Hiberno english
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Hiberno-English refers to the varieties of English spoken in Ireland that have been influenced by Irish vocabulary, phonology, and grammar. Some key characteristics include the use of Irish-derived words like "banshee", "craic", and "poteen"; rhotic pronunciation and distinct vowel sounds; avoidance of "yes" and "no" in answers; and grammatical constructions like "does be/do be" to indicate continuous present tense. Characteristic expressions in Hiberno-English come from Irish phrases and include terms like "arra", "come here to me now", and "to give out to somebody".
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![Phonology Most Hiberno-English dialects are rhotic. /t/ is not plosive where it does not occur word-initially; instead, it is often pronounced as a slit fricative [慮] The distinction between w /w/ and wh /hw/, as in wine vs. whine, is preserved. The distinction between // and /o/ in horse and hoarse is preserved, though not usually in Dublin or Belfast. A distinction between [氷]-[肘氷]-[氷] in herd-bird-curd may be found. The vowels in words such as boat and cane are usually monophthongs outside of Dublin: [bot], and [ken].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hiberno-english-101208213133-phpapp01/85/Hiberno-english-4-320.jpg)
![The /a肘/ in "night" may be pronounced in a wide variety of ways, e.g. [肘], [肘], [肘] and [肘], the latter two being the most common in middle class speech, the former two, in popular speech. The /肘/ in "boy" may be pronounced [肘]. /e肘/ often becomes // in words such as gave and came (becoming "gev" and "kem"). /dj/ becomes /d/, e.g. dew/due, duke and duty sound like "jew", "jook" and "jooty". /tj/ becomes /t/, e.g. tube is "choob", tune is "choon".](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hiberno-english-101208213133-phpapp01/85/Hiberno-english-5-320.jpg)
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- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic characteristics of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can also vary depending on factors like education, location, and influence from other languages.
- The main influences on South African English vocabulary are reported to be from Dutch/Afrikaans (50%), English (30%), African languages (10%), and other languages (10%).South africa
South africaNatalia Ramirez
油
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic features of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can vary depending on education, location, and other social factors.
- Common phrases in South African English include affirmative "no" responses and the use of "and them" to refer to other people. Modal adverbs from Afrikaans are also frequently used.South africa
South africaNatalia Ramirez
油
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic features of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can vary depending on education, location, and other social factors.
- Common phrases in South African English include affirmative "no" responses and the use of "and them" to refer to other people. Modal adverbs from Afrikaans are also frequently used.South africa
South africaNatalia Ramirez
油
- The document lists the 11 official languages of South Africa and the percentage of the total population that speaks each language as their home language. Afrikaans and isiZulu have the highest numbers of speakers at around 6 and 10.6 million respectively.
- It provides some linguistic features of South African English, noting that it is nonrhotic and may have final postvocalic /r/ sounds. Vowel pronunciations can vary depending on education, location, and other social factors.
- Common phrases in South African English include affirmative "no" responses and the use of "and them" to refer to other people. Modal adverbs from Afrikaans are also frequently used.Texan accent
Texan accentNatalia Ramirez
油
Texas is the second largest state in the U.S. with an area of almost 270,000 square miles and a population of 24.7 million residents. The passage describes several linguistic features of Southern American English dialects, including vowel changes, dropping or changing consonants, use of past participles instead of past simple verbs, double modals, and distinctive greetings and words. It provides an example script of an interview with a woman from Amarillo, Texas who discusses her family and background.Welsh english accent.2003
Welsh english accent.2003Natalia Ramirez
油
The Cardiff accent is the regional accent of English spoken in and around Cardiff, Wales. It is estimated that around 500,000 people speak with the Cardiff accent. The formation of the modern Cardiff accent has been influenced by Irish immigration, similar to the Liverpool accent. The Cardiff accent shares many phonetic traits with northern English accents but differs in being non-rhotic. Some distinguishing features include pronouncing 'a' as 'ah' and dropping the 'th' sound in words like 'that'.Welsh english accent.2003
Welsh english accent.2003Natalia Ramirez
油
