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Oceans in the Anthropocene

Reinhold Leinfelder
Reinhold Leinfelder

Oceans in the Anthropocene. From the Demise of Coral Reefs to the Rise of Plastic Sediments. Presentation for the Anthropocene Project at Haus der Kulturen der Welt

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!"#$%&'(%')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'' /,-0')*#'1#0(&#'-2'3-,$4'5##2&')-')*#'5(&#'-2'64$&7"'8#9(0#%)&' Let me see....!........!!!!!!!!!! This shows the frailty of our Earth. We have to protect it Prof. Dr. Reinhold Leinfelder Haus der Zukunft (Berlin) gGmbH i.Gr. Images: Jaqueline Pulsack, UdK The Blue Marble Wow! Just see This. Earth is rising. How beautiful! Anthropocene Working Group, Freie Universit辰t Berlin Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, Munich !%')*#'<$;')-')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'='<#'>%-<'$?-:)')*#'4$%9' 2-,'(%)#,%$4':&#'-%4;' @' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !%')*#'<$;')-')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'=' A#'#B#%'>%-<'$?-:)')*#'$)0-&.*#,#' Martyna Zalatyte, University of the Arts Berlin , (In: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014 C' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !%')*#'A$;')-')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'='A*$)'9-'<#'>%-<'$?-:)')*#'&#$&D' Wyn Tiedmers, University of the Arts Berlin , (in: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014) E' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
!"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Oceans are being used since onset of humankind but: new quality since industrialisation Oceans at risk: by direct use and indirect impact (e.g. climate change) New options for use and access cause additional pressure F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' /,-0'K$0$%%'#)'$4L'@IJE'$M?' N' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' The Ocean as source and infrastructure Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable Resources from the sea Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic resources Traffic: Shipping and trade Use of the Oceans from: Hamann et al 2014a F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' O' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable Resources from the sea Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic resources Traffic: Shipping and trade Oceans as a dump and sink for waste of all kind Use of the Oceans The Ocean as sinkhole 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' from: Hamann et al 2014a P' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Warming Sea-level rise CO2-input and acidification Dead zones Pollution (nutrients, toxic substances, plastic), oil spills Overfishing Ecosystem destruction, loss of biodiversity (e.g. coral reefs) Attention to interactions synergistic impacts The oceans have arrived in the anthropocene Threats to the Oceans Use of the Oceans The ocean as patient F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' Q' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
!"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Status and trends of fish stocks worldwide Collapsed Overexploited Exploited Developing Sources: Pauly, 2013; World Bank and FAO, 2009 Year Massive ecological damage Economically unsound: US$ billions are lost Far from sustainability 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Number of stocks [%] Rebuilding 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 R' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' *S.TUU<<<L&:#99#:)&"*#L9#U<(&&#%U:0<#4)&"*:)VW$4&W>:%&)W:#?#,X&"*:%YW9#,W0##,#WJLJJOREEI' JI' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' /(&*#,;'9(&4-"$7-%'-2'(%9:&),($4(V#9'"-:%),(#&' ')-'+2,("$'9:,(%Y')*#'RI7#&' Source: Alder and Sumaila, 2009; Worm et al., 2009 /,-0'AFGH'@IJC' JJ' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Z-'&(0.4#'&-4:7-%&'.-&&(?4#L''+[:$":4):,#'-#%'(%",#$&#&'X&*(%Y'.,#&&:,#'' *S.TUU<<<L&:#99#:)&"*#L9#U<(&&#%U:0<#4)&"*:)VW$4&W>:%&)W:#?#,X&"*:%YW9#,W0##,#WJLJJOREEI' J@' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
EII'='OII';' JIII&';' CI';' CIIWNII';' @NWCI';' E'<##>&' @IIWNII';' CIWOI';' JI';' ENI';' CII';' JII&';' )-]("M'B$,($?4#' @IWCI';' N';' JIII&';' @N';' *S.TUUB(&:$4L4;U0-&)W9$%Y#,-:&W&.#"(#&W0#9()#,,$%#$%' JC' !"#$%&'($)*+,#-&.'$/0#12#'$ 2+$("#$%#32(#--*+#*+$ JI';' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 8>#)"*'5L^#(%2#49#,' JE' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin ,(_#' Anthropocene - Plastic and Coral Reefs `$,(-:&'&-:,"#&' JN' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Source: Plastics Europe 2013 JO' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
