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Group 5 21st indian literature 12-Microsoft
- 1. INDIAN LITERATURE GROUP 5: MANAHAN. JOHNMARK BRAZIL, AARON CALUMPIANO, EDMON MENDOZA, CRISTOPHER CALBONERO, PATRICIA
- 2. Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognized languages.
- 3. The Indian subcontinent, is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. The Indian Plate or India Plate is a major tectonic plate straddling the equator in the eastern hemisphere.
- 4. The earliest works of Indian literature were orally transmitted. Sanskrit literature refers to texts composed in Sanskrit language since the 2nd-millennium BCE. Many of the prominent texts are associated with Indian religions, i.e., Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and were composed in ancient India. However, others were composed central, East or Southeast Asia and the canon includes works covering secular sciences and the arts. Early works of Sanskrit literature were transmitted through an oral tradition for centuries before they were written down in manuscript form.
- 5. Sanskrit literature begins with the oral literature of the Rig Veda a collection of sacred hymns dating to the period 15001200 BCE. The Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata appeared towards the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. There are two major Sanskrit epics in ancient India. 1. Ramayana The Ramayana contains the story of Rama and incidentally relates the legends of the Solar dynasty. A story is considered to be 'Itihasa' only when the writer of the story has himself witnessed the story. 2. Mahabharata - It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the P畊畍ava princes and their succession.
- 6. Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians. Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31% of the population belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai and a few other minor language families and isolates. India has the world's second highest number of languages (780), after Papua New Guinea (839).
- 7. Indo-Aryan language family - The largest of the language families represented in India, in terms of speakers, is the Indo- Aryan language family, a branch of the Indo-Iranian family, itself the easternmost, extant subfamily of the Indo-European language family. This language family predominates, accounting for some 1035 million speakers, or over 76.5 of the population, as per 2018 estimate. Dravidian language family - The second largest language family is the Dravidian language family, accounting for some 277 million speakers, or approximately 20.5% as per 2018 estimate The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh.
- 8. Austroasiatic language family - Families with smaller numbers of speakers are Austroasiatic and numerous small Sino-Tibetan languages, with some 10 and 6 million speakers, respectively, together 3% of the population. Sino-Tibetan language family - The Sino-Tibetan language family are well represented in India. However, their interrelationships are not discernible, and the family has been described as "a patch of leaves on the forest floor" rather than with the conventional metaphor of a "family tree".
- 9. Article 343 of the Indian constitution stated that the official language of the Union should become Hindi in Devanagari script instead of the extant English. Later, a constitutional amendment, The Official Languages Act, 1963, allowed for the continuation of English alongside Hindi in the Indian government indefinitely until legislation decides to change it. Devanagari - also called Nagari, is a left-to-right abugida (alphasyllabary), based on the ancient Brhm朝 script, used in the Indian subcontinent. It was developed in ancient India from the 1st to the 4th century CE, and was in regular use by the 7th century CE. The Devanagari script, composed of 47 primary characters including 14 vowels and 33 consonants, is one of the most adopted writing systems in the world, being used for over 120 languages.
- 10. Prominent languages of india: Bengali Kannada Marathi Malayalam Telugu Odia Tamil Punjabi Urdu Assamese Gujarati Maithili
- 11. INDIAN DYNASTIES