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Name-Tamreen Zara
Class-VI
Section-B
Subject-Biology
Topic-Health and Hygiene
Name-Tamreen Zara
Class-VI
Sec-B
Subject-Biology experiential project
Topic-Health and Hygiene
School-CMS Kanpur Road

Health
When a Human body’s
physical, social and
mental condition is well
and free from diseases
,that person is considered
to be a healthy person.
Hygiene
Keeping ourselves and our
surroundings clean to prevent the
spread of diseases is called
Hygiene.
We can maintain our Hygiene by
bathing regularly, washing hands
and trimming our nails .

Disease- Any change in the
structure or function of an organ
that causes pain and affects one’s
health is called a disease. A
disease is not caused Due to
immediate external injury. A
disease could be also called
sickness or illness.

Types of Diseases
Diseases
Congenital
diseases
Acquired
diseases

Congenital
Diseases
The diseases that are present In our
genes and are present from birth are
called congenital diseases. They are
caused due to abnormal genes
passed to us from our previous
generations or any organ’s
underdevelopment. Some common
examples of congenital diseases are
colour-blindness,thalassemia and
haemopholia.In this diagram,the
congenital disease passed by the top
generation is still present in the
bottom generation.

Colour
Blindness
Colour Blindness is the
condition when the patient is
not able to differentiate
between colors.Over 10 million
cases of colour blindness are
reported in India each year. In
this photo people with normal
eyesight can see number
’74’.people with colour
blindness can see the number
’71’.People with total colour

Thalassemia
Thalassemia is a blood
disorder in which the
haemoglobin in our blood
contains less oxygen than
normal. The patient
suffering from Thallasemia
also has less red blood
cells in his/her blood than
usual. The given picture
shows the difference
between the blood of a
normal person and a person
suffering from Thallasemia.

Haemophilia
Haemophilia is a blood
disorder in which the blood
platelets do not form clots
over cuts and wounds and
prevent blood loss. When
patients suffering with
haemophilia get some injury,
excessive bleeding(internal
and external) occurs. Learn
more about haemophilia in the
video at the end of the ppt

Acquired
Diseases
They occur in our
body after we are
born. They have no
connection to our
genes.
They are of two types-
Acquired
Diseases
Communicable
Diseases
Non
Communicable
Diseases

Communicable
diseases
Diseases that are passes
from an infected person to a
healthy person by various
means are called
communicable diseases.
Examples of communication
diseases are – cholera,
typhoid
polio,rabies,malaria,etc.

Communicable
Diseases are
spread by various
microorganisms.
The given table
shows the
microorganisms
and the diseases
they cause-
Microorganisms Diseases
bacteria
Cholera, whooping cough, tuberculosis
,tetanus, leprosy, diphtheria, pneumonia,
Botulism, plague
viruses
Measles, chickenpox, polio, hepatitis, conjunctivitis,
influenza, rabies, mumps, AIDS, swine flu
fungi
Food poisoning, ringworm, athlete’s foot,
dhobi’s itch
protozoa Amoebic dysentery, malaria, sleeping sickness
worms Taeniasis, elephantiasis, ascariasis

Here is some information about
communicable diseases-
Click on the button

Tuberculosis
It transmits through air.
It can infect any part of the
body but it mainly affects the
lungs. It is a bacterial
infection. It’s symptoms
include blood containing
sputum, persistent
coungh,weight loss, chest
pain, difficulty in breathing
and afternoon fever.

Typhoid
It passes on to other
people by contaminated
water ,food and direct
contact of contaminated
faeces. It affects the
stomach and intestines.
Its symptoms are pain in
stomach ,appetite loss,
constipation ,cough and
headache

Cholera
Like typhoid, it spreads
through contaminated
food and water and
affects the stomach
andintestines.Vomiting,ac
ute diarrhoea, extreme
thirst and muscle cramps
are some symptoms.

Botulism
It transmits through
improperly canned food.
It attacks the nervous
system.Its symptoms are
fatigue dizziness,
muscular weakness and
paralysis

Diphtheria
It transmits through Air
droplets and is of articles of
infected person. It attacks the
upper throat and trachea. Its
symptoms include Sore
throat,pain,fever,hoarseness
and nasal discharge.

Influenza
This disease is
transmitted
through air
droplets. It affects
the upper
respiratory tract.
Its symptoms are
fever and body
ache.