a64$&7"4$&7"&b' Up: Yesenia Thibault-Picazo, CRAFT IN THE ANTHROPOCENE - objects and scenarios Left: clastic plastiglomerate on Kamilo Beach, Hawaii (from Corcoran et al. 2014) JP' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin c$,"*'@IJE' JQ' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 6,-?4#0');.#&M'(%)#,$"7-%&'$%9'2##9?$">&' Climate Change Chemical Pollution Change of Land Use Ocean acidification Source: Rockstr旦m et al., Nature, 24. Sept. 2009 Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous- Cycle 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Atmosph. Aerosols Biodiversity Loss Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Global Freshwater Use JR' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#'='d#0.-,$4'1;%$0("&' Living with risks and likelihoods: The tipping point problem From : Hamann et al 2014a From : Lenton et al. 2008, PNAS 105, modified @I' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin JROR' JRPR' @J' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Principle of the freedom of the Seas mare liberum & res commis (Hugo Grotius,1608) shifted to a mare ordinarium situation =#-<*+>$ 445$ Spatial scarcity 677$8*.is 91*:$%not 2:#'$ solely a technical problem but also depends on the social context it operates 1#%0$,>' ;6$+<2$ d*#'Z#)*#,4$%9&' Provided by Bela Buck, AWI @@' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' 8:00(%Y':.T'":0:4$7B#'$%)*,-.-Y#%("'#_#")&' ?+:>$1.--#+($0-&@:#<'$h%-'*(&)-,("$4' .,-?4#0&'<()*'#_#")&')-9$;M'%-' 2-,#"$&)&i' ;A$*+("-&0&,#+21$3-2B#-'$"-%&(9#,#9' 67$#1&'>'(#<'$"-%&(9#,#9' 6,-?4#0&'),#$)#9'-%4;'*3329B#:>M' .-&(7B#'2##9?$">&'$%9'7..(%Y'.-(%)&'%-)' "-%&(9#,#9' C&+'#-B*9B#$$..,-$"*' /9::$2+1&<0:#(#$h9(&#$&#&M'K-??;'X&*(%YM' +[:$":4):,#M'"-$&)$4'"-%&),:"7-%'#)"L' %-)';#)'"-%&(9#,#9iL' +'G4-?$4'c$.'-2'K:0$%'e0.$")'-%'c$,(%#'f"-&;&)#0&' F#%g$0(%'8L'K$4.#,%'!"#$%&#'()!*(!#+,-.#-/0#1233045#6789#,3&,,2:;<()!*(!&,,/-+/=' @C' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin c-9#44#9'1(&),(?:7-%'8*(&'-2'c$,(%#'!,Y$%(&0'?;'34(0$)#' 3*$%Y#'@IINW@INI' F-S-0',#4$)#9' &.#"(#&'hj'@III0i' !.#%'A$)#,' 8.#"(#&' F$&#9'-%'?(-"4(0$7"' #%B#4-.#'0-9#4&'2-,' JIOO'&.#"'-2'X&*'$%9' (%B#,)#?,$)#&M':%9#,' e633'85f8'+JF' @E' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
@N' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Acidification @O' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 3-0?(%#9'f_#")&' d#0.#,$):,#'5(&#'$%9'+"(9(X"$7-%' @P' /,-0'K-#Y*WG:49?#,Y'@IIP' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin JMN'k'-2'Y4-?$4'-"#$%'$,#$' POk'-2'$44'"-,$4'&.#"(#&' CPk'-2'$44'"-,$4'X&*'&.#"(#&' 3-,$4'd,($%Y4#' e%9-%#&($%' +,"*(.#4$Y-' ENI'..0W8)$?(4(&$7-%' from: Coral Triangle Report 2009 The Time-Lag Problem @Q' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
JMN'k'-2'Y4-?$4'-"#$%'$,#$' POk'-2'$44'"-,$4'&.#"(#&' CPk'-2'$44'"-,$4'X&*'&.#"(#&' 3-,$4'd,($%Y4#' e%9-%#&($%' +,"*(.#4$Y-' ENI'..0W8)$?(4(&$7-%' from: Coral Triangle Report 2009 The Time-Lag Problem a'3!@WF:&(%#&&'$&':&:$4bT'' PNI'..0W&)$?(4(&$7-%' @R' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 3*$%"#'2-,'0-9#,%',##2&':%9#,'' $%)*,-.-Y#%("'(0.$")&D' e.g. Jurassic reef characteristics in Bocas del Toro, Panama increased sedimentation and eutrophication to study atavistic structures anthropogenic impacts result in low or medium complex reefs similarity of Porites thickets to Jurassic reef thickets CI' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin c-9#,%W);.#',##2&D'a+)$B(&7"b',##2&D'!,'%-',##2&D' /,-0'^#(%2#49#,'#)'$4L'@IJ@' /:):,#'-2',##2&T'' CJ' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Three guiding principles for future ocean use in the Anthropocene 1. Precautionary principle (e.g. Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992) - Ecosystem approach, incl. land/sea interactions - Earth system interactions: CO2, pH - Marine ecosystems and society 3. Oceans as common heritage of mankind Guiding Principles Analysis of Ocean Governance Guiding Principles Analysis of Ocean Governance Threats to the Oceans Use of the Oceans 2. Systemic approach Threats to the Oceans 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Use of the Oceans C@'
