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Herren_Ch09 Agriculture and Food Courses

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Fruit and Nut Production Chapter 9
Introduction • Modern transportation and storage allow us to move fresh fruits long distances • In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite from ours • Peaches, pears, plums, and grapes are shipped to the U.S. during the winter • Most of the fresh apples we enjoy have been stored from the U.S. crop
Pome Fruits INTRODUCTION • Apples • Most are grown in Washington, New York, Michigan, California • Higher altitudes of the Appalachians • Hundreds of varieties
Pome Fruits INTRODUCTION • Pears • Most are grown in Washington, Oregon, and California • Do well in the semiarid regions of these states • Attacked by fire blight in more humid areas
Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • First step is the production of young trees • Difficult to propagate by seed • Grafting is used • Scions from different varieties are grafted onto different branches of a tree • Set out in evenly spaced rows Cont.
Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • Takes several years for the trees to begin bearing fruit • Variety • Climate • Soil conditions • Management practices • Size of the trees Cont.
Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • Fruit growers use bees • Pollinate the trees • Certain cultivars are self-sterile • Need another apple tree to cross-pollinate • Trees are sprayed regularly to prevent insect and disease damage Cont.
Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • When the apples are ripe, harvesting begins • Harvested by hand to prevent bruising • Fruit is gathered in small containers • Apples stored as fresh fruit receive special handling
Stone Fruits INTRODUCTION • Have large seeds called pits or stones in the center • Peaches • Cherries • Plums • Apricots
Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Grown across the country • Need a certain number of hours of cold weather • Brings the trees through the process of dormancy • 750 hours of weather below 45 degrees F
Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Two types • Freestone • Stones easily separate from flesh • Most marketed as fresh • Clingstone • Used for processing • Stones do not separate from flesh
Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Steps in production • Peach trees are grafted onto rootstock • set in rows and managed • Pruning • Fertilizing • Spraying
Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Bruises very easily • Soft fruit • Most are harvested by hand • Processed peaches • Harvested with a mechanical picker
Citrus Fruits OVERVIEW • Citrus grown in the U.S. • Oranges • Grapefruit • Tangerines • Tangelos • Lemon • Limes
Citrus Fruits FRESH AND PROCESSED CITRUS • Much of the crop is sold as fresh fruit • Largest processed products are • Orange juice • Grapefruit juice • Lemon juices
Citrus Fruits FRESH AND PROCESSED CITRUS • Pulp by-product • Orange • Grapefruit • Makes a valuable cattle feed • Mixed with grain • Citrus pulp is used to fatten cattle
Nut Production OVERVIEW • Seed kernels • Housed in a woody structure • Most nuts are high in proteins and fats • 600 to 700 calories per 100 grams • Harvested by using a tree shaker
Nut Production ALMONDS • More almonds are produced in the U.S. than any other nut • Almost all are grown in California • Require hot, arid regions • 100 varieties, but two major types • Sweet almond is edible and is grown for food • Bitter almond is grown for the oil in the kernel
Nut Production WALNUTS • Major type of walnut is the English walnut • Grown in California and Oregon • Black walnut is also grown in the U.S. • Smaller kernels • Difficult to remove from hull • Most walnuts are sold in the shell
Nut Production PECANS • Classified as genus Carya • Includes hickories • Grown in the South • Need 8 to 10 years to begin to produce • Sold both shelled and unshelled
Nut Production FILBERTS • Also known as hazelnuts • Grown in Oregon and Washington • Eaten raw or roasted • Consumers generally do not recognize the name filbert • Newer marketing techniques
Summary • The fruit and nut industry in the United States is very large • This industry provides consumers with food that is delicious and nutritious • Our lives are made better through the availability of fruits and nuts all year-round • Greatly add to our health

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Herren_Ch09 Agriculture and Food Courses