Poliomyelitis
contaminated food
and water with
infected faeces and
person to person
contact. It’s
symptoms are
irreversible
paralysis in the
limbs.

Hepatitis
This disease transmits
through contaminated
food and water and blood
of infected person. It
attacks the liver. Some of
its symptoms are
jaundice,fever,nausea,hea
dache,pain in lever,
reddening of hands and
feet.

Chickenpox
direct contact with
infected person and air
droplets. It attacks the
skin. Some of its
symptoms are onset of
fever, itchy rashes with
pink spots and tiny
blisters that dry and
become scabs after 4-5
days.

Common cold
It transmits through air
droplets. It affects the
upper respiratory system.
its effects are watery
eyes, dry throat, headache
and runny nose.

Measles
droplet infection through
coughing, sneezing and
spitting. It also attacks the
skin. Its effects are Sore
throat, runny nose, watery
eyes, dry cough with fever;
small whitish spots appear
on the inner walls of the
cheek; red rashes appear
first in the neck region and
then the whole body.

Fungus-
Click on the button to learn about
fungus diseases

Ringworm
It transmits through direct
contact. It affects the skin.
Its effects are
red,itchy,scaly,or raised
patches; patches may
develop blisters; patches
may be redder on the
outer edges or resemble a
ring

Through air-droplet
infection
The germs of some diseases are present
in the windpipe, nasal passage, throat
and mouth of the person suffering from
the disease. A sneeze or cough from an
infected person releases a mist of
droplets full of microbes into the air.
When other people inhale this air,
microbes enter their body and infect
them.Cold,influenza,tuberculosis,
measles and diphtheria are some
infections that spread through air .

Through food and water
Diseases such as typhoid,dysentery,cholera
and other intestinal infections spread
through contaminated water. Such diseases
are called waterborne diseases.
Water may get contaminated when
infected people bathe, wash or defecate
near sources of water, When contaminated
water gets mixed with drinking water, it
causes infection. Microbes causing
infections of ear, nasal passage and throat
commonly spread through swimming pools.

By Insects and other
animals-vectors
Heaps of waste and stagnant water serve
as breeding grounds for insects such as
flies, mosquitoes and fleas. Microbes get
attached to these insects when they visit
a source of infection. When these insects
sit on exposed food items or open
wounds on a person’s skin or bite them,
they transfer the germs and thus the
infection. Animals such as
rats,pigs,dogs,ticks and mites can also
transfer microbes from infected people to
healthy ones. These insects and animals
that carry disease-causing germs are
called vectors

Through direct
contact
Some infections such as
conjunctivitis and scabies
spread through direct contact
between a healthy and an
infected person. Sharing things
such as drinking glasses, towels
and combs used by an infected
person can also spread the
infection. These are called
contagious diseases.

How to prevent
and control
communicable
diseases?

Make sure
there is no
stagnant water
near your
house as
mosquitoes
breed quickly
in such water

Wash your
hands with
soap
before
eating

Cover your nose and
mouth with a tissue
paper or handkerchief
when you cough or
sneeze.

Vaccination is an
additional way of
boosting immunity
against specific
diseases such as
chickenpox,hepatitis,
poliomyelitis and so
on.

Non-Communicable
Diseases
These diseases are actually opposite of
communicable diseases. They are not passed
from person to person and are not caused by
pathogens. For example- diabetes, heart
problems, kidney disorders, vitamin and
mineral deficiencies .

Communicable
diseases
Bites and stings
Nutritional deficiency
diseases
allergies
Organ malfunction
diseases

Nutritional deficiency diseases
Inadequate amount or lack of specific nutrients in the
diet causes Deficiency Diseases .If a person does not eat
sufficient quantity of balanced food, she or he is said to
be undernourished. At times, a person may consume
enough food but it may lack one or more nutrients
causing malnutrition. For example, protein energy
malnutrition(PEM)

Nutritional Deficiency
Diseases
Protein-energy
malnutrition
Vitamin and Mineral
deficiency diseases

Protein-energy malnutrition
It is a condition in which young children (between 1 to 5
years) affected by the deficiency of proteins or
carbohydrates and fats or all of these in their diet .It may
lead to two diseases-Kwashiorkor and marasmus
PROTEIN-ENERGY
MALNUTRITION
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus

Kwashiorkor
•A diet poor in protein during
infancy and childhood results
in a condition called
kwashiorkor. Its symptoms
are-
•Stunted growth and mental
retardation
•Frequent diarrhoea
•Water retention (oedema)
•Bulging eyes
•Protruding belly
•Thin stick-like legs
•Discolouration of hair