Status Quo Source: WBGU, 2013 d*#'AFGHW`(&(-%'2-,'!"#$%'G-B#,%$%"#'(%')*#' +%)*,-.-"#%#T'd*#'Coastal-state sovereign rights and national c$,(%#'jurisdiction for K#,()$Y#' resource management Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.) Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis--vis coastal states and RMMOs UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) incl. implementing agreements (FSA, etc.) International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) EEZb High seasc World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship function for marine conservation and sustainable management of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states Coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction for resource management Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.) Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis--vis coastal states and RMMOs World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship EEZb function for marine conservation and sustainable management High seasc of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin National Regional Global Baseline max. 350 nm The Areae Extended continental shelfd Virtually unlimited sovereignty 12 nm max. 200 nm International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineral resources of the Area Continental Shelf Commission Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme Contracting states of UNCLOS Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis--vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Scope of the common heritage of mankind Territorial seaa National Regional Global Baseline max. 350 nm The Areae Extended continental shelfd Virtually unlimited sovereignty 12 nm max. 200 nm International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineral resources of the Area Continental Shelf Commission The Area as a common heritage of mankind Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme Contracting states of UNCLOS Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis--vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Scope of the common heritage of mankind Territorial seaa National stewardship function Accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs Accountability obligations vis--vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations The oceans as the common heritage of mankind Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS The Areae 12 nm Territorial seaa max. 350 nm max. 200 nm National Regional Global High seasc Extended continental shelfd EEZb Baseline Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction National stewardship function Accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs Accountability obligations vis--vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations The oceans as the common heritage of mankind Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS d*$%>';-:The Areae l' 12 nm Territorial seaa max. 350 nm max. 200 nm National Regional Global High seasc Extended continental shelfd EEZb Baseline Mostly coastal-state Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Future CC' 3-%"4:&(-%&' Oceans have reached the Anthropocene Oceans are under anthropogenic influence since long, but the Great Acceleration (1950) does change sediment characteristics: Decrease in biodiversity, homogenisation trend and lateral shifts in biotic patterns, reduction of coral reef complexity and numbers, increase in anoxic sediments Sediments with different geochemical signals, high amounts of anthropogenic particles (plastic, glass, industrial particles) Starvation of siliciclastic and calciclastic shallow-water sands (owing to damming of rivers and excavations of marine sands), non-natural, non-predictable sediment patters. BAU: total collapse of coral reefs, extinction phase of other organisms, no calcareous sediments, spreading out of anoxic sediments and plasticlastics Mitigation/Adaptation: Human-aided, adapted reef types, continuation of calcareous sediments, Human-aided beach bars, mangrove shoals, islands, lower rates of plasticlastics. CE' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 3-%)$")T',#(%*-49L4#(%2#49#,m2:W?#,4(%L9#' *S.TUU<<<L,#(%*-49W4#(%2#49#,L9#' /-,':&#9'"-0("&'hK$0$%%'#)'$4L'@IJE'$M'?i'&##' *S.TUU<<<L9(#WY,-&&#W),$%&2-,0$7-%L9#' *S.TUU<<<L9#:)&"*#&W0:&#:0L9#U$:&&)#44:%Y#%U&-%9#,$:&&)#44:%Y#%U@IJEU$%)*,-.-V$#%U"-0("&U"-0("W.,-g#>)U' /4$Y&*(.',#.-,)&'-2')*#'G#,0$%'+9B(&-,;'3-:%"(4'-%'G4-?$4'3*$%Y#'hAFGHiM'&##'*S.TUU<<<L<?Y:L9#' CN' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin

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Oceans in the Anthropocene

  • 1. !"#$%&'(%')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'' /,-0')*#'1#0(&#'-2'3-,$4'5##2&')-')*#'5(&#'-2'64$&7"'8#9(0#%)&' Let me see....!........!!!!!!!!!! This shows the frailty of our Earth. We have to protect it Prof. Dr. Reinhold Leinfelder Haus der Zukunft (Berlin) gGmbH i.Gr. Images: Jaqueline Pulsack, UdK The Blue Marble Wow! Just see This. Earth is rising. How beautiful! Anthropocene Working Group, Freie Universit辰t Berlin Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, Munich !%')*#'<$;')-')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'='<#'>%-<'$?-:)')*#'4$%9' 2-,'(%)#,%$4':&#'-%4;' @' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !%')*#'<$;')-')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'=' A#'#B#%'>%-<'$?-:)')*#'$)0-&.*#,#' Martyna Zalatyte, University of the Arts Berlin , (In: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014 C' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !%')*#'A$;')-')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#'='A*$)'9-'<#'>%-<'$?-:)')*#'&#$&D' Wyn Tiedmers, University of the Arts Berlin , (in: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014) E' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
  • 2. !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Oceans are being used since onset of humankind but: new quality since industrialisation Oceans at risk: by direct use and indirect impact (e.g. climate change) New options for use and access cause additional pressure F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' /,-0'K$0$%%'#)'$4L'@IJE'$M?' N' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' The Ocean as source and infrastructure Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable Resources from the sea Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic resources Traffic: Shipping and trade Use of the Oceans from: Hamann et al 2014a F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' O' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable Resources from the sea Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic resources Traffic: Shipping and trade Oceans as a dump and sink for waste of all kind Use of the Oceans The Ocean as sinkhole 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' from: Hamann et al 2014a P' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Warming Sea-level rise CO2-input and acidification Dead zones Pollution (nutrients, toxic substances, plastic), oil spills Overfishing Ecosystem destruction, loss of biodiversity (e.g. coral reefs) Attention to interactions synergistic impacts The oceans have arrived in the anthropocene Threats to the Oceans Use of the Oceans The ocean as patient F$&#9'-%'AFGH'@IJC' Q' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
  • 3. !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Status and trends of fish stocks worldwide Collapsed Overexploited Exploited Developing Sources: Pauly, 2013; World Bank and FAO, 2009 Year Massive ecological damage Economically unsound: US$ billions are lost Far from sustainability 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Number of stocks [%] Rebuilding 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 R' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' *S.TUU<<<L&:#99#:)&"*#L9#U<(&&#%U:0<#4)&"*:)VW$4&W>:%&)W:#?#,X&"*:%YW9#,W0##,#WJLJJOREEI' JI' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' /(&*#,;'9(&4-"$7-%'-2'(%9:&),($4(V#9'"-:%),(#&' ')-'+2,("$'9:,(%Y')*#'RI7#&' Source: Alder and Sumaila, 2009; Worm et al., 2009 /,-0'AFGH'@IJC' JJ' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Z-'&(0.4#'&-4:7-%&'.-&&(?4#L''+[:$":4):,#'-#%'(%",#$&#&'X&*(%Y'.,#&&:,#'' *S.TUU<<<L&:#99#:)&"*#L9#U<(&&#%U:0<#4)&"*:)VW$4&W>:%&)W:#?#,X&"*:%YW9#,W0##,#WJLJJOREEI' J@' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
  • 4. EII'='OII';' JIII&';' CI';' CIIWNII';' @NWCI';' E'<##>&' @IIWNII';' CIWOI';' JI';' ENI';' CII';' JII&';' )-]("M'B$,($?4#' @IWCI';' N';' JIII&';' @N';' *S.TUUB(&:$4L4;U0-&)W9$%Y#,-:&W&.#"(#&W0#9()#,,$%#$%' JC' !"#$%&'($)*+,#-&.'$/0#12#'$ 2+$("#$%#32(#--*+#*+$ JI';' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 8>#)"*'5L^#(%2#49#,' JE' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin ,(_#' Anthropocene - Plastic and Coral Reefs `$,(-:&'&-:,"#&' JN' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Source: Plastics Europe 2013 JO' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
