Healthy Cities India
- 1. Promoting health and well-being in cities of India towards Healthy Cities in India UNHABITAT, State of the World Cities, 2008-09 Amit Samarth MBBS MPH
- 2. Amit Samarth Our collective purpose as a society To be economically progressive To be socially cohesive To promote health and well-being To enable individuals to achieve their intellectual and physical potential To ensure that citizens today and tomorrow will be able to enjoy the basic amenities of life in a sustainable and eco-friendly way
- 3. Amit Samarth Ecological model of Human Health Dahlgren and Whitehead model Source: Barton and Grant, 2006 Human health should be seen in a physical, social, behavioural, and ecological context. Health promotion activities should involve other sectors making a contribution to health, such as education, food, nutrition, and environment.
- 4. Amit Samarth Growth in urban population of India Population of India - increase from 1029 million to 1400 million in a period from 2001 to 2026 Urban population from 286 million to 575 million Increase in urban population will almost account for two- thirds of population increase Slum dwelling population is also increasing - major contributor Growth due to natural increase More than 40% population will be living in the urban areas by 2026 Change in population dynamics of India - major implication for health and well being 4
- 5. Amit Samarth What have our cities achieved? Drivers of economic growth Hubs of world class education, commerce and specialized health care services Challenges Rapidity of growth of urban population Pressure on basic infrastructure housing, water, sanitation, transport, gre en cover, education, employment and health services What can we learn from the challenges of present cities? Source: Indias Urban Awakening. Building Inclusive cities , Sustaining Economic Growth
- 6. Half of us will be living in cities by 2030
- 7. Rapid growth of Indian Cities
- 8. Amit Samarth Cities in India are of great contrast 90 million or more urban poor live in cities of India Informal sector one of the key drivers of economic growth Growing inequalities and growing exclusion Poor living conditions Poor health outcomes Loss of productivity Increasing crime and violence Environmental degradation due to lack of waste management Source: India Urban Poverty Report 2009
- 9. Amit Samarth Poor health status of the urban poor High infant and maternal mortality Urban areas in India High water-borne diseases have better specialized High vector borne disease like malaria healthcare services and dengue but facilities for Higher incidence of chronic diseases like promotive and primary hypertension, diabetes and coronary care are non-existent heart disease Poor occupational health Higher mental illnesses Road traffic injuries In Andhra Pradesh, there are 7500 slum localities but there are only 250 Urban Healthcare Centres. Better primary care services needed. Source: Living conditions in 8 cities of India. NFHS-III Survey 2005-06
- 10. Amit Samarth Epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Triple burden of disease Diabetic capital of the world High prevalence of Hypertension Obesity and overweight is on the rise Nutritional transition More than 50 percent deaths occur in India due to cardiovascular diseases Reference Report of National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2005 10
- 11. Amit Samarth Population in India will Age..! Projections for Old Population (>60 yrs) in India (in millions) 350 308 300 248 250 223 195 200 167 150 119 100 77 50 0 Yr 2000 Yr 2015 Yr 2025 Yr 2030 Yr 2035 Yr 2040 Yr 2050 % Population of Old (>60 years) of Total population in India Source: 25 20.14% Population 20 15.3% 16.7% 13.76% division, 15 12.22% 9.56% Department of 10 7.55% Economic and 5 Social 0 Development, Yr 2000 Yr 2015 Yr 2025 Yr 2030 Yr 2035 Yr 2040 Yr 2050 United Nations
- 12. Amit Samarth Population Pyramid for India in year 2000 and projected for year 2050 Source: Population division, Department of Economic and Social Development, United Nations
- 13. Amit Samarth Population of India will Age By 2040, 248 million people > 60 yrs of age By2050, 308 million people > 60 yrs of age Constituting 20 percent of overall population With rapid urbanization most of this population will be living in urban areas Need to build our cities to become age-friendly and create settlements Need to design/develop which will help promote well-being cities for them too! across all age-groups
- 14. Amit Samarth WHO launches Global Network of Age-friendly Cities Launched in 2010 Part of a broader response to the rapid ageing of populations By 2050, it is estimated that 80% of the expected 2 billion people aged 60 years or over will live in low or middle income countries The Network aims to help cities create urban environments that allow older people to remain active and healthy participants in society WHO has also established formal agreements with the French government, the Irish Ageing Well Network and the Slovenian Network of Age-friendly Cities to develop affiliated national programmes Source: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/age_friendly_cities_20100628/en/
