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HIV.pdf

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SudhaSanjibanee1

This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including: - Definitions of HIV and AIDS, incidence rates, and risk factors like sexual transmission, contaminated blood, and mother-to-child transmission. - The pathophysiology and life cycle of HIV, clinical manifestations like fatigue and wasting syndrome, and common opportunistic infections. - Diagnostic tests including ELISA, viral load testing, and CD4 counts. - Prevention methods like safer sex practices and condom use. - Medical management with antiretroviral drugs like reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. - Potential complications of HIV/AIDS infection including various infections, cancers, neurological issues, and more.

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HIV/AIDS BY SUDHA SANJIBANEE BSN 2ND YEAR GOPABANDHU INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE OF NURSING, MADHAPUR, ATHAGARH, CUTTACK
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION • HIV • • AIDS • •
INCIDENCE • • •
ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS • CAUSATIVE AGENT • AGE: MOST CASES HAVE OCCURRED AMONG SEXUALLY ACTIVE PEOPLE AGED 20-49 • SEX:- IN AFRICA MORE FEMALES ARE AFFECTED -IN NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE AND AUSTRALIA ABOUT 51% OF CASES ARE HOMOSEXUAL OR BISEXUAL MEN. -IN NEPAL 2:1
CONTD… • SEXUAL
CONTD… • INFECTED BLOOD OR BLOOD PRODUCTS: - SHARING NEEDLES DURING INTRAVENOUS DRUG USE - NEEDLE STICK INJURY - TRANSFUSION OF UNSCREENED OR CONTAMINATED BLOOD OR BLOOD PRODUCT(DECREASED AFTER 1986) - MEDICAL INJECTIONS WITH UNSTERILIZED EQUIPMENT
CONTD… • MOTHER-TO-CHILD: -DURING PREGNANCY, DURING DELIVERY, OR THROUGH BREAST MILK. -IN THE ABSENCE OF TREATMENT, THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION BEFORE OR DURING BIRTH IS AROUND 20% AND IN THOSE WHO ALSO BREASTFEED 35%.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS • 1. 2. 3.
• SYMPTOMS: • • • • • • • • •
• • •
• • SYMPTOMS: • FATIGUE • DIARRHEA • NAUSEA, VOMITING • FEVER CHILLS • NIGHT SWEATS • WASTING SYNDROME AT LATE STAGES
• • COMMON OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. • • •
HIV.pdf
HIV.pdf
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION • ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) AND WESTERN BLOT: • IF AN ELISA TEST IS POSITIVE, THE WESTERN BLOT TEST IS USUALLY ADMINISTERED TO CONFIRM THE DIAGNOSIS. IF AN ELISA TEST IS NEGATIVE, BUT YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE HIV, YOU SHOULD BE TESTED AGAIN IN ONE TO THREE MONTHS. • WESTERN BLOTTING: (CONFIRMATORY TEST) • THIS IS A VERY SENSITIVE BLOOD TEST USED TO CONFIRM A POSITIVE ELISA TEST RESULT. • T LYMPHOCYTE AND B LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; CD4 COUNTS, CD4 PERCENTAGES • VIRAL LOAD: • THIS TEST MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF HIV IN YOUR BLOOD. GENERALLY, IT’S USED TO MONITOR TREATMENT PROGRESS OR DETECT EARLY HIV INFECTION. THREE TECHNOLOGIES MEASURE HIV VIRAL LOAD IN THE BLOOD — REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR), BRANCHED DNA (BDNA) AND NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE-BASED AMPLIFICATION ASSAY (NASBA).
