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Farooq Ahmad
Farooq Ahmad

This document provides information about health, hygiene, and different types of diseases in 3 paragraphs. It begins by defining health and hygiene, and explains how to maintain hygiene. The second paragraph describes different types of diseases including congenital diseases like color blindness, thalassemia, and hemophilia, and acquired diseases which are divided into communicable and non-communicable diseases. The third paragraph provides a brief summary of the document written by Tamreen Zara on health and hygiene for a 6th grade biology project.

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Name-Tamreen Zara Class-VI Section-B Subject-Biology Topic-Health and Hygiene Name-Tamreen Zara Class-VI Sec-B Subject-Biology experiential project Topic-Health and Hygiene School-CMS Kanpur Road
Topic-
Health When a Human bodys physical, social and mental condition is well and free from diseases ,that person is considered to be a healthy person. Hygiene Keeping ourselves and our surroundings clean to prevent the spread of diseases is called Hygiene. We can maintain our Hygiene by bathing regularly, washing hands and trimming our nails .
Disease- Any change in the structure or function of an organ that causes pain and affects ones health is called a disease. A disease is not caused Due to immediate external injury. A disease could be also called sickness or illness.
Types of Diseases Diseases Congenital diseases Acquired diseases
Congenital Diseases The diseases that are present In our genes and are present from birth are called congenital diseases. They are caused due to abnormal genes passed to us from our previous generations or any organs underdevelopment. Some common examples of congenital diseases are colour-blindness,thalassemia and haemopholia.In this diagram,the congenital disease passed by the top generation is still present in the bottom generation.
Colour Blindness Colour Blindness is the condition when the patient is not able to differentiate between colors.Over 10 million cases of colour blindness are reported in India each year. In this photo people with normal eyesight can see number 74.people with colour blindness can see the number 71.People with total colour
Thalassemia Thalassemia is a blood disorder in which the haemoglobin in our blood contains less oxygen than normal. The patient suffering from Thallasemia also has less red blood cells in his/her blood than usual. The given picture shows the difference between the blood of a normal person and a person suffering from Thallasemia.
Haemophilia Haemophilia is a blood disorder in which the blood platelets do not form clots over cuts and wounds and prevent blood loss. When patients suffering with haemophilia get some injury, excessive bleeding(internal and external) occurs. Learn more about haemophilia in the video at the end of the ppt
Acquired Diseases They occur in our body after we are born. They have no connection to our genes. They are of two types- Acquired Diseases Communicable Diseases Non Communicable Diseases
Communicable diseases Diseases that are passes from an infected person to a healthy person by various means are called communicable diseases. Examples of communication diseases are cholera, typhoid polio,rabies,malaria,etc.
Communicable Diseases are spread by various microorganisms. The given table shows the microorganisms and the diseases they cause- Microorganisms Diseases bacteria Cholera, whooping cough, tuberculosis ,tetanus, leprosy, diphtheria, pneumonia, Botulism, plague viruses Measles, chickenpox, polio, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, influenza, rabies, mumps, AIDS, swine flu fungi Food poisoning, ringworm, athletes foot, dhobis itch protozoa Amoebic dysentery, malaria, sleeping sickness worms Taeniasis, elephantiasis, ascariasis
Here is some information about communicable diseases- Click on the button
Bacterial Diseases
Tuberculosis It transmits through air. It can infect any part of the body but it mainly affects the lungs. It is a bacterial infection. Its symptoms include blood containing sputum, persistent coungh,weight loss, chest pain, difficulty in breathing and afternoon fever.
Typhoid It passes on to other people by contaminated water ,food and direct contact of contaminated faeces. It affects the stomach and intestines. Its symptoms are pain in stomach ,appetite loss, constipation ,cough and headache
Cholera Like typhoid, it spreads through contaminated food and water and affects the stomach andintestines.Vomiting,ac ute diarrhoea, extreme thirst and muscle cramps are some symptoms.
Botulism It transmits through improperly canned food. It attacks the nervous system.Its symptoms are fatigue dizziness, muscular weakness and paralysis
Diphtheria It transmits through Air droplets and is of articles of infected person. It attacks the upper throat and trachea. Its symptoms include Sore throat,pain,fever,hoarseness and nasal discharge.