  • 1. Fruit and Nut Production Chapter 9
  • 2. Introduction • Modern transportation and storage allow us to move fresh fruits long distances • In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite from ours • Peaches, pears, plums, and grapes are shipped to the U.S. during the winter • Most of the fresh apples we enjoy have been stored from the U.S. crop
  • 3. Pome Fruits INTRODUCTION • Apples • Most are grown in Washington, New York, Michigan, California • Higher altitudes of the Appalachians • Hundreds of varieties
  • 4. Pome Fruits INTRODUCTION • Pears • Most are grown in Washington, Oregon, and California • Do well in the semiarid regions of these states • Attacked by fire blight in more humid areas
  • 5. Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • First step is the production of young trees • Difficult to propagate by seed • Grafting is used • Scions from different varieties are grafted onto different branches of a tree • Set out in evenly spaced rows Cont.
  • 6. Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • Takes several years for the trees to begin bearing fruit • Variety • Climate • Soil conditions • Management practices • Size of the trees Cont.
  • 7. Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • Fruit growers use bees • Pollinate the trees • Certain cultivars are self-sterile • Need another apple tree to cross-pollinate • Trees are sprayed regularly to prevent insect and disease damage Cont.
  • 8. Pome Fruits APPLE PRODUCTION • When the apples are ripe, harvesting begins • Harvested by hand to prevent bruising • Fruit is gathered in small containers • Apples stored as fresh fruit receive special handling
  • 9. Stone Fruits INTRODUCTION • Have large seeds called pits or stones in the center • Peaches • Cherries • Plums • Apricots
  • 10. Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Grown across the country • Need a certain number of hours of cold weather • Brings the trees through the process of dormancy • 750 hours of weather below 45 degrees F
  • 11. Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Two types • Freestone • Stones easily separate from flesh • Most marketed as fresh • Clingstone • Used for processing • Stones do not separate from flesh
  • 12. Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Steps in production • Peach trees are grafted onto rootstock • set in rows and managed • Pruning • Fertilizing • Spraying
  • 13. Stone Fruits PEACH PRODUCTION • Bruises very easily • Soft fruit • Most are harvested by hand • Processed peaches • Harvested with a mechanical picker
  • 14. Citrus Fruits OVERVIEW • Citrus grown in the U.S. • Oranges • Grapefruit • Tangerines • Tangelos • Lemon • Limes
  • 15. Citrus Fruits FRESH AND PROCESSED CITRUS • Much of the crop is sold as fresh fruit • Largest processed products are • Orange juice • Grapefruit juice • Lemon juices
  • 16. Citrus Fruits FRESH AND PROCESSED CITRUS • Pulp by-product • Orange • Grapefruit • Makes a valuable cattle feed • Mixed with grain • Citrus pulp is used to fatten cattle
  • 17. Nut Production OVERVIEW • Seed kernels • Housed in a woody structure • Most nuts are high in proteins and fats • 600 to 700 calories per 100 grams • Harvested by using a tree shaker
  • 18. Nut Production ALMONDS • More almonds are produced in the U.S. than any other nut • Almost all are grown in California • Require hot, arid regions • 100 varieties, but two major types • Sweet almond is edible and is grown for food • Bitter almond is grown for the oil in the kernel
  • 19. Nut Production WALNUTS • Major type of walnut is the English walnut • Grown in California and Oregon • Black walnut is also grown in the U.S. • Smaller kernels • Difficult to remove from hull • Most walnuts are sold in the shell
  • 20. Nut Production PECANS • Classified as genus Carya • Includes hickories • Grown in the South • Need 8 to 10 years to begin to produce • Sold both shelled and unshelled
  • 21. Nut Production FILBERTS • Also known as hazelnuts • Grown in Oregon and Washington • Eaten raw or roasted • Consumers generally do not recognize the name filbert • Newer marketing techniques
  • 22. Summary • The fruit and nut industry in the United States is very large • This industry provides consumers with food that is delicious and nutritious • Our lives are made better through the availability of fruits and nuts all year-round • Greatly add to our health