- 15. Amit Samarth Poorly planned transport system Only 2 per cent cities have low air pollution on the basis of PM10 In 80 per cent of cities at least one criteria pollutant exceeded the annual average ambient air quality standards Exponential growth in private vehicles in last few years -17 million vehicles in last 7 yrs Personal vehicles cars and two-wheelers -- use up more than 75 per cent of the road space, but meet only 20 per cent of the citys commuting demand Are we creating more Transport study for Hyderabad Multi space for cars rather mode Mass Rapid Transport can achieve than for people? 30% reduction in Vehicle Kms Travelled per day Source: State of Air Pollution in Indian Cities 2007, Centre for Science and Environment
- 16. Amit Samarth Dramatic motorization of India Source: Road Traffic and Injury Prevention in India. NIMHANS and WHO India. 2004-05
- 17. Amit Samarth Poor Road Safety in India Results in deaths of > 100, 000 people in India Results in 2 million hospitalizations 7.7 million minor injuries Road traffic accidents next only to cardio-vascular diseases Affect age group 5 to 44 yrs most productive years Man-made epidemic Source: Road Traffic and Injury Prevention in India. NIMHANS and WHO India. 2004-05
- 18. Amit Samarth Poor Road Safety Role of urban planning Road safety a complex problem Road accidents are preventable Urban design and engineering has a major role to prevent accidents Designing urban spaces to reduce environmental factors responsible for accidents Car/motor-cycles are equal to an weapon on unsafe and ill- designed roads.We need to make our roads safer and nicer for everyone in the citycurrently there is too much of priority on the roads for cars/motor-cycles
- 19. Amit Samarth Promoting and protecting health has become a challenge.. Poor waste management Poor housing Poor sanitation Lack of good footpaths Absence of dedicated cycling paths Lack of green spaces Lack of sports and recreation facilities Lack of social space
- 20. Amit Samarth Green cover and social space is important To improve air quality and reduce pollution To reduce heat island effects To improve physical activity To improve opportunities for social interaction Reduce urban heat island effect To address Cardio-respiratory diseases, mental illnesses and Cancer
- 21. Temperature related Modulating Pathways by which influences illness and death climate change Extreme weather related health affects human effects Contamination health Pathways Air pollution related Transmission health effects Human Exposure dynamics Regional Weather Water and food Climate changes borne diseases Change Heat waves Extreme weather Changes in agro- Vector-borne and Temperature ecosystems and rodent borne Precipitation hydrology diseases Effects of food and water shortages Socioeconomic Mental, nutritional and demographic infectious and other disruption health effects Source: Climate Change and Human Health Risks and Responses, Summary. http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/en/ccSCREEN.pdf, WHO 2003 Amit Samarth
- 22. Amit Samarth Built Environment The built environment encompasses land-use patterns and all buildings, spaces and elements that people construct or modify This includes homes, schools, workplaces, parks, recreation areas, green spaces, business districts and transport systems Urban design is an aspect of urban planning that focuses on creating a desirable environment to live, work and play Conditions in the built environment can both negatively and positively affect participation in physical activity Need to design the built environment for people Street layout, land use, the transport system and the location of recreation facilities, parks and public buildings, are all components of a community that can either encourage or discourage active living Growing dependence on cars and motorization is a serious concern
- 23. Amit Samarth Built Environment Urban sprawl has been correlated with higher body weight, obesity and associated chronic diseases Crowded city centres and a resurgence of urban living may make finding room for green spaces difficult, especially in older, established cities In many countries, cycling and walking have been marginalized in transport decision-making Traffic injuries and fatalities resulting from high vehicular speed, heavy traffic flow and a lack of separate lanes, tracks and paths are major reasons why people do not walk or cycle in cities Factors like lack of quality lighting; a lack of access to open spaces and to sports and recreation facilities; rundown houses and neighbourhoods; poor aesthetics; and locked stairwells in workplaces and public buildings also discourage physical activity Cycling or taking public transport to work may be seen as a sign of lower status since affluent people typically drive to work
- 24. Amit Samarth Impact of Built Environment on health Built environment can address issues like: Obesity Non-Communicable diseases Mental health Air pollution Road Traffic accidents Safety to women, children and old people Availability of nutritious food Helping cities to become more energy efficient Easy access to recreational facilities Easy access to healthcare and educational facilities Healthy ageing Waste disposal and Recycling Water borne diseases
- 25. Amit Samarth Impact of built environment on our health
- 26. Amit Samarth What we need to do in emerging cities of India to promote and protect health?
