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History of-English-part-1

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Alvina Rodrigues
Alvina Rodrigues

The document provides an overview of the history of the English language from pre-history through the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. It outlines the various cultural groups that have influenced English, including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. Each group introduced new vocabulary and grammatical elements. A key development was the discovery in 1780 that Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek shared a common ancestral language now known as Indo-European. This helped explain the relationship between languages. The document also briefly describes Old English literature like Beowulf and runic writing systems.

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A Brief History of English ...or why this language is so difficult to master...
Overview of English Influences Pre-History-1066 A.D. C.R.A.V.N. Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55 B.C. Roman Conquest 55 B.C. - 407 A.D. Anglo-Saxon Period 407 A.D. - 787 A.D. Viking Invasions 787 A.D. - 1066 A.D. Noman Conquest begins in 1066 A.D.
The Common Source Sir William Jones- a British judge stationed in India in 1780 discovers that Sanskrit bears a striking resemblance to Latin and Greek. Indo-European the common source (languages now spoken by 1/3 of the human race include Latin, French, Spanish, Slavic language, Russian, the Celtic languages, Irish, Scots Gaelic, and the offshoots of German- Dutch and English. Jacob Grimm, one of the famous Brothers Grimm, established that the German vater (and English father) has the same root as the Sanskrit/Latin pitar/pater. Words such as me, new, seven, and mother were also found to share common ancestry. INDO-EUROPEAN IS THE COMMON SOURCE OF LANGUAGE
Indo-European languages
Pre-Historical/Pre-Roman
The Celts/Pre-Roman The island we know as England was invaded by two groups of people: 1. Celts: known as Bythons (now spelled Britons) and 2. Gaels (who settled on the island now known as Ireland). The Celts were Pagans and their religion was known as animism a Latin word for spirit. Druids were their priests and when clans had disputes, they intervened to settle them.
Roman Occupation Hadrians Wall
Important Events During Roman Occupation Julius Caesar begins invasion/occupation in 55 B.C. Occupation completed by Claudius in 1st Century A.D. Romans leave in 407 A.D. because Visigoths attack Rome (this leaves Britain defenseless) St. Augustine (the other St. Augustine) lands in Kent in 597 and converts King Aethelbert (King of Kent, the oldest Saxon settlement) to Christianity; becomes first Archbishop of Caterbury
The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupation Established camps that eventually became towns. Maintained relative peace. Latin heavily influenced the English language. Christianity begins to replace Paganism, especially after St. Augustine converts King Aethelbert in 597.
The Anglo-Saxon Period 410-787 A.D.
Anglo-Saxons-Jutes
Important Events in the (First) Anglo-Saxon Period 410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in Denmark, thus driving out the Celts. Nine Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms eventually becomeNine Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms eventually become the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy (England notthe Anglo-Saxon heptarchy (England not unified) or Seven Sovereign Kingdoms.unified) or Seven Sovereign Kingdoms. King Alfred the Great managed peace againstKing Alfred the Great managed peace against the Danes for about a generation, until Williamthe Danes for about a generation, until William of Normandy defeated them in 1066.of Normandy defeated them in 1066.
Anglo-Saxon Literature Germanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits. Most storytelling was oral. Old English Poetry became distinctive... 1. Alliteration- repetition of consonant sounds 2. Kenning- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun - whale- path for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry 3. Caesura- a break or pause in poetry RUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probably brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and were used until about the 11th century. Runic inscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have survived.
Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles. Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL).
Beowulf... The major text we will read from this period is the EPIC Beowulf. It is the story of a Scandinavian (GEAT) warrior or knight probably in the sixth century, who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes, who are being attacked by a monster. We study English history to understand the CONTEXT of Beowulf, and we study Beowulf to understand the world which was OLD ENGLISH. Consider the fighting, hunting, farming and loving Anglo-Saxon heritage. The Non-Christians only hope was for fame and commemoration in poetry. Beowulf is considered the shining star of Old English literature. The Book of Exeter is the largest surviving collection of poetry.
History of-English-part-1
Viking Invasion The Vikings were sea-faring, explorers, traders and warriors, Scandinavians during the 8th-11th centuries. Expeditions that plundered and ended in conquest and settlements of Britain. King Alfred the Great in 871 was able to use the language to appeal the English and his efforts saved the language.
Importance of the Viking Invasions Politically and Culturally- there was no central government or church* BUT The Anglo-Saxon Code is evident in Beowulf. Linguistically Old English is born- mainly Germanic (although even Germanic languages are derived from a theoretical Proto-Indo-European language, the grandparent of classical languages such as Greek, Sanskrit, Latin and German). LOTS of dialects of Old English- because there are several separate Kingdoms, many founded by essentially five or six different cultures: Anlges, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, Danes and Swedes. *King Alfred the Great (ruled approx. 871-899 A.D.) was one of the first Anglo-Saxon kings to push Vikings back; in fact, he was one of the first kings consolidating power, unifying Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
Norman Invasion In 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, the Normans (powerful Northern Frenchmen) defeat the English and start a century-long conquest of England. William (Duke of Normandy) crowns himself the ruler of England (1066) and establishes a social system: Feudalism- a hierarchy of rulers under one lord; individuals gave military and other services to their overlords in return for protection and land. Cultural/Political/Literature Influence: French becomes official language of politics and power and exerts enormous influence on Old English, which becomes obsolete. William maintains efficient system of government of Anglo- Saxons, but replaces the English nobility with Normans, and creates a great class division that oppressed the Anglo-Saxons.
A Brief Glimpse of the History of English from Our Father OLD ENGLISH 400- 1066 Beowulf F脱der ure 綻u 綻e eart on heofonum si 綻in nama gehalgod tobecume 綻in rice gewur綻e 綻in willa on eor丹an swa swa on heofonum urne ged脱ghwamlican hlaf syle us to d脱g and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfa丹 urum gyltendum and ne gel脱d 綻u us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele so綻lice. Middle English 1066- 1485 Chaucer Oure fadir 綻at art in heuenes halwid be 綻i name; 綻i reume or kyngdom come to be. Be 綻i wille don in her綻e as it is doun in heuene. yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred. And foryeue to us oure dettis 綻at is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris 綻at is to men 綻at han synned in us. And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl. Early Modern English 1485- 1800 Shakes- peare Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen. Giue us this day our daily bread. And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters. And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen. Modern English 1800- present Austen Extra Credit! Write The Our Father in Modern English.
So, what do I need to know about the History of the Englsih Language? Major dates 55 B.C. 43 A.D. 410 A.D. 597 A.D. 1066 A.D.
Major people Julius Caesar St. Augustine King Ethelbert of Kent King Alfred the great William the Conqueror William, Duke of Normandy
What I really need to know about the making of the English language Major cultural/linguistic influences Celtic Roman Anglo-Saxon Viking Norman
Stephen Colbert Satire and The Word English http://colbertnation.mtvnimages.com/images/sh
Write Your Name in Runes at Nova Runes were used by early Germanic tribes on documents in stone, wood and metal. They relied on these symbols not only for writing but also to tell fortunes, cast spells, and provide protection. The runic alphabet, or Futhark, gets its name from the first six sounds, much like our alphabet A,B,Cs. Can you write your name in Runes? Check out the Nova website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/runes.html Runic Writing

More Related Content

History of-English-part-1

  • 1. A Brief History of English ...or why this language is so difficult to master...
  • 2. Overview of English Influences Pre-History-1066 A.D. C.R.A.V.N. Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55 B.C. Roman Conquest 55 B.C. - 407 A.D. Anglo-Saxon Period 407 A.D. - 787 A.D. Viking Invasions 787 A.D. - 1066 A.D. Noman Conquest begins in 1066 A.D.
  • 3. The Common Source Sir William Jones- a British judge stationed in India in 1780 discovers that Sanskrit bears a striking resemblance to Latin and Greek. Indo-European the common source (languages now spoken by 1/3 of the human race include Latin, French, Spanish, Slavic language, Russian, the Celtic languages, Irish, Scots Gaelic, and the offshoots of German- Dutch and English. Jacob Grimm, one of the famous Brothers Grimm, established that the German vater (and English father) has the same root as the Sanskrit/Latin pitar/pater. Words such as me, new, seven, and mother were also found to share common ancestry. INDO-EUROPEAN IS THE COMMON SOURCE OF LANGUAGE
  • 6. The Celts/Pre-Roman The island we know as England was invaded by two groups of people: 1. Celts: known as Bythons (now spelled Britons) and 2. Gaels (who settled on the island now known as Ireland). The Celts were Pagans and their religion was known as animism a Latin word for spirit. Druids were their priests and when clans had disputes, they intervened to settle them.
  • 8. Important Events During Roman Occupation Julius Caesar begins invasion/occupation in 55 B.C. Occupation completed by Claudius in 1st Century A.D. Romans leave in 407 A.D. because Visigoths attack Rome (this leaves Britain defenseless) St. Augustine (the other St. Augustine) lands in Kent in 597 and converts King Aethelbert (King of Kent, the oldest Saxon settlement) to Christianity; becomes first Archbishop of Caterbury
  • 9. The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupation Established camps that eventually became towns. Maintained relative peace. Latin heavily influenced the English language. Christianity begins to replace Paganism, especially after St. Augustine converts King Aethelbert in 597.
  • 12. Important Events in the (First) Anglo-Saxon Period 410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in Denmark, thus driving out the Celts. Nine Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms eventually becomeNine Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms eventually become the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy (England notthe Anglo-Saxon heptarchy (England not unified) or Seven Sovereign Kingdoms.unified) or Seven Sovereign Kingdoms. King Alfred the Great managed peace againstKing Alfred the Great managed peace against the Danes for about a generation, until Williamthe Danes for about a generation, until William of Normandy defeated them in 1066.of Normandy defeated them in 1066.
  • 13. Anglo-Saxon Literature Germanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits. Most storytelling was oral. Old English Poetry became distinctive... 1. Alliteration- repetition of consonant sounds 2. Kenning- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun - whale- path for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry 3. Caesura- a break or pause in poetry RUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probably brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and were used until about the 11th century. Runic inscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have survived.
  • 14. Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles. Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL).
  • 15. Beowulf... The major text we will read from this period is the EPIC Beowulf. It is the story of a Scandinavian (GEAT) warrior or knight probably in the sixth century, who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes, who are being attacked by a monster. We study English history to understand the CONTEXT of Beowulf, and we study Beowulf to understand the world which was OLD ENGLISH. Consider the fighting, hunting, farming and loving Anglo-Saxon heritage. The Non-Christians only hope was for fame and commemoration in poetry. Beowulf is considered the shining star of Old English literature. The Book of Exeter is the largest surviving collection of poetry.
  • 17. Viking Invasion The Vikings were sea-faring, explorers, traders and warriors, Scandinavians during the 8th-11th centuries. Expeditions that plundered and ended in conquest and settlements of Britain. King Alfred the Great in 871 was able to use the language to appeal the English and his efforts saved the language.
  • 18. Importance of the Viking Invasions Politically and Culturally- there was no central government or church* BUT The Anglo-Saxon Code is evident in Beowulf. Linguistically Old English is born- mainly Germanic (although even Germanic languages are derived from a theoretical Proto-Indo-European language, the grandparent of classical languages such as Greek, Sanskrit, Latin and German). LOTS of dialects of Old English- because there are several separate Kingdoms, many founded by essentially five or six different cultures: Anlges, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, Danes and Swedes. *King Alfred the Great (ruled approx. 871-899 A.D.) was one of the first Anglo-Saxon kings to push Vikings back; in fact, he was one of the first kings consolidating power, unifying Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
  • 19. Norman Invasion In 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, the Normans (powerful Northern Frenchmen) defeat the English and start a century-long conquest of England. William (Duke of Normandy) crowns himself the ruler of England (1066) and establishes a social system: Feudalism- a hierarchy of rulers under one lord; individuals gave military and other services to their overlords in return for protection and land. Cultural/Political/Literature Influence: French becomes official language of politics and power and exerts enormous influence on Old English, which becomes obsolete. William maintains efficient system of government of Anglo- Saxons, but replaces the English nobility with Normans, and creates a great class division that oppressed the Anglo-Saxons.
  • 20. A Brief Glimpse of the History of English from Our Father OLD ENGLISH 400- 1066 Beowulf F脱der ure 綻u 綻e eart on heofonum si 綻in nama gehalgod tobecume 綻in rice gewur綻e 綻in willa on eor丹an swa swa on heofonum urne ged脱ghwamlican hlaf syle us to d脱g and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfa丹 urum gyltendum and ne gel脱d 綻u us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele so綻lice. Middle English 1066- 1485 Chaucer Oure fadir 綻at art in heuenes halwid be 綻i name; 綻i reume or kyngdom come to be. Be 綻i wille don in her綻e as it is doun in heuene. yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred. And foryeue to us oure dettis 綻at is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris 綻at is to men 綻at han synned in us. And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl. Early Modern English 1485- 1800 Shakes- peare Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen. Giue us this day our daily bread. And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters. And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen. Modern English 1800- present Austen Extra Credit! Write The Our Father in Modern English.
  • 21. So, what do I need to know about the History of the Englsih Language? Major dates 55 B.C. 43 A.D. 410 A.D. 597 A.D. 1066 A.D.
  • 22. Major people Julius Caesar St. Augustine King Ethelbert of Kent King Alfred the great William the Conqueror William, Duke of Normandy
  • 23. What I really need to know about the making of the English language Major cultural/linguistic influences Celtic Roman Anglo-Saxon Viking Norman
  • 24. Stephen Colbert Satire and The Word English http://colbertnation.mtvnimages.com/images/sh
  • 25. Write Your Name in Runes at Nova Runes were used by early Germanic tribes on documents in stone, wood and metal. They relied on these symbols not only for writing but also to tell fortunes, cast spells, and provide protection. The runic alphabet, or Futhark, gets its name from the first six sounds, much like our alphabet A,B,Cs. Can you write your name in Runes? Check out the Nova website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/runes.html Runic Writing