�ݺ�ߣ

1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. IOP
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
12. Sequencing events

o > ue e>i e > ie u > ue

• Poder, • Pedir, Pide • Tener, Tie • Jugar,
Puede ne Juega

- Means “for” or
“in order to”

 Tells “to whom” or “for whom”
 Can :
- Come before a verb
- attach to an infinitive
- attach to a gerund
- attach to an affirmative command

1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

 Means “to like”
 Follows an indirect object pronoun

 Example: He likes to eat.
- Le gusta come.

Affirmative Negative
Algo Nada
Alguien Nadie
Alguna Ninguno
Siempre Nunca
Tambien tampoco

Expresses extremes in adjectives. Drop the last
vowel and add the ending –isimo(a). If last
consonant is c, g, or z then spelling is changed.
 c > qu

 g > gu

 Z>c

 When the direct object is also the doer then a
pronoun called a reflexive is added in front of
the verb.
 These are me, te, se, nos, and se.
 Use the correct pronoun, put in tu form and
drop the s.
 He shaves himself : Se afeita

 When giving instructions/commands to
someone.

 Put verb in tu form and drop the s.

 Example : Comer – Come

 Telling someone not to do something
 Put in yo form, change to opposite vowel, and
add an s.
 ar > e
 er/ir > a

 Example : No hables

 Primero = First
 Entonces = Next
 Antes = Before
 Despues = After
 Por fin = Finally

-Ar verbs
e amos
Aste asteis
o aron

-Er verbs
I imos
iste isteis
io ieron

Un dia One day
Una vez Once
Ayer Yesterday
A noche At night
Hace un ano A year ago
Ya Already
El mes pasado Last month
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Por una hora For one hour
Por fin Finally
Una dia One day
A las ocho At eight
Dos veces twice

-car > que Tocar > toque
-gar > gue Jugar > jugue
-zar > ce Comenzar > comence

 Deber = should
 Use Deber + infinitive

Example : Yo debo bailo.

Debo Debemos
Debes Debeis
debe Deben

 Modal verb examples : deber, desear, necesitar,
poder.
 No side-by-side conjugated verbs

Example: Yo debo canto = Incorrect

 -er and –ir verbs change to –iendo
 -ar verbs change to –ando
 If verb ends in a double vowel (like leer) it
changes to yendo
 Example: Cantar > Cantando
Mover > Moviendo

 If ending in –o or –a adjective changes to –
amente.
 If ending in –e or a consonant then add –mente

Example: Feliz > Felizmente
Rapido > Rapidamente

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Grammar book first check

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