  • 5. a64$&7"4$&7"&b' Up: Yesenia Thibault-Picazo, CRAFT IN THE ANTHROPOCENE - objects and scenarios Left: clastic plastiglomerate on Kamilo Beach, Hawaii (from Corcoran et al. 2014) JP' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin c$,"*'@IJE' JQ' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 6,-?4#0');.#&M'(%)#,$"7-%&'$%9'2##9?$">&' Climate Change Chemical Pollution Change of Land Use Ocean acidification Source: Rockstr旦m et al., Nature, 24. Sept. 2009 Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous- Cycle 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Atmosph. Aerosols Biodiversity Loss Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Global Freshwater Use JR' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#'='d#0.-,$4'1;%$0("&' Living with risks and likelihoods: The tipping point problem From : Hamann et al 2014a From : Lenton et al. 2008, PNAS 105, modified @I' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
  • 6. 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin JROR' JRPR' @J' !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Principle of the freedom of the Seas mare liberum & res commis (Hugo Grotius,1608) shifted to a mare ordinarium situation =#-<*+>$ 445$ Spatial scarcity 677$8*.is 91*:$%not 2:#'$ solely a technical problem but also depends on the social context it operates 1#%0$,>' ;6$+<2$ d*#'Z#)*#,4$%9&' Provided by Bela Buck, AWI @@' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' 8:00(%Y':.T'":0:4$7B#'$%)*,-.-Y#%("'#_#")&' ?+:>$1.--#+($0-&@:#<'$h%-'*(&)-,("$4' .,-?4#0&'<()*'#_#")&')-9$;M'%-' 2-,#"$&)&i' ;A$*+("-&0&,#+21$3-2B#-'$"-%&(9#,#9' 67$#1&'>'(#<'$"-%&(9#,#9' 6,-?4#0&'),#$)#9'-%4;'*3329B#:>M' .-&(7B#'2##9?$">&'$%9'7..(%Y'.-(%)&'%-)' "-%&(9#,#9' C&+'#-B*9B#$$..,-$"*' /9::$2+1&<0:#(#$h9(&#$&#&M'K-??;'X&*(%YM' +[:$":4):,#M'"-$&)$4'"-%&),:"7-%'#)"L' %-)';#)'"-%&(9#,#9iL' +'G4-?$4'c$.'-2'K:0$%'e0.$")'-%'c$,(%#'f"-&;&)#0&' F#%g$0(%'8L'K$4.#,%'!"#$%&#'()!*(!#+,-.#-/0#1233045#6789#,3&,,2:;<()!*(!&,,/-+/=' @C' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin c-9#44#9'1(&),(?:7-%'8*(&'-2'c$,(%#'!,Y$%(&0'?;'34(0$)#' 3*$%Y#'@IINW@INI' F-S-0',#4$)#9' &.#"(#&'hj'@III0i' !.#%'A$)#,' 8.#"(#&' F$&#9'-%'?(-"4(0$7"' #%B#4-.#'0-9#4&'2-,' JIOO'&.#"'-2'X&*'$%9' (%B#,)#?,$)#&M':%9#,' e633'85f8'+JF' @E' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
  • 7. @N' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Acidification @O' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 3-0?(%#9'f_#")&' d#0.#,$):,#'5(&#'$%9'+"(9(X"$7-%' @P' /,-0'K-#Y*WG:49?#,Y'@IIP' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin JMN'k'-2'Y4-?$4'-"#$%'$,#$' POk'-2'$44'"-,$4'&.#"(#&' CPk'-2'$44'"-,$4'X&*'&.#"(#&' 3-,$4'd,($%Y4#' e%9-%#&($%' +,"*(.#4$Y-' ENI'..0W8)$?(4(&$7-%' from: Coral Triangle Report 2009 The Time-Lag Problem @Q' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
  • 8. JMN'k'-2'Y4-?$4'-"#$%'$,#$' POk'-2'$44'"-,$4'&.#"(#&' CPk'-2'$44'"-,$4'X&*'&.#"(#&' 3-,$4'd,($%Y4#' e%9-%#&($%' +,"*(.#4$Y-' ENI'..0W8)$?(4(&$7-%' from: Coral Triangle Report 2009 The Time-Lag Problem a'3!@WF:&(%#&&'$&':&:$4bT'' PNI'..0W&)$?(4(&$7-%' @R' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 3*$%"#'2-,'0-9#,%',##2&':%9#,'' $%)*,-.-Y#%("'(0.$")&D' e.g. Jurassic reef characteristics in Bocas del Toro, Panama increased sedimentation and eutrophication to study atavistic structures anthropogenic impacts result in low or medium complex reefs similarity of Porites thickets to Jurassic reef thickets CI' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin c-9#,%W);.#',##2&D'a+)$B(&7"b',##2&D'!,'%-',##2&D' /,-0'^#(%2#49#,'#)'$4L'@IJ@' /:):,#'-2',##2&T'' CJ' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin !"#$%&'(%')*#''+%)*,-.-"#%#' Three guiding principles for future ocean use in the Anthropocene 1. Precautionary principle (e.g. Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992) - Ecosystem approach, incl. land/sea interactions - Earth system interactions: CO2, pH - Marine ecosystems and society 3. Oceans as common heritage of mankind Guiding Principles Analysis of Ocean Governance Guiding Principles Analysis of Ocean Governance Threats to the Oceans Use of the Oceans 2. Systemic approach Threats to the Oceans 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin Use of the Oceans C@'
