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Español 3 Libro de gramaticaLiviaGostin

Table of ContentsPreterite- usageTrigger Words-car,-gar,-zarsSpock verbsCucaracha verbsSnake/snakeysImperfect-usageTrigger wordsIrregularsPreterite vs. ImperfectSerEstarVerbs like gustarComparatives/superlativesConnecter wordsFutureTrigger wordsIrregularsPorPor expressionsParaPara expressionsConditional + irregularsPerfect TensesPresentPastPresent perfect irregulars o��Subjunctive perfecttanto y tanImpersonal ‘se’Saber vs. ConocerLos MandatosInformal/FormalAffirmativeNegativeIrregularOP + IOP placementNosotros command-mono verbs��Subjunctive + irregularsDemonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

Usar el preteritoActions at one time/single eventsActions repeated a specific number of timesActions that occurred during a specific period of timeActions as part of a chain of eventsThe beginning or end of an actionPEBSeriod of timeR.A.C.E.Repeated Actionnd of an actionChain of Eventseginning of an actioningle events

Trigger wordsAyer (yesterday)Anteayer (day before yesterday)Anoche (last night)La semanapasada (last week)El mespasado (last month)El añopasado (last year)El fin de semanapasado (last weekend)El __________ pasado (insert: lunes, martes, miercoles, etc.)

-car, -gar, -zars-car, -gar, -zar-qué, -gué, -cé**ONLY CHANGE IN THE YO FORM!**

Cucarachas:AndarEstarPoderPonerQuererSaberTenerVenirAnduv-Estuv-Pud-Pus-Quis-Sup-Tuv-Vin-

-ar s and –er s do NOT change in the preterite.-ir s change e:i and o:u in third person singular and pluralFor verbs that end in double letters (such as creer or leer), change the third person singular and plural to –yó and –yeron respectively.Snakes/SnakeysleerLeí leímos leíste leísteis Leyó leyeron creercreí creímos creíste creísteis creyó creyeronpreferirpreferípreferimospreferistepreferisteisprefirióprefirierondormirdormídormimosdormistedormisteisdurmiódurmieron

el imperfectoUse for…HabitsTelling actions that precede another past actionTelling timeAgeMental states **Physical sensations **Describe characteristicsCAMPharacteristicsP.a.THPast Actiongeimeental conditionabitshysical condition** = usually

TRIGGER WORDSTodos Every Veces SomeCada everyMucho much Nunca neverSiempre always Frequentemente frequentlyGeneralmente generally

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D- descriptionsEs unalapiz. O- originEs de Guatemala.C- characteristicsEs rubia.T- timeEs la una.O- occupationEs un doctor.R- relationshipEs mi mama.P- possessionEstolapizes de Maria.E- eventsLa fiesta es en el parque.D- datesHoy esdomingo.Ser – DOCTOR PED

H- healthEstoyenferma.E- emotionEstoytriste.L- locationEsta en la caja.P- present conditionLa claseestaaburrida.ING- -andoEstoyjugando.-iendoEstascomiendo.-yendo** Estanleyendo.**-- only for 3 vowels in a row (like leer– leiendo = leyendo= )Estar--- HELP-ing

Verbs Like GustarEndings are the same as whatever tense you are using unless specified… keep in mind the ending signifies what is being verb-edAburrirEncantarFaltarFascinarImportarInteresarMolestarQuedarCaer bien/malDolerDisgustarHacer faltaPreocuparSorprender Apetecer To bore

TodesireIndirect Objects:Go before the cojugated verbMe NosTe OsLe Les

The comparison of one thing to another (better/worse/more)Shows:Superiority (Mas… que) Inferiority (Menos… que)Equality (tan… como) (tanto… como)Mas +noun/pronoun +queWhen using mas/menos, use of “que…” is optional.El esmas alto queella = El esmas alto.For tan/tantocomo, you MUST use the noun.El es tan guapocomo el otro. Indicates the best/worst/most of somethingShowsThe most superior (el masque)The most inferior (el menosque)definite article + noun + más or menos + adjectiveComparative/Superlative

Connecter WordsAunqueTambiénMientrasA pesar dePeroPor lo tantoSin embargo/no obstanteEven thoughAlsoWhileIn spite ofButThereforeNevertheless

El FuturoYO--- infinitive+éTU--- infinitive+ásEL--- infinitive+áNOSOTROS--- infinitive+emosVOSOTROS--- infinitive+éisELLOS--- infinitive+ánDoesn’t matter what the verb endings are– it’s always the same.

Mañana_____ quevieneDespues de ____, ___Tomorrow____ that comes (next)After ___, _____.Triggers

Irregulars in the Future tenseDecirHacerPonerSalirTenerValerVenirPoderQuererSaberCaberHaber (auxillary verb)Dir+endingHar+endingPondr+endingSaldr+endingTendr+endingValdr+engingVendr+endingPodr+endingQuerr+endingSabr+endingCabr+endingHabr+eding OR he ____

PorUse forPassing throughGeneral locationHow long something lastsCause of somethingAn exchangeDoing something for someone elseA means of transportationPORtalPORtugalPOReverPORposeimPORtI’m POR, pay for me.transPORtation

poradelantadoin advanceporahorafor nowporallíaround there; that wayporamor de Diosfor the love of Godporaquíaround here; this wayporcasualidadby chanceporcientopercentporciertocertainlyporcompletocompletelypordentroinsidepordesgraciaunfortunatelyporejemplofor exampleporesothereforepor favorpleasepor finfinallypor lo generalgenerallypor lo vistoapparentlypormedio deby means ofpor lo menosat leastpor lo tantoconsequentlypor mi parteas for meporningúnladonowhereporotra parteon the other handpalabraporpalabraword for wordporprimeravezfor the first timeporseparadoseparatelyporsupuestoof courseporsuertefortunatelyportodasparteseverywhereportodosladoson all sidesporúltimofinallyPor Expressions

ParaFor whom something was doneDestinationPurpose of something that was done To express an opinionTo contrast/ compareTo express a deadlineSurprise PARAtyGoing to PARAguayIn order to prePARAIt’s PARAfect!ComPARAsonMy PARAper is due tomorrow!

estarpara to be about to paraentonces by that time paraesaépoca by that time paraotravez for another occasion paraque so that, in order that ¿paraqué? why? for what purpose? ¿Para quéechar la sogatras el caldero? Why throw good money after bad? parasiempre forever paravariar just for a change ser talparacual to be two of a kindPara Expressions

Conditional TenseFor the conditional tense, expressing probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, use the infinitive and add these endings:Examples:Estaríaen su casa.He must have been at home.Estaríamosocupadoscuandollamaste.We were probably busy when you called.Hablar-HablaríaHablaríamosHablaríasHablaríaisHablaríaHablarían

Conditional Tense IrregularsSAME IRREGULARS as in the future tense.Caber

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