Marasmus
It occurs when children below one
year do not get adequate amount of
proteins and carbohydrates. Some
of its symptoms are-
•Prominent ribs
•Mental retardation
•Dry, thin and wrinkled skin
•Lean and weak body

Vitamin and mineral
deficiency diseases
Vitamins and minerals are needed in every
small quantities to ensure proper functioning of
various processes. Each vitamin and minerals
has a specific function to per form and their
deficiency could lead to vitamin and mineral
deficiency diseases. Some of the vitamin
mineral deficiency diseases are-

normal Night blindness
Night
blindness
People with night
blindness experience
poor vision at night or in
dimly lit environments.
Vitamin sources for this
disease are papaya,
mango,
vegetables, fish and egg

Anemia
Vitamin sources for this disease are
meat and fish.

goiter
GOITER
A goiter, or goiter, is a swelling in the
neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid
gland. It is caused due to iodine
deficiency and iodine sources are
iodized salt and seafood.

Organ Malfunction Diseases
Certain health issues or diseases occur due to
malfunctioning of some body organs such as heart,
kidneys and pancreas as a result of impaired
metabolism or improper hormonal secretions.
Some common organ malfunction diseases are
diabetes, heart and renal problems.

Diabetes Mellitus
This disease is caused due to inadequate
secretion of insulin by pancreas. Insulin
regulates the level of glucose in the blood by
helping the liver to convert excess glucose
into glycogen and store it. In diabetic patients
The body can neither use sugar not store it in
the liver. As a result their blood contains Extra
sugar but other tissues lack it .Major
symptoms of Diabetes are fatigue, loss of
weight, excessive thirst and frequent need to
urinate. It can be prevented with 30 minutes of
moderate exercise daily and a healthy diet.

Heart Diseases
Disorders of the heart and blood vessels are directly
related to diet and the way of living .A sedentary
lifestyle, fat-rich diet leading to weight gain and
stress are major causes of heart malfunctions such
as the following-

Coronary Heart Disease
It occurs when the heart muscles do not get
enough oxygen due to a reduction in blood supply
following deposits of plague or atherosclerosis in
the coronary (heart) arteries. It can lead to angina
or temporary chest pain.

Heart Attack
Coronary artery disease leads to
a heart attack It occurs when a
part of the heart ,muscle is
suddenly deprived of its blood
supply due to complete blockage
in the artery feeding it.

Renal Diseases
These occur when the kidneys
are unable to efficiently filter
wastes such as urea, uric
acids and water.Thus,they get
accumulated in the blood,
preventing removal of
additional wastes from the
cells. Patients with
malfunctioning kidneys need
periodic dialysis to remove
waste or kidney transplants.

Arthritis
It is a disease of the joints. It is of two types-
Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid
Arthritis
This disease is characterized by
swelling, pain and stiffness in
the joints, especially the middle
joints of the fingers, which may
get twisted.

Osteoarthritis
It is caused by the breakdown
and eventual degradation of
cartilage at the joints due to
ageing, heredity or injury. It is
marked by stiffness and pain in
the affected joints such as hips,
knees and spine.

Allergy
An allergy is an unusual
hypersensitivity of body tissue to
certain tissues. The substances that
trigger an allergy are called allergens.
They may be certain
foods,drugs,cosmetics,dust,pollen
grains or perfumes. An allergic reaction
van occur when allergens are inhaled
or taken into the body through the
mouth or direct skin
contact.Asthma,eszema and hives are
some of the diseases caused by
allergic reactions.

Bites and stings
Bites and stings of certain
animals and insects such as
snakes, spiders and canines are
a cause of great discomfort. They
can result in vector born
diseases .For example, the bite
of a poisonous snake can be
fatal if not treated promptly.
Poisonous snakes contain
venom, which affects the nervous
and circulatory systems.

Fever
Fever itself is not a disease but is indicative of a
disease. Fever occurs when a person suffers from
a disease or an infection.
Fever often occurs when there is inflammation or
swelling in any part of body, or when toxins or
some foreign bodies enter the bloodstream .The
normal temperature of human beings is considered
to be 98.4°F or 37°C.When there is a rise in body
temperature from the normal value, it is termed as
fever. The pulse or heart rate also increases during
fever. Rise in body temperature above 105°F or its
fall below 96°F are both dangerous

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