  • 9. Status Quo Source: WBGU, 2013 d*#'AFGHW`(&(-%'2-,'!"#$%'G-B#,%$%"#'(%')*#' +%)*,-.-"#%#T'd*#'Coastal-state sovereign rights and national c$,(%#'jurisdiction for K#,()$Y#' resource management Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.) Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis--vis coastal states and RMMOs UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) incl. implementing agreements (FSA, etc.) International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) EEZb High seasc World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship function for marine conservation and sustainable management of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states Coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction for resource management Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.) Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis--vis coastal states and RMMOs World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship EEZb function for marine conservation and sustainable management High seasc of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin National Regional Global Baseline max. 350 nm The Areae Extended continental shelfd Virtually unlimited sovereignty 12 nm max. 200 nm International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineral resources of the Area Continental Shelf Commission Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme Contracting states of UNCLOS Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis--vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Scope of the common heritage of mankind Territorial seaa National Regional Global Baseline max. 350 nm The Areae Extended continental shelfd Virtually unlimited sovereignty 12 nm max. 200 nm International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineral resources of the Area Continental Shelf Commission The Area as a common heritage of mankind Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme Contracting states of UNCLOS Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis--vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Scope of the common heritage of mankind Territorial seaa National stewardship function Accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs Accountability obligations vis--vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations The oceans as the common heritage of mankind Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS The Areae 12 nm Territorial seaa max. 350 nm max. 200 nm National Regional Global High seasc Extended continental shelfd EEZb Baseline Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction National stewardship function Accountability obligations vis--vis WOO Sustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs Accountability obligations vis--vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations The oceans as the common heritage of mankind Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS) Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS d*$%>';-:The Areae l' 12 nm Territorial seaa max. 350 nm max. 200 nm National Regional Global High seasc Extended continental shelfd EEZb Baseline Mostly coastal-state Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction Future CC' 3-%"4:&(-%&' Oceans have reached the Anthropocene Oceans are under anthropogenic influence since long, but the Great Acceleration (1950) does change sediment characteristics: Decrease in biodiversity, homogenisation trend and lateral shifts in biotic patterns, reduction of coral reef complexity and numbers, increase in anoxic sediments Sediments with different geochemical signals, high amounts of anthropogenic particles (plastic, glass, industrial particles) Starvation of siliciclastic and calciclastic shallow-water sands (owing to damming of rivers and excavations of marine sands), non-natural, non-predictable sediment patters. BAU: total collapse of coral reefs, extinction phase of other organisms, no calcareous sediments, spreading out of anoxic sediments and plasticlastics Mitigation/Adaptation: Human-aided, adapted reef types, continuation of calcareous sediments, Human-aided beach bars, mangrove shoals, islands, lower rates of plasticlastics. CE' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin 3-%)$")T',#(%*-49L4#(%2#49#,m2:W?#,4(%L9#' *S.TUU<<<L,#(%*-49W4#(%2#49#,L9#' /-,':&#9'"-0("&'hK$0$%%'#)'$4L'@IJE'$M'?i'&##' *S.TUU<<<L9(#WY,-&&#W),$%&2-,0$7-%L9#' *S.TUU<<<L9#:)&"*#&W0:&#:0L9#U$:&&)#44:%Y#%U&-%9#,$:&&)#44:%Y#%U@IJEU$%)*,-.-V$#%U"-0("&U"-0("W.,-g#>)U' /4$Y&*(.',#.-,)&'-2')*#'G#,0$%'+9B(&-,;'3-:%"(4'-%'G4-?$4'3*$%Y#'hAFGHiM'&##'*S.TUU<<<L<?Y:L9#' CN' 息 Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin