園犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧
犧犧迦犧犹犧犧犧犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚犹犧犹犧犧朽犧犧伍犧ム沙犧犹犧犧犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧朽 犹犧犹 犧犹犧ム佐犧犧園 Monsanto Corporation
犧犹犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犧園砂犧犧迦 犧犧死犹犧犧園犹犧犧朽 25 犧ム犧迦犧犧犧犧ム魂 犧犧萎坤犧萎坤犧園 犹犧ム紺犧∇左犧犹犧犹 犧犹犧迦犧犧犧萎犧迦婚犹犧
犧犧犧犹犧 犹犧犧園犧÷佐犧犧犧園犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧
16. 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 GLYPHOSATE
Non-target Animals
Glyphosate use directly impacts a variety of nontarget animals including insects,
earthworms, and fish, and indirectly impacts birds and small mammals17.
犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧迦 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧÷叉犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犹犧犧犧犧死 犧犹犹犧犧園犧犧朽犧犹犹犹犧÷犧犹犧犧死犧迦犧迦 犧ム婚犧÷犧園犹犧÷犹犧÷,
犧犧朽犧犧萎犧犧劇梱犧, 犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧÷叉犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犧犧犧迦犧犧犹犧÷犹犹 犧犧園犧犧朽 犹犧ム紺犧犧園犧ム犧準犧ム差犧犧犹犧о犧犧死此犧犧萎犧迦
犧犹犧犧.
A study conducted by the International Organization for Biological Control found that
exposure to RoundupTM killed over 50 percent of three species of beneficial insects
a parasitoid wasp, a lacewing and a ladybug18.
犧犧迦犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧迦犧犧 International Organization for Biological Control 犧犧死犧о犧 犧犧迦
犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犹犧 犧犧酌嵯 犧犹犧迦坤犧迦犧犧園犧犧朽犹犧犧園犧犧萎犧犧準犹犧犧朽 50% - 犹犧犧犹犹犧, 犹犧÷犧犧朽犹犧犧死犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧÷犹犧÷
犧犧朽犧犧園犧犧劇犧.
Repeated applications of glyphosate significantly affected the growth and survival of
earthworms19 . Studies have also shown that glyphosate, and in particular the inert
ingredients in the formulation of RoundupTM are acutely toxic to fish20.
犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犹犹犧迦犧園犧犧酌魂犧犧犧園犧 犧÷叉犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犹犧犧朽 犧犧迦犹犧犧朽犹犧犧犧犧犧犧朽犧犧萎犧犧劇梱犧
犹犧ム紺犧犧迦犧∇差犹犧ム梱犧. 犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧迦犧園犧犧萎犧犧犹犧犹犹犧犧園犧о犧 犧犧迦 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧о犧犧犧萎犧犧
犧犧犧犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園犹犧ム沙犹犧迦犧朽 犧÷叉犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧犧園犧犹犹犧 (犧犧)
17. GLYPHOSATE 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧
犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧÷紺犧犧伍
Assistant Professor of Biology Rick Relyea at the University of
Pittsburgh, 2005
Glyphosate herbicides can have a range of impacts on human health,
including genetic damage, skin tumours, thyroid damage, anaemia,
headaches, nose bleeds, dizziness, tiredness, nausea, eye and skin
irritation, asthma and breathing difficulties.
犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犧迦此犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧犧伍犧犧伍犧迦 犧÷紺犧犧伍犹犧犹犹犧犧犧酌魂犧犧犧項犧犧迦, 犹犧犧園犧
犧犧園犧犧伍犹犧迦犧劇犧犹犧迦坤犧迦, 犧÷紺犹犧ム艮犧犧犧巌婚犹犧園, 犧犹犧犧 thyroid 犧犧劇犧犹犧迦坤犧迦, 犹犧ム昆犧巌犧犧迦, 犧犧о犧犧死婚,
犹犧ム嵯犧犧犧犧園犧犧犧犧, 犧о叉犧犧о砂犧, 犹犧÷嵯犹犧犧犧ム犧迦, 犧犧о犧犧迦, 犹犧犧犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧朽婚犹犧園, 犧犧劇犧犧劇 犹犧ム紺
犧犧迦犹犧犧ム犧迦犧迦.
Several studies have indicated a link between glyphosate herbicides and
non- Hodgkins lymphoma, a type of cancer.
犧犧酌瑳犧迦犹 犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧 犧犧朽犹犧犹犹犧犧園犧о犧 犧犧死犧犧о犧犧迦犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犹犹犧犹犹犧犧朽 犧÷紺犹犧ム艮犹犧犹犧÷艮犧
犹犧ム嵯犧犧犧犧迦婚
18. 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 GLYPHOSATE
Impact Human 犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧÷紺犧犧伍 2008.
A study done by David H. Monroe, an Industrial and Environmental Toxicologist, on
glycophosate products produced by Monsanto revealed contamination with 1,4 diaxane at
350 parts per million. 1,4-doxane is carcinogenic (cancer causing), and known to damage the
liver, kidneys, brain and lungs. A 1980 report by the EPA noted the following symptoms from
glycophosate exposure: bronchial constriction, pleuritic chest pain, nasal congestion, blurred
vision, corneal erosion, conjunctivitis, contact dermatitis, headaches, nausea, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, irritability, excessive sweating, vertigo, malaise, swelling of extremities and
nervous system disorders
犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧迦犧犧 David H. Monroe, an Industrial and Environmental
Toxicologist 犧犹犧準犧園犧犧迦 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犧謹犧犹犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園犧犧犧 Monsanto 1,4
diaxane at 350 ppm parts per million 犧犹犧犧死犹犧犧劇犧犧 犹犧犧犧迦昆犧迦, 犧 犧犧迦此犧迦犧
犹犧犧朽犧÷紺犹犧ム艮犧犹犧, 犧犧犧犧犧犧犧園犹犧犧園犹犧犧犧園, 犹犧犧犧酌艮犧, 犧犧萎犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧犧犹犧犧園砂犧犧迦. 犹犧
犧犧 1980 犧犧死犧犧迦犧犧死犧犧犧犧犧犹犧о犧ヮ犧犧 EPA 犹犧犧ム魂犧犧犧迦犧犧死犧犧迦犧о佐犹犧犧ь犧 犧犧克犧犧劇
犧犧迦 glycophosate bronchial constriction, pleuritic chest pain, nasal
congestion, blurred vision, corneal erosion, conjunctivitis, contact
dermatitis, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, irritability,
excessive sweating, vertigo, malaise, swelling of extremities and nervous
system disorders
19. 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 GLYPHOSATE
Impact Human 犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧÷紺犧犧伍 By Dr. Rick Magly
According to the EPA, there have been reports of central nervous
system damage after exposure to Round-Up including: visual, hearing,
taste, and smell disturbances; balance disorders; muscle twitches;
seizures, paralysis, peripheral neuropathy; loss of motor skills and
digestive problems. The active ingredients in Round-Up include
Isopropylamine salt of glycophosate. Innert ingredients include
Polyoxyethylene alkylamine.
犧犧朽犹犧犹犧犧迦犧ム魂犧犧犧迦犧犧犧 犧犧死犧犧迦犧犧死犧犹犧犧犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 EPA, 犹犧犹犧ム魂犧犧犧迦犧о犧 犧犧項犧犹犧о
犧犧朽犧犧劇犧犧迦 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犧酌嵯 Round-Up 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧項犧犧迦犧犧萎昏犧迦犧犧劇犧犹犧迦坤犧迦 犧÷叉犧犧園犧犧迦犧園犧犧犧朽
: 犧犧園犧犧迦犧迦犧犧迦犧犧, 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧園犧犧準, 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧朽此犧ム沙犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧死此犧犧巌犧. 犧÷叉犧犧園犧犧迦犹犹犧犧迦犧犧死此
犧犧項 犹犧犧園犧 犹犧犧巌犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧死, 犧犹犧迦此犹犧犧劇犧犧犧萎犧伍, 犹犧犧園犧ム沙犧, 犧犹犧迦此犧萎犧迦, 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧萎昏犧迦
犧犧迦犧犧犧犧犧巌犧迦, 犧犧項犹犧犧園砂犧犧о魂犧÷犹犧準犹犧犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧朽犧ム艮犧犧犧園, 犹犧ム紺犧ム紺犧犧死犧ム紺犧ム魂犧犧÷叉
犧犧園犧犧. 犧犹犧犧犧犧萎犧巌犧朽坤犧巌犧 犧犧迦犧犧犧犧ム佐犧 犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧萎犧犧 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 犧犧酌嵯 Round-Up
犧÷叉犧犹犧о犧犧萎犧犧犧犧犧 Isopropylamine salt of glycophosate 犹犧ム紺犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧死犧犧犹
犧犧萎犧犧犧犹犧о Polyoxyethylene alkylamine.
