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Good Seed Quality.pdf

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ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions ICAR, NET, ARS & STO (T-6) EXAMS IBPS ¨C AFO EXAMS TNPSC AO, HO, ADH, AAO, AHO EXAMS SEED SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY GOOD SEED QUALITY Dr. K. Vanangamudi CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SEED QUALITY Genetic quality of seed Physical quality of seed

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ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions ICAR, NET, ARS & STO (T-6) EXAMS IBPS ¨C AFO EXAMS TNPSC AO, HO, ADH, AAO, AHO EXAMS SEED SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY GOOD SEED QUALITY Prepared by Dr. K. Vanangamudi Formerly Dean (Agriculture), TNAU, Coimbatore. Dean, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Professor & Head, Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore
GOOD SEED QUALITY 1. SEED ? Matured ovule usually developed after fertilization. ? Embryonic plant in resting stage, usually supplied with food reserves in the cotyledons or endosperm or in perisperm with the protective structure called seed coat. ? In a nutshell - Dry dispersal unit of a plant. ? It develops into an individual similar to the one that produced it. 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SEED QUALITY 2.1. Improved variety ? Must be truly superior to existing ones. ? Must be the latest and the best variety suited to the area in regard to production potential and other desirable characteristics. ? Improved seed should be carrier of all latest technologies, which favours assured high yield.
2.2. Genetic quality ? Refers to the trueness to type. ? Genetic purity has direct effect on ultimate yields. ? Breeder /nucleus seed: 100% genetic purity ? Foundation seed: 99.5% genetic purity ? Certified seed: 99 % genetic purity 2.3. Physical quality ? Refers to the physical composition of seed lots. ? Pure seed considered together with seed germination determine the planting value of the seed. ? Should be free from inert matter and other impurities.
? Germination and purity standard for certified seeds of different crops. Percent of total seed ( on weight basis) Crop Pure seed (min.) % Moisture (max) % Germination (min) % Hybrid maize(other than single cross) 98 12 90 Maize composites and open- pollinated varieties 98 12 90 Hybrid Jowar and varieties 98 12 80 Hybrid bajra and open pollinated varieties 98 12 75 Rice* 98 13 80 Wheat* 98 12 85 Barley 98 12 85 Cotton varieties and hybrids 98 10 60 Gram/Chick pea 98 9 85 Arhar/Red gram 98 10 75 Urid/black gram 98 9 65 Mung/green gram 98 9 75 Rapeseeds and mustard 97 8 85 Sesamum (til) 97 9 80 Groundnut 96 9 70 Sunflower 98 9 60 Linseed 98 7 80 Soybean 97 12 70 Peas 98 9 75 Cowpeas 98 9 75 Tomato 98 8 70 Cauliflower 98 7 65 Bhendi 99 10 65 Watermelon and other cucurbits 99 7 60 Onion 98 8 70 Carrot 95 8 60 Chillies 98 8 60 Radish 98 6 70 Brinjal 98 8 70
2.4. Seed germination and vigor (physiological quality) ? Seed germination - ability of a seed when planted under normal sowing conditions to give to a normal seedling. ? Seed vigor - sum total of all the attributes that give effective plant stand in the field. ? Both of these have profound effect upon the ultimate yields and also determine the planting value of the seed. ? So, seeds should have high physiological vigour and stamina. Seed germination Seed vigour 2.5. Planting value ? Planting value is the real worth of a seed lot for raising the crop. Pure live seed = Pure seed % x Germination % 100 2.6. Health quality ? Refers to the presence or absence of disease organisms/insect pests on seeds.
? Quality of the seed lot very much depends on its health and should be free from designated diseases. 2.7. Seed moisture ? Most critical factor in the maintenance of seed germination and viability during storage. ? Should have optimum moisture content for storage ? Long term storage - 8 % or below ? Short term storage - 10 - 13% 2.8. It should be free from other crop seeds, expressed in number/kg Crop Designated inseparable other crop seeds Barley Wheat, Oats and Gram Oats Wheat, Gram and Barley Wheat Oats, Gram and Barley ? Should be free from objectionable weed seeds Crop Designated objectionable weeds Paddy Wild paddy (Oryza sativa var. fatua) Wheat Convolvulus arvensis (Hiran kuri) Bhendi Wild Abelmoschus sp Rape & Mustard Argemone mexicona Cucurbits Wild Cucurbita sp. Berseem Chicory (Chicorum intybus) Kasuri methi Melilous sp. Lettuce Wild lettuce(Lactuca sativa) ? Should have good shape, size, colour, etc., according to specifications of variety
? Should possess high longevity and shelf life ? Should have high market value Crop Designated disease Causal organism Wheat Loose smut Ustilago tritici Sorghum Grain smut or Kernel smut Sphacelotheca sorghii Mustard Alternaria blight Alternaria sp Pearl millet Grain smut Green ear Ergot Tolyposporium penicillariae Sclerospora graminicola Claviceps microcephala Sesame Leaf spot Alternaria sp Brinjal Little leaf Datura virus 2 Chilies Anthracnose leaf blight Leaf blight Gloesporium piperatum Alternaria solani Cucurbits Mosaic Cucumis virus Cowpea Anthracnose Colletotricum sp Bhendi Yellow vein mosaic Hibiscus virus 1 Potato Brown rot Root knot nematode Pseudomonas solanacearum Meloidogyne incognita Tomato Early blight Leaf spot Alternaria solani Xanthomonas vesicatoria 3. ADVANTAGES OF QUALITY SEED ? Saves your money as you need less seed. ? Quality seed means a higher percentage of seed emergence. ? There will be a minimum of replanting. ? Seedlings will be strong or vigorous.
? Plants stand will be uniform. ? Plants will grow more quickly. ? There will be greater resistance to stress and diseases. ? There will be uniform in ripening which means more uniformity in the harvested grain. ? A yield increase by 15-20%. ? There will be less mixture and that can mean a higher price in the market. 4. ROLE OF SEED IN AGRICULTURE ? Only the good quality seed will respond to the fertilizers and other inputs. ? Though the seed form only a small part of the total cultivation expenses, it will pay its dividends as yield. ? Seed acts as a carrier of a new technology. ? Seed is a basic tool for secured food supply. ? Seed acts as a principal means to secure crop yield under less favorable production areas. ? Seed acts as a medium for rapid rehabilitation of agriculture in case of natural disaster. 5. GOALS OF SEED TECHNOLOGY ? Major aim of seed technology is to increase agricultural production through the spread of a good quality seeds of high yielding varieties and hybrids suitable for the area of production.
? 5.1. Rapid multiplication ? 5.2. Timely supply ? 5.3. Assured high quality seeds ? 5.4. Reasonable price 6. AN OVERVIEW Physical purity ? Carrot/ Amaranth: 95 % ? Bhendi: 99 % ? All other crops: 98 % ? Sorghum, sesame, rape seed and mustard, jute, soybean, Celery , parsely: 97 % ? Groundnut, Asparagus, spinach, sugarbeet: 96 % Germination % ? Cotton varieties and hybrids, Sunflower, Watermelon and other cucurbits, Carrot, Chillies ¨C 60% ? Bhendi, Cauliflower, Urid (black gram) ¨C 65% ? Groundnut, Soybean, Tomato, Onion, Radish, Brinjal ¨C 70% ? Hybrid bajra and open -pollinated varieties, Arhar (Redgram), Mung (Greengram), Peas, Cowpeas ¨C 75% ? Hybrid Jowar and varieties, Rice, Sesamum (til), Linseed ¨C 80% ? Wheat, Barley, Bengalgram, Rapeseed and mustard ¨C 85%
? Hybrid maize (other than single cross), Maize composites and open-pollinated varieties ¨C 90% Moisture content ? Cereals ¨C 10 to 12% ? Pulses and Oilseeds ¨C 8 to 10% ? Vegetables ¨C 6 to 8%

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Good Seed Quality.pdf

  • 1. ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions ICAR, NET, ARS & STO (T-6) EXAMS IBPS ¨C AFO EXAMS TNPSC AO, HO, ADH, AAO, AHO EXAMS SEED SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY GOOD SEED QUALITY Prepared by Dr. K. Vanangamudi Formerly Dean (Agriculture), TNAU, Coimbatore. Dean, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Professor & Head, Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore
  • 2. GOOD SEED QUALITY 1. SEED ? Matured ovule usually developed after fertilization. ? Embryonic plant in resting stage, usually supplied with food reserves in the cotyledons or endosperm or in perisperm with the protective structure called seed coat. ? In a nutshell - Dry dispersal unit of a plant. ? It develops into an individual similar to the one that produced it. 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SEED QUALITY 2.1. Improved variety ? Must be truly superior to existing ones. ? Must be the latest and the best variety suited to the area in regard to production potential and other desirable characteristics. ? Improved seed should be carrier of all latest technologies, which favours assured high yield.
  • 3. 2.2. Genetic quality ? Refers to the trueness to type. ? Genetic purity has direct effect on ultimate yields. ? Breeder /nucleus seed: 100% genetic purity ? Foundation seed: 99.5% genetic purity ? Certified seed: 99 % genetic purity 2.3. Physical quality ? Refers to the physical composition of seed lots. ? Pure seed considered together with seed germination determine the planting value of the seed. ? Should be free from inert matter and other impurities.
  • 4. ? Germination and purity standard for certified seeds of different crops. Percent of total seed ( on weight basis) Crop Pure seed (min.) % Moisture (max) % Germination (min) % Hybrid maize(other than single cross) 98 12 90 Maize composites and open- pollinated varieties 98 12 90 Hybrid Jowar and varieties 98 12 80 Hybrid bajra and open pollinated varieties 98 12 75 Rice* 98 13 80 Wheat* 98 12 85 Barley 98 12 85 Cotton varieties and hybrids 98 10 60 Gram/Chick pea 98 9 85 Arhar/Red gram 98 10 75 Urid/black gram 98 9 65 Mung/green gram 98 9 75 Rapeseeds and mustard 97 8 85 Sesamum (til) 97 9 80 Groundnut 96 9 70 Sunflower 98 9 60 Linseed 98 7 80 Soybean 97 12 70 Peas 98 9 75 Cowpeas 98 9 75 Tomato 98 8 70 Cauliflower 98 7 65 Bhendi 99 10 65 Watermelon and other cucurbits 99 7 60 Onion 98 8 70 Carrot 95 8 60 Chillies 98 8 60 Radish 98 6 70 Brinjal 98 8 70
  • 5. 2.4. Seed germination and vigor (physiological quality) ? Seed germination - ability of a seed when planted under normal sowing conditions to give to a normal seedling. ? Seed vigor - sum total of all the attributes that give effective plant stand in the field. ? Both of these have profound effect upon the ultimate yields and also determine the planting value of the seed. ? So, seeds should have high physiological vigour and stamina. Seed germination Seed vigour 2.5. Planting value ? Planting value is the real worth of a seed lot for raising the crop. Pure live seed = Pure seed % x Germination % 100 2.6. Health quality ? Refers to the presence or absence of disease organisms/insect pests on seeds.