- 27. Amit Samarth Embedding health in all policies Good urban governance & healthy urban planning Improve availability Healthy Improve and access to Urban health and healthcare Population social equity services Improve living and working condition
- 28. Amit Samarth Make Healthy Choice The Easy Choice Community Basic services Information Housing Good water & Education Healthcare quality services Sanitation Government Education and Social & services employment Cultural Waste activities Good air Health and management quality Social equity Healthy Environment leading to Green Healthy Urban Cheap Spaces Population Lightings Cheap and Cheap nutritious transport Roads Access to Clean food Infrastructure Energy Nutrition 28
- 29. Make Healthy Choice Amit Samarth The Easy Choice in cities of India Present cities Promoting health in urban India Future cities Basic services Good water Community Affordable quality Information Housing Sanitation & Education Healthcare Education & Government services employment services Social & Cultural Waste management Good air activities quality Embedding health in ALL Policies Cheap Green Spaces Cheap and Cheap nutritious Clean Access to Public Lightings transport food Energy Roads Nutrition Infrastructure Multi-disciplinary & multi-sectoral approach Human and environmental health are intricately linked
- 30. Amit Samarth Urban planning and promotion of health Reduce obesity Provide better Reduce carbon Reduced levels of public transport emissions and air cardiovascular discouraging use pollutants diseases of private vehicles Improve air Reduced Facilitate more quality respiratory diseases walking and Increased Improved social cycling physical activity capital Improved social Reduce road capital traffic accidents Mitigate climate change Source: Margalit Younger, Heather R. Morrow-Almeida, Stephen M. Vindigni, Andrew L. Dannenberg. The Built Environment, Climate Change, and Health Opportunities for Co-Bene鍖ts
- 31. Amit Samarth Urban planning and promotion of health Local markets Urban Reduced obesity Improved and agriculture Reduced levels of better balanced Promote locally cardiovascular nutrition grown food diseases and Cheaper diabetes Provide healthy agricultural food options and Mitigate climate produce information change Reduced carbon Restrict fast Sustainable emissions food restaurants development and advertising Source: Margalit Younger, Heather R. Morrow-Almeida, Stephen M. Vindigni, Andrew L. Dannenberg. The Built Environment, Climate Change, and Health Opportunities for Co-Bene鍖ts
- 32. Amit Samarth Healthy City Concept
- 33. Amit Samarth Attributes of Healthy City (WHO) A clean, safe physical environment of high quality (including housing quality) An ecosystem that is stable now and sustainable in the long term A strong, mutually supportive and non - exploitative community A high degree of participation and control by the public over the decisions affecting their lives, health and wellbeing The meeting of basic needs ( for food , water, shelter, income, safety and work) for all the citys people
- 34. Amit Samarth Attributes of Healthy City (WHO) Access to a wide variety of experiences and resources, with the chance for a wide variety of contact , interactions and communications A diverse, vital and innovative city economy The encouragement of connectedness with the past, with the cultural and biological heritage of city dwellers and with other groups and individuals Urban form that is compatible with and enhances the preceding ch aracteristics An optimum level of appropriate public health and sick care services accessible to all High health status (high levels of positive health and low levels of disease)
- 35. Amit Samarth Athens declaration on Healthy Cities Based on key principles of equity, sustainability, intersectoral cooperation and solidarity Political commitment to reducing the health gap between and within our cities Implementing ecological policies for the environment Maximizing the added health value of all municipal programmes through systematic assessment of the health impact of all policies Determined in making Healthy Cities a global movement Will develop city health development policies, strategies and plans that set out to improve the social, environmental and economic determinants of
- 36. Amit Samarth Athens declaration on Healthy Cities Especially address issues related to, health needs of children and young people, women, ethnic minority groups and older people; links between poverty and health; needs of populations at risk; dangers which arise from tobacco abuse, addiction to drugs and alcohol, pollution and violence; and other concerns connected to urban planning, ecological management and social support
- 37. Amit Samarth Cities should have a Health/Wellness Plan Case Study - Well London Strategy
- 38. Amit Samarth Well London Strategy was developed with Extensive consultations and discussions with stakeholders London Food Strategy Children and Young People Strategy Older Peoples Strategy London: Cultural Capital Strategic framework on mental health and well-being in London Delivery plan for London Olympics and Paralympics Economic development strategy London plan for sports and physical activity Targeted interventions in 20 communities across London
