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Conceptualising experiences
expressed as situation types
(module 13)
By:
Jazilatul Adawiyah (F2201151011)
Med.TEFL
Tanjungpura University

13.1. Process, participants,
circumstances
fundamental property of language is that
enable us to conceptualize and describe our
experience.
• the action and events
• People and things of the external world
• Of the internal world of our thought, feeling
and perception

There are 4 components of
semantic schema for a situation

13.1.1
The process
The part which is typically realized by the verb can be;
Action
State
Meteorological phenomenon
Process of sensing
Saying or simply existing

Following (Halliday) we here use the term
“process” for all these types. We can also analyse
them as dynamic processes and stative processes

Dynamic and stative processes
Dynamic situation and processes involve
something that occur or happens.
Stative situation and processes are
conceived of as durative over time, and
as existing rather than happening.
Doesn’t make
sense
“What happened?”
“what happened?”

“dynamic processes easily occur in the
progressive (Dylan is going away) and the
imperative (Go away, Dylan!), whereas most
stative process don’t usually accept the
progressive or the imperative,”
Generally

13.1.2
The participants
in classifying situations into schemas, we filter out the
wealth of detail that we find in our personal
experience, to focus on the silent participant (s) that
belong to different types of situation.
These are usually just one or two, at the most three.

• Attributes
the attributes ascribe to entities
either identify or characterize
the entity, or state its location in
space or time.

13.1.3
The circumstantial
these include the well known circumstance of
time, place, manner, and condition. They are
typically optional in the semantic structure.
• Example
Fred bought A new shirt In Oxford street yesterday
Participant Process Participants Circumstance circumstance

There are various ways of conceptualizing a
situation, according to our needs of the moment
and what the lexico-grammatical resource of
language permit.

13.2. The types of process
There are three main types of process:
• Material processes are process of ‘doing’ (e.g.
kick, run, eat) and ‘happening’ (e.g. fall, melt,
collapse).
• Mental processes are processes of
“experiencing’ or ‘sensing’ (e.g. see, hear, feel)
• Relational processes, or processes of ‘being’
(be, seem) or ‘becoming’ (become, turn).

13.3. Inherent participants and
actualized participants
most processes are accompanied by one more
inherent participants, the nature of the process
determines how many and what kind
participants are involve.
example
Ted kicked the ball
Ted kicked hard

Example: the statement about the
weather, time and distance such as;
it’s snowing, it’s past eleven, it’s
long walk to the beach.
The pronoun ‘it is’ merely a surface
from required to realize the
obligatory subject element. It has
no corresponding semantic
function.
Some processes have typically no
participant,

Material processes of doing and happening
(Module 14)
14.1 Agent and affected in voluntary process of “doing”.
material processes express an action or activity which is typically
carried out by a ‘doer’ or ‘agent’.
Agent is capable initiating and controlling the action.
agents are typically human.

A. Agent and affected in voluntary process of “doing”.
a voluntary one-participant process can be carried out by an agent as
subject operating on itself.
Agent process
The Prime Minister
We
Resigned
Sat down

B. Affected participants in a voluntary process of “doing”
action processes such as resigning and sitting
down. does not extend to another participant,
while others, such as hitting and carrying, it
does. the second participant is someone or
something affected by the action.
Agent Process affected
Ted
Pele
The porter
hit
kicked
is carrying
Bill
the ball
our baggage

C. Affected subject in a passive clause
if the process extends to an affected participant, the
representation can be made in two forms,
• Active (in which Agent conflate with subject ‘as above’)
• Passive (in which Affected conflate with subject )
Example;
Affected Material Process Agent
Bill
The ball
Our baggage
was hit
was kicked
is being carried
by Ted
by Pele
by the porter

14.2 Force
the notion of agency is a complex
one, which includes such features as
animacy, intention, motivation,
responsibility and the use of one’s
own energy to initiate or control a
process.
it’s between animate and inanimate
agents. This is useful in order to
account for such natural phenomena.
such as; volcano, earthquake, electricity etc.
Force Process Affected
The volcano
An earthquake
erupted
Destroyed Most of the city

3. Affected subject of involuntary processes of
“happening”
not all material processes involve a voluntary
action carried out by the agent. In situation
express as;
Affected
Subject
Involuntary
process
Circumstance
Jordan
The children
The roof
The vase
Slipped
Have grown
Collapsed
fell
On the ice
Off the shelf

Thank you for your great
attention ^_^

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