  • 6. ? Quality of the seed lot very much depends on its health and should be free from designated diseases. 2.7. Seed moisture ? Most critical factor in the maintenance of seed germination and viability during storage. ? Should have optimum moisture content for storage ? Long term storage - 8 % or below ? Short term storage - 10 - 13% 2.8. It should be free from other crop seeds, expressed in number/kg Crop Designated inseparable other crop seeds Barley Wheat, Oats and Gram Oats Wheat, Gram and Barley Wheat Oats, Gram and Barley ? Should be free from objectionable weed seeds Crop Designated objectionable weeds Paddy Wild paddy (Oryza sativa var. fatua) Wheat Convolvulus arvensis (Hiran kuri) Bhendi Wild Abelmoschus sp Rape & Mustard Argemone mexicona Cucurbits Wild Cucurbita sp. Berseem Chicory (Chicorum intybus) Kasuri methi Melilous sp. Lettuce Wild lettuce(Lactuca sativa) ? Should have good shape, size, colour, etc., according to specifications of variety
  • 7. ? Should possess high longevity and shelf life ? Should have high market value Crop Designated disease Causal organism Wheat Loose smut Ustilago tritici Sorghum Grain smut or Kernel smut Sphacelotheca sorghii Mustard Alternaria blight Alternaria sp Pearl millet Grain smut Green ear Ergot Tolyposporium penicillariae Sclerospora graminicola Claviceps microcephala Sesame Leaf spot Alternaria sp Brinjal Little leaf Datura virus 2 Chilies Anthracnose leaf blight Leaf blight Gloesporium piperatum Alternaria solani Cucurbits Mosaic Cucumis virus Cowpea Anthracnose Colletotricum sp Bhendi Yellow vein mosaic Hibiscus virus 1 Potato Brown rot Root knot nematode Pseudomonas solanacearum Meloidogyne incognita Tomato Early blight Leaf spot Alternaria solani Xanthomonas vesicatoria 3. ADVANTAGES OF QUALITY SEED ? Saves your money as you need less seed. ? Quality seed means a higher percentage of seed emergence. ? There will be a minimum of replanting. ? Seedlings will be strong or vigorous.
  • 8. ? Plants stand will be uniform. ? Plants will grow more quickly. ? There will be greater resistance to stress and diseases. ? There will be uniform in ripening which means more uniformity in the harvested grain. ? A yield increase by 15-20%. ? There will be less mixture and that can mean a higher price in the market. 4. ROLE OF SEED IN AGRICULTURE ? Only the good quality seed will respond to the fertilizers and other inputs. ? Though the seed form only a small part of the total cultivation expenses, it will pay its dividends as yield. ? Seed acts as a carrier of a new technology. ? Seed is a basic tool for secured food supply. ? Seed acts as a principal means to secure crop yield under less favorable production areas. ? Seed acts as a medium for rapid rehabilitation of agriculture in case of natural disaster. 5. GOALS OF SEED TECHNOLOGY ? Major aim of seed technology is to increase agricultural production through the spread of a good quality seeds of high yielding varieties and hybrids suitable for the area of production.
  • 9. ? 5.1. Rapid multiplication ? 5.2. Timely supply ? 5.3. Assured high quality seeds ? 5.4. Reasonable price 6. AN OVERVIEW Physical purity ? Carrot/ Amaranth: 95 % ? Bhendi: 99 % ? All other crops: 98 % ? Sorghum, sesame, rape seed and mustard, jute, soybean, Celery , parsely: 97 % ? Groundnut, Asparagus, spinach, sugarbeet: 96 % Germination % ? Cotton varieties and hybrids, Sunflower, Watermelon and other cucurbits, Carrot, Chillies ¨C 60% ? Bhendi, Cauliflower, Urid (black gram) ¨C 65% ? Groundnut, Soybean, Tomato, Onion, Radish, Brinjal ¨C 70% ? Hybrid bajra and open -pollinated varieties, Arhar (Redgram), Mung (Greengram), Peas, Cowpeas ¨C 75% ? Hybrid Jowar and varieties, Rice, Sesamum (til), Linseed ¨C 80% ? Wheat, Barley, Bengalgram, Rapeseed and mustard ¨C 85%
  • 10. ? Hybrid maize (other than single cross), Maize composites and open-pollinated varieties ¨C 90% Moisture content ? Cereals ¨C 10 to 12% ? Pulses and Oilseeds ¨C 8 to 10% ? Vegetables ¨C 6 to 8%