- 39. Amit Samarth Well London Strategy Projects directed towards improving Healthy eating Physical activity Mental health and well- being Access to open space The outcomes of all the projects are measured using SMART indicators
- 40. Amit Samarth University of Central Lancashire - Healthy Settings Unit Development, delivery and management of externally- funded settings-based health promotion programmes Research, evaluation and knowledge transfer training Academic teaching Healthy Settings module leadership and co-ordination of UCLans Healthy University initiative Co-ordination of the English National Healthy Universities Network Co-ordination of the UK Healthy Cities Network Chairing the International Union of Health Promotion and Educations Global Working Group on Healthy Settings contributing to the development and management of WHOs Health in Prisons Project Source :http://www.uclan.ac.uk/schools/school_of_health/research_projects/hsu/introduction.php
- 41. Amit Samarth European cities involved in Healthy Cities Network Austria Greece Belgium Hungary Bosnia and Herzegovina Israel Croatia Italy Cyprus Latvia Czech Republic Lithuania Denmark Netherlands Estonia Norway Finland Poland France Portugal Germany Russian Federation Source: http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/urban-health/activities/healthy- cities/national-healthy-cities-networks/network-of-national-healthy-cities-networks-coordinators
- 42. Amit Samarth European cities involved in Healthy Cities Network Slovenia Spain Sweden We should also Switzerland be having many Turkey of our Indian Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Cities in this Britain and Northern Ireland network United Kingdom of Great Where are We? Britain and Northern Ireland Source: http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/urban-health/activities/healthy- cities/national-healthy-cities-networks/network-of-national-healthy-cities-networks-coordinators
- 43. Amit Samarth Healthy Cities - Belfast City Health Impact Assessment of the City Master Plan Based on - Traffic calming to prioritize pedestrian linkages and encourage people not cars Pedestrian and cycle facilities Quality public spaces mixed land use Encouraging a 24-hour environment Destination creation Commercial attractiveness Employment generation Affordable housing
- 44. Examples are many, but we need some action..! We need to do similar for our cities in India Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do - Goethe
- 45. Amit Samarth Develop a Center for Healthy Cities in India
- 46. Amit Samarth Activities of the Center for Healthy Cities Advocating Health as the important driver of planning process Develop observatory urban health observatory to systematically collect information Use of information for policy, planning and advocacy Research on impact of built environment on health in Indian Cities Health impact assessments of City Master Plans Developing Joint Learning Network Communicating the information to stakeholders
- 47. Amit Samarth Developing partnerships WHO Healthy City Project WHO Center for Healthy Development (WKC), Kobe, Japan WHO SEARO and India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Ministry of Urban Development Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Epidemiology Public Health Foundation of India Urban Health Society of India
- 48. Amit Samarth Activities of Joint Learning Network Practitioner to Practitioner Learning Get people who have developed and implemented healthy cities concepts Directly talk to the practioners in India Motivate and support their work Researchers to Practitioner Learning and Vice-Versa Develop evidence Create actionable measures from the evidence Support the practitioners in implementation Document the findings
- 49. Amit Samarth Need for systematic data collection on Urbanization Urban population Social determinants of health Physical determinants of health Environmental determinants of health Health services Health outcomes Slum populations Urban transport
- 50. Amit Samarth Objectives of the Urban Health Observatory Collect information from various urban local bodies Collect information from other government agencies Secondary research and review of literature on urban issues and urban health Conduct primary research to close information gaps on key issues
- 51. Amit Samarth Objectives of the Urban Health Observatory Collect information and data from the major Tier I, II and III cities across India Create a reporting framework of urban health indicators These indicators will be cutting across various social, economic and physical aspects of urban environment Some of the indicators will directly be related to urban poor
- 52. Amit Samarth Possible indicators Air pollution indicators from various cities Number of two wheelers sold in one year Number of four wheelers sold in one year Proportion of people using cycle Proportion of people using footpaths Proportion of people using public transport Number of slums in the city - notified/non-notified Access to water and sanitation in the slums Prevalence of diseases chronic and communicable diseases in these cities
- 53. We really need to do this kind of work Kindly provide your thoughts and comments dramitsamarth@gmail.com +91-9959751351