20. 犧犧迦犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧 GLYPHOSATE
Alternatives to Glyphosate 犧犧迦犹犧ム嵯犧犧犧犧犧犧犧迦犧∇左犧犹犧犹 犧犧迦 犹犧犧酌犧犹犧犧:
Integrated Weed Management (IWM)
犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧迦 犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧謹犹犧犧犧犧萎昏犧死此犧犧萎昏犧迦
A good IWM program combines monitoring, proper landscape design,
mulching, mechanical and cultural methods, and includes the use of heat,
herbicidal soaps, and corn gluten meal.
犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧迦犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧劇犹犧犧犧犧萎昏犧死此犧犧萎昏犧迦犧犧朽犧犧 犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧迦此 犧犧迦犧犧犧犹犧犧 犧犧園犧犧萎犧巌犧
犧犧迦犧∇犧迦犹犹犧迦紺犧犧死此, 犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犹犧準魂 犧犧迦犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧謹 犹犧ム紺犧о佐犧犧朽犧迦犹犧犧犧迦犧犧項, 犧ム婚犧÷犧園犧犧迦
犹犧犹犧犧о魂犧÷混犹犧犧犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準犧 , 犹犧犹犧犧萎犧項犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 犹犧ム紺犧犧迦婚犧犧迦坤犧.
Biological control of weeds, using beneficial insects or pathogens is also an
excellent approach.
犧犧迦犧犧о犧犧伍此犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧劇犹犧犧犧犧朽婚犧萎犧迦, 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犹犧÷犹犧÷犧犧朽犹犧犧園犧犧萎犧犧準 犧犧酌嵯 犹犧犧劇犧犹犧犧 犧犧酌嵯
犹犧犧園 犧犧園犧犹犧÷犧犧犧迦犹犧ム嵯犧犧犧犧朽犹犧犧犹犧÷魂犧萎犧朽犧犧伍.
22. 犧犹犧犧犧犹犧迦犧犧朽犧犹犹犧÷差犧
Glyphosate Chemical Watch Fact Sheet Reference
1. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage:
1996 and 1997 Market Estimates. EPA-733-R-99-001. p. 21, Table 8. <http://
www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/97pestsales/97pestsales.pdf>
2. lbid. p. 22, Table 9.
3. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides. 1998. Herbicide Factsheet:
Glyphosate (Roundup). Journal of Pesticide Reform 18(3):4.
4. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Glyphosate Reregistration Eligibility
Decision. p. viii. <http://www.epa.gov/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf>
5. Ibid.
6. Pesticide Action Network. 1997. Glyphosate fact sheet. For more information
about glyphosate visit <http://data.pesticideinfo.org/4DAction/GetRecord/PC33138>
7. NCAP. 1998. p. 5.
8. EPA. 1993.
9. California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program Report 1998. Table 4.
<http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/dprdocs/pisp/1998pisp.htm>
10. NCAP. 1998. p. 5, Table 1.
11. EPA. 1993.
12. Ibid.
13. NCAP. 1998. Citing EPA OPPTS, 1991, Second Peer Review of Glyphosate.
Memo from W. Dykstra and G.Z. Ghali, HED to R. Taylor, Registration Division
and L. Rossi, Special Review and Reregistration Division.
23. 犧犹犧犧犧犹犧迦犧犧朽犧犹犹犧÷差犧 (犧犹犹)
Glyphosate Chemical Watch Fact Sheet Reference (Continue)
14. EPA. 1993.
15. Extension Toxicology Network. 1996. Pesticide Information Profiles:
Glyphosate. <http://ace.orst.edu/cgi-bin/mfs/01/pips/glyphosa.htm>
16. Ibid.
17. NCAP. 1998. pp. 11-13.
18. Ibid. p. 11. Citing Hassan, S.A. et al. 1988. Results of the fourth joint pesticide
testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group Pesticides
and Beneficial Organisms. J. Appl. Ent. 105: 321-329.
19. Ibid. Citing Springett, J.A. and R.A.J. Gray. 1992. Effect of repeated low
doses of biocides on the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa in laboratory culture. Soil Biol. Biochem.
24(12): 1739-1744.
20. Ibid. p. 12. Citing Folmar, L.C., H.O. Sanders, and A.M. Julin. 1979. Toxicity
of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and
aquatic invertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8: 269-278.
24. 犧犹犧犧犧犹犧迦犧犧朽犧犹犹犧÷差犧 (犧犹犹)
Glyphosate Chemical Watch Fact Sheet Reference (Continue)
E X T O X N E T
Extension Toxicology Network
Pesticide Information Profiles
A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension
Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the
University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis
and the Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan
State University. Major support and funding was provided
by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural
Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.
EXTOXNET primary files maintained and archived at Oregon
State University, Revised June 1996