Viruse s
Influenza This disease is transmitted through air droplets. It affects the upper respiratory tract. Its symptoms are fever and body ache.
Poliomyelitis It transmits through contaminated food and water with infected faeces and person to person contact. Its symptoms are irreversible paralysis in the limbs.
Hepatitis This disease transmits through contaminated food and water and blood of infected person. It attacks the liver. Some of its symptoms are jaundice,fever,nausea,hea dache,pain in lever, reddening of hands and feet.
Chickenpox It transmits through direct contact with infected person and air droplets. It attacks the skin. Some of its symptoms are onset of fever, itchy rashes with pink spots and tiny blisters that dry and become scabs after 4-5 days.
Common cold It transmits through air droplets. It affects the upper respiratory system. its effects are watery eyes, dry throat, headache and runny nose.
Measles It transmits through droplet infection through coughing, sneezing and spitting. It also attacks the skin. Its effects are Sore throat, runny nose, watery eyes, dry cough with fever; small whitish spots appear on the inner walls of the cheek; red rashes appear first in the neck region and then the whole body.
Fungus- Click on the button to learn about fungus diseases
Ringworm It transmits through direct contact. It affects the skin. Its effects are red,itchy,scaly,or raised patches; patches may develop blisters; patches may be redder on the outer edges or resemble a ring
health_and_hygiene[1].pptx
Through air-droplet infection The germs of some diseases are present in the windpipe, nasal passage, throat and mouth of the person suffering from the disease. A sneeze or cough from an infected person releases a mist of droplets full of microbes into the air. When other people inhale this air, microbes enter their body and infect them.Cold,influenza,tuberculosis, measles and diphtheria are some infections that spread through air .
Through food and water Diseases such as typhoid,dysentery,cholera and other intestinal infections spread through contaminated water. Such diseases are called waterborne diseases. Water may get contaminated when infected people bathe, wash or defecate near sources of water, When contaminated water gets mixed with drinking water, it causes infection. Microbes causing infections of ear, nasal passage and throat commonly spread through swimming pools.
By Insects and other animals-vectors Heaps of waste and stagnant water serve as breeding grounds for insects such as flies, mosquitoes and fleas. Microbes get attached to these insects when they visit a source of infection. When these insects sit on exposed food items or open wounds on a persons skin or bite them, they transfer the germs and thus the infection. Animals such as rats,pigs,dogs,ticks and mites can also transfer microbes from infected people to healthy ones. These insects and animals that carry disease-causing germs are called vectors
Through direct contact Some infections such as conjunctivitis and scabies spread through direct contact between a healthy and an infected person. Sharing things such as drinking glasses, towels and combs used by an infected person can also spread the infection. These are called contagious diseases.
How to prevent and control communicable diseases?
health_and_hygiene[1].pptx
Make sure there is no stagnant water near your house as mosquitoes breed quickly in such water
health_and_hygiene[1].pptx
Keep garbage bins covered
health_and_hygiene[1].pptx
Wash your hands with soap before eating
Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue paper or handkerchief when you cough or sneeze.
Vaccination is an additional way of boosting immunity against specific diseases such as chickenpox,hepatitis, poliomyelitis and so on.
Non-Communicable Diseases These diseases are actually opposite of communicable diseases. They are not passed from person to person and are not caused by pathogens. For example- diabetes, heart problems, kidney disorders, vitamin and mineral deficiencies .
Communicable diseases Bites and stings Nutritional deficiency diseases allergies Organ malfunction diseases
Nutritional deficiency diseases Inadequate amount or lack of specific nutrients in the diet causes Deficiency Diseases .If a person does not eat sufficient quantity of balanced food, she or he is said to be undernourished. At times, a person may consume enough food but it may lack one or more nutrients causing malnutrition. For example, protein energy malnutrition(PEM)
Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Protein-energy malnutrition Vitamin and Mineral deficiency diseases
Protein-energy malnutrition It is a condition in which young children (between 1 to 5 years) affected by the deficiency of proteins or carbohydrates and fats or all of these in their diet .It may lead to two diseases-Kwashiorkor and marasmus PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION Kwashiorkor Marasmus
Kwashiorkor A diet poor in protein during infancy and childhood results in a condition called kwashiorkor. Its symptoms are- Stunted growth and mental retardation Frequent diarrhoea Water retention (oedema) Bulging eyes Protruding belly Thin stick-like legs Discolouration of hair
Marasmus It occurs when children below one year do not get adequate amount of proteins and carbohydrates. Some of its symptoms are- Prominent ribs Mental retardation Dry, thin and wrinkled skin Lean and weak body
Vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases Vitamins and minerals are needed in every small quantities to ensure proper functioning of various processes. Each vitamin and minerals has a specific function to per form and their deficiency could lead to vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases. Some of the vitamin mineral deficiency diseases are-
normal Night blindness Night blindness People with night blindness experience poor vision at night or in dimly lit environments. Vitamin sources for this disease are papaya, mango, vegetables, fish and egg
Anemia Vitamin sources for this disease are meat and fish.
goiter GOITER A goiter, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. It is caused due to iodine deficiency and iodine sources are iodized salt and seafood.
Organ Malfunction Diseases Certain health issues or diseases occur due to malfunctioning of some body organs such as heart, kidneys and pancreas as a result of impaired metabolism or improper hormonal secretions. Some common organ malfunction diseases are diabetes, heart and renal problems.
Diabetes Mellitus This disease is caused due to inadequate secretion of insulin by pancreas. Insulin regulates the level of glucose in the blood by helping the liver to convert excess glucose into glycogen and store it. In diabetic patients The body can neither use sugar not store it in the liver. As a result their blood contains Extra sugar but other tissues lack it .Major symptoms of Diabetes are fatigue, loss of weight, excessive thirst and frequent need to urinate. It can be prevented with 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily and a healthy diet.
Heart Diseases Disorders of the heart and blood vessels are directly related to diet and the way of living .A sedentary lifestyle, fat-rich diet leading to weight gain and stress are major causes of heart malfunctions such as the following-
Coronary Heart Disease It occurs when the heart muscles do not get enough oxygen due to a reduction in blood supply following deposits of plague or atherosclerosis in the coronary (heart) arteries. It can lead to angina or temporary chest pain.
Heart Attack Coronary artery disease leads to a heart attack It occurs when a part of the heart ,muscle is suddenly deprived of its blood supply due to complete blockage in the artery feeding it.
Renal Diseases These occur when the kidneys are unable to efficiently filter wastes such as urea, uric acids and water.Thus,they get accumulated in the blood, preventing removal of additional wastes from the cells. Patients with malfunctioning kidneys need periodic dialysis to remove waste or kidney transplants.
Arthritis It is a disease of the joints. It is of two types- Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis This disease is characterized by swelling, pain and stiffness in the joints, especially the middle joints of the fingers, which may get twisted.
Osteoarthritis It is caused by the breakdown and eventual degradation of cartilage at the joints due to ageing, heredity or injury. It is marked by stiffness and pain in the affected joints such as hips, knees and spine.
health_and_hygiene[1].pptx
Allergy An allergy is an unusual hypersensitivity of body tissue to certain tissues. The substances that trigger an allergy are called allergens. They may be certain foods,drugs,cosmetics,dust,pollen grains or perfumes. An allergic reaction van occur when allergens are inhaled or taken into the body through the mouth or direct skin contact.Asthma,eszema and hives are some of the diseases caused by allergic reactions.
Bites and stings Bites and stings of certain animals and insects such as snakes, spiders and canines are a cause of great discomfort. They can result in vector born diseases .For example, the bite of a poisonous snake can be fatal if not treated promptly. Poisonous snakes contain venom, which affects the nervous and circulatory systems.
Fever Fever itself is not a disease but is indicative of a disease. Fever occurs when a person suffers from a disease or an infection. Fever often occurs when there is inflammation or swelling in any part of body, or when toxins or some foreign bodies enter the bloodstream .The normal temperature of human beings is considered to be 98.4属F or 37属C.When there is a rise in body temperature from the normal value, it is termed as fever. The pulse or heart rate also increases during fever. Rise in body temperature above 105属F or its fall below 96属F are both dangerous
health_and_hygiene[1].pptx
health_and_hygiene[1].pptx
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health_and_hygiene[1].pptx

  • 1. Name-Tamreen Zara Class-VI Section-B Subject-Biology Topic-Health and Hygiene Name-Tamreen Zara Class-VI Sec-B Subject-Biology experiential project Topic-Health and Hygiene School-CMS Kanpur Road
  • 3. Health When a Human bodys physical, social and mental condition is well and free from diseases ,that person is considered to be a healthy person. Hygiene Keeping ourselves and our surroundings clean to prevent the spread of diseases is called Hygiene. We can maintain our Hygiene by bathing regularly, washing hands and trimming our nails .
  • 4. Disease- Any change in the structure or function of an organ that causes pain and affects ones health is called a disease. A disease is not caused Due to immediate external injury. A disease could be also called sickness or illness.
  • 6. Congenital Diseases The diseases that are present In our genes and are present from birth are called congenital diseases. They are caused due to abnormal genes passed to us from our previous generations or any organs underdevelopment. Some common examples of congenital diseases are colour-blindness,thalassemia and haemopholia.In this diagram,the congenital disease passed by the top generation is still present in the bottom generation.
  • 7. Colour Blindness Colour Blindness is the condition when the patient is not able to differentiate between colors.Over 10 million cases of colour blindness are reported in India each year. In this photo people with normal eyesight can see number 74.people with colour blindness can see the number 71.People with total colour
  • 8. Thalassemia Thalassemia is a blood disorder in which the haemoglobin in our blood contains less oxygen than normal. The patient suffering from Thallasemia also has less red blood cells in his/her blood than usual. The given picture shows the difference between the blood of a normal person and a person suffering from Thallasemia.
  • 9. Haemophilia Haemophilia is a blood disorder in which the blood platelets do not form clots over cuts and wounds and prevent blood loss. When patients suffering with haemophilia get some injury, excessive bleeding(internal and external) occurs. Learn more about haemophilia in the video at the end of the ppt
  • 10. Acquired Diseases They occur in our body after we are born. They have no connection to our genes. They are of two types- Acquired Diseases Communicable Diseases Non Communicable Diseases
  • 11. Communicable diseases Diseases that are passes from an infected person to a healthy person by various means are called communicable diseases. Examples of communication diseases are cholera, typhoid polio,rabies,malaria,etc.
  • 12. Communicable Diseases are spread by various microorganisms. The given table shows the microorganisms and the diseases they cause- Microorganisms Diseases bacteria Cholera, whooping cough, tuberculosis ,tetanus, leprosy, diphtheria, pneumonia, Botulism, plague viruses Measles, chickenpox, polio, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, influenza, rabies, mumps, AIDS, swine flu fungi Food poisoning, ringworm, athletes foot, dhobis itch protozoa Amoebic dysentery, malaria, sleeping sickness worms Taeniasis, elephantiasis, ascariasis
  • 13. Here is some information about communicable diseases- Click on the button
  • 15. Tuberculosis It transmits through air. It can infect any part of the body but it mainly affects the lungs. It is a bacterial infection. Its symptoms include blood containing sputum, persistent coungh,weight loss, chest pain, difficulty in breathing and afternoon fever.
  • 16. Typhoid It passes on to other people by contaminated water ,food and direct contact of contaminated faeces. It affects the stomach and intestines. Its symptoms are pain in stomach ,appetite loss, constipation ,cough and headache
  • 17. Cholera Like typhoid, it spreads through contaminated food and water and affects the stomach andintestines.Vomiting,ac ute diarrhoea, extreme thirst and muscle cramps are some symptoms.
  • 18. Botulism It transmits through improperly canned food. It attacks the nervous system.Its symptoms are fatigue dizziness, muscular weakness and paralysis
  • 19. Diphtheria It transmits through Air droplets and is of articles of infected person. It attacks the upper throat and trachea. Its symptoms include Sore throat,pain,fever,hoarseness and nasal discharge.
  • 21. Influenza This disease is transmitted through air droplets. It affects the upper respiratory tract. Its symptoms are fever and body ache.
  • 22. Poliomyelitis It transmits through contaminated food and water with infected faeces and person to person contact. Its symptoms are irreversible paralysis in the limbs.
  • 23. Hepatitis This disease transmits through contaminated food and water and blood of infected person. It attacks the liver. Some of its symptoms are jaundice,fever,nausea,hea dache,pain in lever, reddening of hands and feet.
  • 24. Chickenpox It transmits through direct contact with infected person and air droplets. It attacks the skin. Some of its symptoms are onset of fever, itchy rashes with pink spots and tiny blisters that dry and become scabs after 4-5 days.
  • 25. Common cold It transmits through air droplets. It affects the upper respiratory system. its effects are watery eyes, dry throat, headache and runny nose.
  • 26. Measles It transmits through droplet infection through coughing, sneezing and spitting. It also attacks the skin. Its effects are Sore throat, runny nose, watery eyes, dry cough with fever; small whitish spots appear on the inner walls of the cheek; red rashes appear first in the neck region and then the whole body.
  • 27. Fungus- Click on the button to learn about fungus diseases
  • 28. Ringworm It transmits through direct contact. It affects the skin. Its effects are red,itchy,scaly,or raised patches; patches may develop blisters; patches may be redder on the outer edges or resemble a ring
  • 30. Through air-droplet infection The germs of some diseases are present in the windpipe, nasal passage, throat and mouth of the person suffering from the disease. A sneeze or cough from an infected person releases a mist of droplets full of microbes into the air. When other people inhale this air, microbes enter their body and infect them.Cold,influenza,tuberculosis, measles and diphtheria are some infections that spread through air .
  • 31. Through food and water Diseases such as typhoid,dysentery,cholera and other intestinal infections spread through contaminated water. Such diseases are called waterborne diseases. Water may get contaminated when infected people bathe, wash or defecate near sources of water, When contaminated water gets mixed with drinking water, it causes infection. Microbes causing infections of ear, nasal passage and throat commonly spread through swimming pools.
  • 32. By Insects and other animals-vectors Heaps of waste and stagnant water serve as breeding grounds for insects such as flies, mosquitoes and fleas. Microbes get attached to these insects when they visit a source of infection. When these insects sit on exposed food items or open wounds on a persons skin or bite them, they transfer the germs and thus the infection. Animals such as rats,pigs,dogs,ticks and mites can also transfer microbes from infected people to healthy ones. These insects and animals that carry disease-causing germs are called vectors
  • 33. Through direct contact Some infections such as conjunctivitis and scabies spread through direct contact between a healthy and an infected person. Sharing things such as drinking glasses, towels and combs used by an infected person can also spread the infection. These are called contagious diseases.
  • 34. How to prevent and control communicable diseases?
  • 36. Make sure there is no stagnant water near your house as mosquitoes breed quickly in such water
  • 41. Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue paper or handkerchief when you cough or sneeze.
  • 42. Vaccination is an additional way of boosting immunity against specific diseases such as chickenpox,hepatitis, poliomyelitis and so on.
  • 43. Non-Communicable Diseases These diseases are actually opposite of communicable diseases. They are not passed from person to person and are not caused by pathogens. For example- diabetes, heart problems, kidney disorders, vitamin and mineral deficiencies .
  • 44. Communicable diseases Bites and stings Nutritional deficiency diseases allergies Organ malfunction diseases
  • 45. Nutritional deficiency diseases Inadequate amount or lack of specific nutrients in the diet causes Deficiency Diseases .If a person does not eat sufficient quantity of balanced food, she or he is said to be undernourished. At times, a person may consume enough food but it may lack one or more nutrients causing malnutrition. For example, protein energy malnutrition(PEM)
  • 47. Protein-energy malnutrition It is a condition in which young children (between 1 to 5 years) affected by the deficiency of proteins or carbohydrates and fats or all of these in their diet .It may lead to two diseases-Kwashiorkor and marasmus PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION Kwashiorkor Marasmus
  • 48. Kwashiorkor A diet poor in protein during infancy and childhood results in a condition called kwashiorkor. Its symptoms are- Stunted growth and mental retardation Frequent diarrhoea Water retention (oedema) Bulging eyes Protruding belly Thin stick-like legs Discolouration of hair
  • 49. Marasmus It occurs when children below one year do not get adequate amount of proteins and carbohydrates. Some of its symptoms are- Prominent ribs Mental retardation Dry, thin and wrinkled skin Lean and weak body
  • 50. Vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases Vitamins and minerals are needed in every small quantities to ensure proper functioning of various processes. Each vitamin and minerals has a specific function to per form and their deficiency could lead to vitamin and mineral deficiency diseases. Some of the vitamin mineral deficiency diseases are-
  • 51. normal Night blindness Night blindness People with night blindness experience poor vision at night or in dimly lit environments. Vitamin sources for this disease are papaya, mango, vegetables, fish and egg
  • 52. Anemia Vitamin sources for this disease are meat and fish.
  • 53. goiter GOITER A goiter, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. It is caused due to iodine deficiency and iodine sources are iodized salt and seafood.
  • 54. Organ Malfunction Diseases Certain health issues or diseases occur due to malfunctioning of some body organs such as heart, kidneys and pancreas as a result of impaired metabolism or improper hormonal secretions. Some common organ malfunction diseases are diabetes, heart and renal problems.
  • 55. Diabetes Mellitus This disease is caused due to inadequate secretion of insulin by pancreas. Insulin regulates the level of glucose in the blood by helping the liver to convert excess glucose into glycogen and store it. In diabetic patients The body can neither use sugar not store it in the liver. As a result their blood contains Extra sugar but other tissues lack it .Major symptoms of Diabetes are fatigue, loss of weight, excessive thirst and frequent need to urinate. It can be prevented with 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily and a healthy diet.
  • 56. Heart Diseases Disorders of the heart and blood vessels are directly related to diet and the way of living .A sedentary lifestyle, fat-rich diet leading to weight gain and stress are major causes of heart malfunctions such as the following-
  • 57. Coronary Heart Disease It occurs when the heart muscles do not get enough oxygen due to a reduction in blood supply following deposits of plague or atherosclerosis in the coronary (heart) arteries. It can lead to angina or temporary chest pain.
  • 58. Heart Attack Coronary artery disease leads to a heart attack It occurs when a part of the heart ,muscle is suddenly deprived of its blood supply due to complete blockage in the artery feeding it.
  • 59. Renal Diseases These occur when the kidneys are unable to efficiently filter wastes such as urea, uric acids and water.Thus,they get accumulated in the blood, preventing removal of additional wastes from the cells. Patients with malfunctioning kidneys need periodic dialysis to remove waste or kidney transplants.
  • 60. Arthritis It is a disease of the joints. It is of two types- Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis
  • 61. Rheumatoid Arthritis This disease is characterized by swelling, pain and stiffness in the joints, especially the middle joints of the fingers, which may get twisted.
  • 62. Osteoarthritis It is caused by the breakdown and eventual degradation of cartilage at the joints due to ageing, heredity or injury. It is marked by stiffness and pain in the affected joints such as hips, knees and spine.
  • 64. Allergy An allergy is an unusual hypersensitivity of body tissue to certain tissues. The substances that trigger an allergy are called allergens. They may be certain foods,drugs,cosmetics,dust,pollen grains or perfumes. An allergic reaction van occur when allergens are inhaled or taken into the body through the mouth or direct skin contact.Asthma,eszema and hives are some of the diseases caused by allergic reactions.
  • 65. Bites and stings Bites and stings of certain animals and insects such as snakes, spiders and canines are a cause of great discomfort. They can result in vector born diseases .For example, the bite of a poisonous snake can be fatal if not treated promptly. Poisonous snakes contain venom, which affects the nervous and circulatory systems.
  • 66. Fever Fever itself is not a disease but is indicative of a disease. Fever occurs when a person suffers from a disease or an infection. Fever often occurs when there is inflammation or swelling in any part of body, or when toxins or some foreign bodies enter the bloodstream .The normal temperature of human beings is considered to be 98.4属F or 37属C.When there is a rise in body temperature from the normal value, it is termed as fever. The pulse or heart rate also increases during fever. Rise in body temperature above 105属F or its fall below 96属F are both dangerous
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