The Cardiff accent is the regional accent of English spoken in and around Cardiff, Wales. It is estimated that around 500,000 people speak with the Cardiff accent. The formation of the modern Cardiff accent has been influenced by Irish immigration, similar to the Liverpool accent. The Cardiff accent shares many phonetic traits with northern English accents but differs in being non-rhotic. Some distinguishing features include pronouncing 'a' as 'ah' and dropping the 'th' sound in words like 'that'.Texan accent
Texan accentNatalia Ramirez
油
Texas is the second largest state in the U.S. with an area of almost 270,000 square miles and a population of 24.7 million residents. The document discusses various phonological and grammatical features of Southern American English dialects, including vowel changes, dropping or changing consonants, use of past participles instead of past simple verbs, double modals, and distinctive greetings and words used in parts of the South. It then provides a script about a 22-year-old white female student from Amarillo, Texas who is attending college and shares details about her family background and upbringing.Scottish english accent (1)
Scottish english accent (1)Natalia Ramirez
油
Scottish English is a rhotic accent where /r/ is pronounced in syllable codas. /r/ can be an alveolar approximant [氷] or tap [評], and less commonly a trill [r]. There is also a distinction between /w/ and /hw/ in words like "witch" and "which". The document then provides a table of pure vowel sounds in Scottish English with examples and a table of r-colored vowels. It notes some common Scottish expressions and terms.Australian english
Australian englishNatalia Ramirez
油
The document summarizes key aspects of Australian English. It notes that Australian English has borrowed words from Australian Aboriginal languages, such as boobook and dingo. It was influenced by the influx of Irish and American immigrants in the 1800s, bringing words like "tucker" meaning food. Phonologically, Australian English is non-rhotic and undergoes processes like yod-coalescence and flapping of intervocalic t. Vowel pronunciations also differ from Received Pronunciation as in "bad" and "tan" having long vowels.Scottish english accent (1)
Scottish english accent (1)Natalia Ramirez
油
Scottish English is a rhotic accent where /r/ is pronounced in syllable codas. /r/ can be an alveolar approximant [氷] or tap [評], and less commonly a trill [r]. There is also a distinction between /w/ and /hw/ in words like "witch" and "which". The document then provides a table of pure vowel sounds in Scottish English with examples and a table of r-colored vowels. It notes some common Scottish expressions and terms.Hiberno english
- 2. 油
- 3. Vocabulary Derived From Irish * Banshee (from bean s, 'literally 'fairy woman') * Cant (from caint) talk * Colleen (from ciln) girl (usually Irish) * Crack (from craic) fun, a good time. He's good crack. * Galore (from go leor) plenty, enough * Gob (literally beak) mouth * Poteen (from poitn) hooch, bootleg alcoholic drink * Smashing (from is maith e sin) that's good * Smithereens ('from smidirn) little pieces * Whiskey (from uisce beatha literally 'water of life')
- 4. Phonology Most Hiberno-English dialects are rhotic. /t/ is not plosive where it does not occur word-initially; instead, it is often pronounced as a slit fricative [慮] The distinction between w /w/ and wh /hw/, as in wine vs. whine, is preserved. The distinction between // and /o/ in horse and hoarse is preserved, though not usually in Dublin or Belfast. A distinction between [氷]-[肘氷]-[氷] in herd-bird-curd may be found. The vowels in words such as boat and cane are usually monophthongs outside of Dublin: [bot], and [ken].
- 5. The /a肘/ in "night" may be pronounced in a wide variety of ways, e.g. [肘], [肘], [肘] and [肘], the latter two being the most common in middle class speech, the former two, in popular speech. The /肘/ in "boy" may be pronounced [肘]. /e肘/ often becomes // in words such as gave and came (becoming "gev" and "kem"). /dj/ becomes /d/, e.g. dew/due, duke and duty sound like "jew", "jook" and "jooty". /tj/ becomes /t/, e.g. tube is "choob", tune is "choon".
- 6. Grammar Derived From Irish Like other Celtic languages, Irish has no words for "yes" and "no", instead the verb in a question is repeated in an answer. People in Ireland have a tendency to use this pattern of avoiding "yes" or "no" when speaking English: "Are you finished debugging that software?" "I am." "Is your mobile charged?" "It is." Irish speakers of English use a "does be/do be" (or "bes", although less frequently) construction to indicate this latter continuous present: "He does be coding every day." "They do be talking on their mobiles a lot." "They bes doing a lot of work at school."
- 7. Characteristic expressions - Arra which may be translated as "alright, yes/no". - Come here to me now and Come here and I'll tell ya something are used to mean "Listen to this" or "I have something to tell you". - To give out to somebody is to scold that person. - Will is often used where English English would use "shall" ("Will I make us a cup of tea?"). - A soft day: referring to a rainy day with that particular soft drizzle, and an overcast sky, but relatively bright.
- 8. - Fecking is an all purpose expletive slightly less offensive than the English word fucking. In old Dubliner slang, to feck is also slang for "to steal". - Yoke is typically used in place of the word "thing". It is also a slang term for an ecstasy tablet.