CONTD… • COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT: • HIV P24 ANTIGEN • VIRAL CULTURE • INDIRECTFLUORESCENT ANTIBODY
PREVENTION 1. SAFER SEX: • GET TESTED FOR HIV. IT’S IMPORTANT THEY LEARN THEIR STATUS AND THAT OF THEIR PARTNER. • GET TESTED FOR OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS). IF THEY TEST POSITIVE FOR ONE, THEY SHOULD GET IT TREATED, BECAUSE HAVING AN STI INCREASES THE RISK OF CONTRACTING HIV. • USE CONDOMS. THEY SHOULD LEARN THE CORRECT WAY TO USE CONDOMS AND USE THEM EVERY TIME THEY HAVE SEX, WHETHER IT’S THROUGH VAGINAL OR ANAL INTERCOURSE. IT’S IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND THAT PRE-SEMINAL FLUIDS (WHICH COME OUT BEFORE MALE EJACULATION) CAN CONTAIN HIV. • TAKE THEIR MEDICATIONS AS DIRECTED IF THEY HAVE HIV. THIS LOWERS THE RISK OF TRANSMITTING THE VIRUS TO THEIR SEXUAL PARTNER.
CONTD… 2. OTHER PREVENTION METHODS: • • • • •
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT • REVERSE TRANCRIPTASE INHIBITORS • • • • • • PROTEASE INHIBITORS • • •
COMPLICATIONS • INFECTIONS COMMON TO HIV/AIDS: 1. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (PCP). 2. CANDIDIASIS 3. TUBERCULOSIS 4. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS(COMMON HERPES VIRUS):IF IMMUNE SYSTEM WEAKENS, THE VIRUS RESURFACES — CAUSING DAMAGE TO YOUR EYES, DIGESTIVE TRACT, LUNGS OR OTHER ORGANS. 5. CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS 6. TOXOPLASMOSIS: CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII, A PARASITE SPREAD PRIMARILY BY CATS. TOXOPLASMOSIS CAN CAUSE HEART DISEASE, AND SEIZURES OCCUR WHEN IT SPREADS TO THE BRAIN.
CONTD... • COMMON CANCER: • LYMPHOMA: SWELLING OF THE LYMPH NODES IN YOUR NECK, ARMPIT OR GROIN • KAPOSI’S SARCOMA:KAPOSI'S SARCOMA CAN ALSO AFFECT THE INTERNAL ORGANS, INCLUDING THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND LUNGS.
CONTD… OTHER COMPLICATIONS: • WASTING SYNDROME. • NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS:HIV CAN CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS SUCH AS CONFUSION, FORGETFULNESS, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND DIFFICULTY WALKING. • KIDNEY DISEASE.: HIV-ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY (HIVAN) IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE TINY FILTERS IN YOUR KIDNEYS THAT REMOVE EXCESS FLUID AND WASTES FROM YOUR BLOOD AND PASS THEM TO YOUR URINE. IT MOST OFTEN AFFECTS BLACK OR HISPANIC PEOPLE. • LIVER DISEASE. LIVER DISEASE IS ALSO A MAJOR COMPLICATION, ESPECIALLY IN PEOPLE WHO ALSO HAVE HEPATITIS B OR HEPATITIS C.
HIV.pdf
NURSING PROCESS • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
•
HIV.pdf

