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Grade 11 cellular respiration

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Nomathamsanqa Caleni
Nomathamsanqa Caleni

Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes that occur in cells to convert energy from food into a usable form called ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP and occurs in three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration produces less ATP and includes lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Cellular respiration is essential for organisms to obtain energy for basic functions like growth, movement, and transport.

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION GRADE 11 BY NOMATHAMSANQA CALENI
LESSON OUTCOMES By the end of this lesson you will be able to Define cellular respiration. Explain cellular respiration using the chemical and word equation. List all the necessary components for cellular respiration t take place Discuss the two main processes of cellular respiration: Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration Examine the difference between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration. Build a model representation of ATP and ADP. Draw a labelled diagram showing stages of cellular respiration. Design an investigation to show that: -Oxygen is used by living organisms during respiration. - Carbon dioxide is produced by living organisms during respiration. Evaluate the importance of energy in plants and animals
WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION ? Is a series of metabolic processes taking place in a cell in which energy from food in in the presence of oxygen or in the absence of oxygen is used to produce ATP. (Romero, 2010)
IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY Energy is used by organisms in various ways. Some of the main ways in which energy is used include: growth cell division movement transport of substances active transport
TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen to release energy anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen to release energy
AEROBIC RESPIRATION Aerobic respiration occurs when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen inside the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell. The requirements for the process are oxygen and glucose. The by-products released are carbon dioxide and water as well as ATP energy. Glucose + Oxygen= Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP The stages of aerobic respiration Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid cycle) takes place inside the mitochondrion Electron Transport Chain (ETC) takes place inside the mitochondrion
GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis is the breakdown of Glucose into pyruvic acid and energy-rich in the cytoplasm. The following are the Products during glycolysis: 2 pyruvic acid 4 ATP 2 NADH
(Hugo, 2016, slide 14)
KREBS CYCLE Krebs cycle is the breakdown of pyruvic acid completely to form energy-rich hydrogens and carbon dioxide. Products of the Krebs cycle: 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2CO2 (will be exhaled)
(Hugo, 2016, slide 15)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) The energy-rich hydrogens are used to make ATP. The energy depleted hydrogens combine with oxygen to make water. This will either be exhaled from the body or excreted by the kidney.
(Hugo, 2016, slide 17)
OVERALL AEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESS (Romero, 2010).
ATP PRODUCT SUMMARY
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation or the process by which little energy is released from the glucose when oxygen is not available in the cytoplasm . The following are two types of Fermentation: Alcoholic Fermentation is the respiration that occurs in organisms that are not human. Lactic Acid Fermentation in the human body
USES OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN INDUSTRIES Yeast and other fungi respire anaerobically and are used to produce alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine (Van der Merwe et al., 2012) Yeast cells are also used to cause bread to rise during the baking process (Van der Merwe et al., 2012).
(Hugo, 2016, slide 22)
ACTIVITY What are the 3 phases of the Aerobic respiration process? [3] Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular respiration occur? in the cytoplasm 3. Where in the cell does the Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle part of cellular respiration occur? in the mitochondria 4. Where in the cell does the electron transport part of cellular respiration occur? in the mitochondria 5. How many ATP (net)are made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration? 2 (net) 6. How many ATP are made in the Krebs cycle part of cellular respiration? 2 7. How many ATP are made in the electron transport part of cellular respiration? 32 34 8. In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made? Krebs Cycle 9. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made? Electron Transport 10. In which phase of cellular respiration is oxygen a substrate? Electron Transport 11. In which phase of cellular respiration is glucose a substrate? Glycolysis 12. On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process? 13. On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during the electron transport process? 14. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one step of the process were missing or defective? The entire process beyond that point could not happen. 15. What happens to the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) held by NADH if there is no O2 present? If no oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid must take the electrons (and their hydrogens) back.16. Explain why this happens. This happens because there are only a small number of NAD+ molecules in the cell. They must be reused to keep glycolysis going with additional glucose molecules. This means they need to unload the electrons from NADH by giving them to some other molecule. Since the pyruvic acid cannot continue on to the Krebs cycle when there is no oxygen present, it receives the electrons. This allows the glycolysis portion of cellular respiration to continue even when O2 is not present. This process of making ATP in the absence of O2 is called fermentation 17. What is the overall reaction for fermentation in yeast? Glucose 2 Ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP + Heat 18. What is the overall reaction for lactic acid fermentation?
REFERENCE: Durana, Y. (2011). Cellular respiration [PowerPoint slides]. 際際滷Share. Retrieved from, https://www,slideshare.et/yang286/cellular-respiration-9394052?qid=53581322-637c-49cc-addb- 51c1e4abca2c&v=&from_search=2 Hugo, M.J. (2016). Cellular Respiration [PowerPoint slides]. 際際滷Share. Retrieved from, https://www,slideshare.et/wuGenglin143/cellular-respiration-64528214?qid=e8980a2a-2104-4f52-94f5- a0387958bfb7&v=&b+from_search=10 McGiney, M. (2012). Cellular respiration [PowerPoint slides]. 際際滷Share. Retrieved from, https://www,slideshare.et/MarkMcGiney/cellular-respiration-11758578 Romero, C.C. (2010). Cellular respiration equation [image]. Pearson Education.

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Grade 11 cellular respiration

  • 1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION GRADE 11 BY NOMATHAMSANQA CALENI
  • 2. LESSON OUTCOMES By the end of this lesson you will be able to Define cellular respiration. Explain cellular respiration using the chemical and word equation. List all the necessary components for cellular respiration t take place Discuss the two main processes of cellular respiration: Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration Examine the difference between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration. Build a model representation of ATP and ADP. Draw a labelled diagram showing stages of cellular respiration. Design an investigation to show that: -Oxygen is used by living organisms during respiration. - Carbon dioxide is produced by living organisms during respiration. Evaluate the importance of energy in plants and animals
  • 3. WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION ? Is a series of metabolic processes taking place in a cell in which energy from food in in the presence of oxygen or in the absence of oxygen is used to produce ATP. (Romero, 2010)
  • 4. IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY Energy is used by organisms in various ways. Some of the main ways in which energy is used include: growth cell division movement transport of substances active transport
  • 5. TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen to release energy anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen to release energy
  • 6. AEROBIC RESPIRATION Aerobic respiration occurs when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen inside the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell. The requirements for the process are oxygen and glucose. The by-products released are carbon dioxide and water as well as ATP energy. Glucose + Oxygen= Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP The stages of aerobic respiration Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid cycle) takes place inside the mitochondrion Electron Transport Chain (ETC) takes place inside the mitochondrion
  • 7. GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis is the breakdown of Glucose into pyruvic acid and energy-rich in the cytoplasm. The following are the Products during glycolysis: 2 pyruvic acid 4 ATP 2 NADH
  • 8. (Hugo, 2016, slide 14)
  • 9. KREBS CYCLE Krebs cycle is the breakdown of pyruvic acid completely to form energy-rich hydrogens and carbon dioxide. Products of the Krebs cycle: 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2CO2 (will be exhaled)
  • 11. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) The energy-rich hydrogens are used to make ATP. The energy depleted hydrogens combine with oxygen to make water. This will either be exhaled from the body or excreted by the kidney.
  • 12. (Hugo, 2016, slide 17)
  • 13. OVERALL AEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESS (Romero, 2010).
  • 15. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation or the process by which little energy is released from the glucose when oxygen is not available in the cytoplasm . The following are two types of Fermentation: Alcoholic Fermentation is the respiration that occurs in organisms that are not human. Lactic Acid Fermentation in the human body
  • 16. USES OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN INDUSTRIES Yeast and other fungi respire anaerobically and are used to produce alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine (Van der Merwe et al., 2012) Yeast cells are also used to cause bread to rise during the baking process (Van der Merwe et al., 2012).
  • 18. ACTIVITY What are the 3 phases of the Aerobic respiration process? [3] Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular respiration occur? in the cytoplasm 3. Where in the cell does the Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle part of cellular respiration occur? in the mitochondria 4. Where in the cell does the electron transport part of cellular respiration occur? in the mitochondria 5. How many ATP (net)are made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration? 2 (net) 6. How many ATP are made in the Krebs cycle part of cellular respiration? 2 7. How many ATP are made in the electron transport part of cellular respiration? 32 34 8. In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made? Krebs Cycle 9. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made? Electron Transport 10. In which phase of cellular respiration is oxygen a substrate? Electron Transport 11. In which phase of cellular respiration is glucose a substrate? Glycolysis 12. On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process? 13. On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during the electron transport process? 14. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one step of the process were missing or defective? The entire process beyond that point could not happen. 15. What happens to the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) held by NADH if there is no O2 present? If no oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid must take the electrons (and their hydrogens) back.16. Explain why this happens. This happens because there are only a small number of NAD+ molecules in the cell. They must be reused to keep glycolysis going with additional glucose molecules. This means they need to unload the electrons from NADH by giving them to some other molecule. Since the pyruvic acid cannot continue on to the Krebs cycle when there is no oxygen present, it receives the electrons. This allows the glycolysis portion of cellular respiration to continue even when O2 is not present. This process of making ATP in the absence of O2 is called fermentation 17. What is the overall reaction for fermentation in yeast? Glucose 2 Ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP + Heat 18. What is the overall reaction for lactic acid fermentation?
  • 19. REFERENCE: Durana, Y. (2011). Cellular respiration [PowerPoint slides]. 際際滷Share. Retrieved from, https://www,slideshare.et/yang286/cellular-respiration-9394052?qid=53581322-637c-49cc-addb- 51c1e4abca2c&v=&from_search=2 Hugo, M.J. (2016). Cellular Respiration [PowerPoint slides]. 際際滷Share. Retrieved from, https://www,slideshare.et/wuGenglin143/cellular-respiration-64528214?qid=e8980a2a-2104-4f52-94f5- a0387958bfb7&v=&b+from_search=10 McGiney, M. (2012). Cellular respiration [PowerPoint slides]. 際際滷Share. Retrieved from, https://www,slideshare.et/MarkMcGiney/cellular-respiration-11758578 Romero, C.C. (2010). Cellular respiration equation [image]. Pearson Education.