Gyroscope
- 2. 1.BASIC DEFINITION 2.NEUTAL ,UNSTABLE AND STABLE EQUILLIBRIAM 3.STRUTS (a) Introduction (b) Types and applications 4.COLUMNS (a) Introduction (b) Designs 5.FAILURE OF COLUMN 6. FAILURE OF SHORT COLUMN BY CRUSHING 7.FAILURE BY BUCKLING 8.EULER'S COLUMN (a) Assumptions (b) Sign conventions (c) Various end conditions 9.RANKINE'S FORMULA 10.CONCLUDING POINTS
- 3. A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum Mechanical gyroscopes typically comprise a spinning wheel or disc in which the axle is free to assume any orientation. This orientation changes in response to an external torque and due to large angular momentum associated with the disc's high rate of spin and moment of inertia
- 4. A conventional gyroscope is a mechanism comprising a rotor journaled to spin about one axis, the journals of the rotor being mounted in an inner gimbal or ring; the inner gimbal is journaled for oscillation in an outer gimbal for a total of two gimbals. The outer gimbal or ring, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. Inner gimbalis mounted in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal).
- 6. Gyroscope mainly function on basis of two properties 1) Rigidity in space: the gyro has a tendency to resist forces applied to it, it is stable on the axis it spins. This is the principle behind which a spinning top stays upright, and the incorporation of gyroscopes in flight instrument have resulted in instruments like the artificial horizon which by maintaining rigidity in space allow for flight solely by reference to the instruments. 2) Precession: when a force is applied perpendicular to a spinning rotor the rotor will resist the force where it is applied and the force will manifest 90 degrees later in the direction the rotor is spinning. .
- 7. Torque-induced precession (gyroscopic precession) is the phenomenon in which the axis of a spinning object (e.g., a part of a gyroscope) "wobbles" when a torque is applied to it, which causes a distribution of force around the acted axis. The phenomenon is commonly seen in a spinning toy top, but all rotating objects can undergo precession. If the speed of the rotation and the magnitude of the torque are constant, the axis will describe a cone, its movement at any instant being atright angles to the direction of the torque. In the case of a toy top, its weight is acting downwards from its centre of mass and the normal force (reaction) of the ground pushing up on it at the point of contact with the support constitute two opposite and equal forces producing a torque.
- 8. Fundamental equation describing precession is where and L are torque and angular momentum It follows that torque is perpendicular to axis of rotation and perpendicular to L resulting in motion perpendicular to both L and T. This is called PRECESSION Thus if gyroscope spin slows down, its angular momentum decreases and so precession increases. This continues until device is unable to rotate fast enough to support its own weight, when it stops and fall off its support mostly due to friction because friction against precession cause another precession that goes to cause the fall.
- 14. A gyroscope consists of a rotor mounted in the inner ggiimmbbaall.. TThhee iinnnneerr ggiimmbbaall iiss mmoouunntteedd iinn tthhee oouutteerr ggiimmbbaall wwhhiicchh iittsseellff iiss mmoouunntteedd oonn aa ffiixxeedd ffrraammee WWhheenn tthhee rroottoorr ssppiinnss aabboouutt XX--aaxxiiss wwiitthh aanngguullaarr vveelloocciittyy rraadd//ss aanndd tthhee iinnnneerr ggiimmbbaall pprreecceesssseess ((rroottaatteess)) aabboouutt YY--aaxxiiss,, tthhee ssppaattiiaall mmeecchhaanniissmm iiss ffoorrcceedd ttoo ttuurrnn aabboouutt ZZ--aaxxiiss ootthheerr tthhaann iittss oowwnn aaxxiiss ooff rroottaattiioonn,, aanndd tthhee ggyyrroossccooppiicc eeffffeecctt iiss tthhuuss sseettuupp.. TThhee rreessiissttaannccee ttoo tthhiiss mmoottiioonn iiss ccaalllleedd ggyyrroossccooppiicc eeffffeecctt..