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HIV.pdf

  • 1. HIV/AIDS BY SUDHA SANJIBANEE BSN 2ND YEAR GOPABANDHU INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE OF NURSING, MADHAPUR, ATHAGARH, CUTTACK
  • 5. ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS • CAUSATIVE AGENT • AGE: MOST CASES HAVE OCCURRED AMONG SEXUALLY ACTIVE PEOPLE AGED 20-49 • SEX:- IN AFRICA MORE FEMALES ARE AFFECTED -IN NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE AND AUSTRALIA ABOUT 51% OF CASES ARE HOMOSEXUAL OR BISEXUAL MEN. -IN NEPAL 2:1
  • 7. CONTD… • INFECTED BLOOD OR BLOOD PRODUCTS: - SHARING NEEDLES DURING INTRAVENOUS DRUG USE - NEEDLE STICK INJURY - TRANSFUSION OF UNSCREENED OR CONTAMINATED BLOOD OR BLOOD PRODUCT(DECREASED AFTER 1986) - MEDICAL INJECTIONS WITH UNSTERILIZED EQUIPMENT
  • 8. CONTD… • MOTHER-TO-CHILD: -DURING PREGNANCY, DURING DELIVERY, OR THROUGH BREAST MILK. -IN THE ABSENCE OF TREATMENT, THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION BEFORE OR DURING BIRTH IS AROUND 20% AND IN THOSE WHO ALSO BREASTFEED 35%.
  • 14. • • SYMPTOMS: • FATIGUE • DIARRHEA • NAUSEA, VOMITING • FEVER CHILLS • NIGHT SWEATS • WASTING SYNDROME AT LATE STAGES
  • 15. • • COMMON OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. • • •
  • 18. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION • ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) AND WESTERN BLOT: • IF AN ELISA TEST IS POSITIVE, THE WESTERN BLOT TEST IS USUALLY ADMINISTERED TO CONFIRM THE DIAGNOSIS. IF AN ELISA TEST IS NEGATIVE, BUT YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE HIV, YOU SHOULD BE TESTED AGAIN IN ONE TO THREE MONTHS. • WESTERN BLOTTING: (CONFIRMATORY TEST) • THIS IS A VERY SENSITIVE BLOOD TEST USED TO CONFIRM A POSITIVE ELISA TEST RESULT. • T LYMPHOCYTE AND B LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; CD4 COUNTS, CD4 PERCENTAGES • VIRAL LOAD: • THIS TEST MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF HIV IN YOUR BLOOD. GENERALLY, IT’S USED TO MONITOR TREATMENT PROGRESS OR DETECT EARLY HIV INFECTION. THREE TECHNOLOGIES MEASURE HIV VIRAL LOAD IN THE BLOOD — REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR), BRANCHED DNA (BDNA) AND NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE-BASED AMPLIFICATION ASSAY (NASBA).
  • 19. CONTD… • COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT: • HIV P24 ANTIGEN • VIRAL CULTURE • INDIRECTFLUORESCENT ANTIBODY
  • 20. PREVENTION 1. SAFER SEX: • GET TESTED FOR HIV. IT’S IMPORTANT THEY LEARN THEIR STATUS AND THAT OF THEIR PARTNER. • GET TESTED FOR OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS). IF THEY TEST POSITIVE FOR ONE, THEY SHOULD GET IT TREATED, BECAUSE HAVING AN STI INCREASES THE RISK OF CONTRACTING HIV. • USE CONDOMS. THEY SHOULD LEARN THE CORRECT WAY TO USE CONDOMS AND USE THEM EVERY TIME THEY HAVE SEX, WHETHER IT’S THROUGH VAGINAL OR ANAL INTERCOURSE. IT’S IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND THAT PRE-SEMINAL FLUIDS (WHICH COME OUT BEFORE MALE EJACULATION) CAN CONTAIN HIV. • TAKE THEIR MEDICATIONS AS DIRECTED IF THEY HAVE HIV. THIS LOWERS THE RISK OF TRANSMITTING THE VIRUS TO THEIR SEXUAL PARTNER.
  • 21. CONTD… 2. OTHER PREVENTION METHODS: • • • • •
  • 22. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT • REVERSE TRANCRIPTASE INHIBITORS • • • • • • PROTEASE INHIBITORS • • •
  • 23. COMPLICATIONS • INFECTIONS COMMON TO HIV/AIDS: 1. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (PCP). 2. CANDIDIASIS 3. TUBERCULOSIS 4. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS(COMMON HERPES VIRUS):IF IMMUNE SYSTEM WEAKENS, THE VIRUS RESURFACES — CAUSING DAMAGE TO YOUR EYES, DIGESTIVE TRACT, LUNGS OR OTHER ORGANS. 5. CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS 6. TOXOPLASMOSIS: CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII, A PARASITE SPREAD PRIMARILY BY CATS. TOXOPLASMOSIS CAN CAUSE HEART DISEASE, AND SEIZURES OCCUR WHEN IT SPREADS TO THE BRAIN.
  • 24. CONTD... • COMMON CANCER: • LYMPHOMA: SWELLING OF THE LYMPH NODES IN YOUR NECK, ARMPIT OR GROIN • KAPOSI’S SARCOMA:KAPOSI'S SARCOMA CAN ALSO AFFECT THE INTERNAL ORGANS, INCLUDING THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND LUNGS.
  • 25. CONTD… OTHER COMPLICATIONS: • WASTING SYNDROME. • NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS:HIV CAN CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS SUCH AS CONFUSION, FORGETFULNESS, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND DIFFICULTY WALKING. • KIDNEY DISEASE.: HIV-ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY (HIVAN) IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE TINY FILTERS IN YOUR KIDNEYS THAT REMOVE EXCESS FLUID AND WASTES FROM YOUR BLOOD AND PASS THEM TO YOUR URINE. IT MOST OFTEN AFFECTS BLACK OR HISPANIC PEOPLE. • LIVER DISEASE. LIVER DISEASE IS ALSO A MAJOR COMPLICATION, ESPECIALLY IN PEOPLE WHO ALSO HAVE HEPATITIS B OR HEPATITIS C.