Hot drinks revolution - empire and tea history
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Based on the work of Tom Standage, "A History of the World in Six Glasses" this exploration of three beverages: Tea, Chocolate and Coffee, asks participants to consider what role slavery, war, empire and bloody conflict has had in the history of our favorite warm bevvies. By Professor Whitney Howarth, New Hampshire
![No spice lust? No Tea¡
¡°If they were only to take "Malaca" out of the hands
of the Moors (Muslims),
Cairo and Mecca would be entirely ruined,
and Venice would then be able to obtain no [spices]
except what her merchants might buy in Portugal.¡±
¡ª Report on Albuquerque's words on his
arriving to Malacca](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hotdrinksrevolution-empireandtea-210415165616/85/Hot-drinks-revolution-empire-and-tea-history-35-320.jpg)
Hot drinks revolution - empire and tea history
- 1. The Hot Drinks Revolution by Dr. Whitney Howarth Plymouth State University N.H. Humanities Council April 2nd 2021 Virtual via The Zoooooom!
- 2. What comes to mind when you think of tea? Put your reply in the chat
- 3. A person from your past?
- 6. What country do you think of when you think of a cup of tea?
- 7. Where does tea come from?
- 8. Where is most tea grown today? ? http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the- worlds-top-10-tea-producing-nations.html 5) Turkey 4) Sri Lanka 3) Kenya 2) India 1.2 m tons/yr 1) CHINA 2.4 tons/yr
- 9. Tea history¡ But for many of us, when we think of tea, we don¡¯t think about China tea or even tea from India¡ why not? How many of you think about BLOODSHED, DEATH ``````````````` and WAR when you think of tea¡ ?? No one? *phew*
- 10. But maybe we should?
- 12. What is the setting for a tea party?
- 13. What type of person sips tea?
- 14. What feelings does tea evoke?
- 15. Who should drinks tea, girls or boys?
- 17. What does tea represent?
- 18. Camellia sinensis "originated in Asia, specifically in the foothills of the Himalayas, northeast India, north Burma, southwest China and Tibet.
- 19. By 1000 BCE, there were tea farms in Yunnan and Sichuan
- 22. CHINESE MYTHOF THE ORIGIN OF TEA¡ ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okeOWsA5X FQ ? Shen Nung (Emperor of China 2737 BCE) ? was on a journey, when a few leaves from a wild tea tree fell into his hot water. ? He tasted the mixture out of curiosity and liked its taste and its restorative properties. He then found that tea leaves eliminated numerous other poisons from the body. ? Because of this, tea is considered one of the earliest Chinese medicines. This myth is probably untrue, first historic reference of tea by Buddhist monks in China dates back to 6th century BCE, mentioned as an aid to meditation¡
- 23. Tea, at first, was harvested from wild bushes. Tea was a stimulant to help folks stay awake during meditation. Tea was also seen as a medicine
- 24. Bodhidharma¡¯s eyelids and Lau Tzu¡¯s famous tea break
- 25. Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) Tea wide-spread throughout China and considered the National beverage!
- 26. Emperor Lu Yu (733-804)
- 27. Lu Yu wrote ¡°The Classic of Tea¡± 780 CE Table of Contents: ? 2.1 One: Origin (Ò»Ö®Ô´) ? 2.2 Two: Tools (¶þÖ®¾ß) ? 2.3 Three: Making (ÈýÖ®Ôì) ? 2.4 Four: Utensils (ËÄÖ®Æ÷) ? 2.5 Five: Boiling (ÎåÖ®Öó) ? 2.6 Six: Drinking (ÁùÖ®ï‹) ? 2.7 Seven: History (ÆßÖ®ÊÂ) ? 2.8 Eight: Growing Regions (°ËÖ®³ö) ? 2.9 Nine: Simplify (¾ÅÖ®ÂÔ) ? 2.10 Ten: Pictorialize (ʮ֮ˆD)
- 31. Brick tea = currency $$$
- 33. First European to sip tea? Maybe this guy? Afonso, a Portuguese knight 1503 in Kochi, India The Ming treasure fleet brought tea to India in 1400¡¯s
- 34. The Portuguese are the 1st Euros to trade tea:
- 35. No spice lust? No Tea¡ ¡°If they were only to take "Malaca" out of the hands of the Moors (Muslims), Cairo and Mecca would be entirely ruined, and Venice would then be able to obtain no [spices] except what her merchants might buy in Portugal.¡± ¡ª Report on Albuquerque's words on his arriving to Malacca
- 36. Port City of Malacca (Malaysia) 1511
- 37. Goa India, 1540. Portuguese noble man proposes to Indian Christian woman.
- 38. The Portuguese establish special trade privilege with China in the city of Macau. Dutch must buy tea from the Portuguese and not from the Celestial Empire directly. 1557 To 1684
- 39. 1640¡¯²õ
- 41. Dutch 1st bring tea to Europe, 1610 France buys tea from Dutch, 1630¡¯s tea reaches England in 1650¡¯s
- 42. Simon Pauli ? German Doctor ? 1635, publication on tea ¡°Transporting tea from China made it poisonous¡± ¡°¡it hastens death of those that drink, especially if they have passed the age of 40 yrs.¡± He fought against ¡°the madness of importing Tea¡¡±
- 43. Nikolas Dirx, Dutch Doctor, 1641 wrote: ¡°Those that use it¡ are exempt from all maladies and reach an extreme old age¡¡± Bonntekoe, another Dutch doc, recommended: several cups each day for the entire nation! We urge every man, woman and child to drink it every day, if possible, every hour; 10 cups a day (limit 200 cups/day)!
- 44. English East India Company founded 1600 and brought tea from Dutch islands 1650¡¯s in very small amounts. East India Company (E.I.C.) was a JOINT STOCK TRADING company of PRIVATE MERCHANTS CHARTER from the Queen of England Private merchants joined together to sail to India & China to buy: *Textiles (cotton/silk cloth) *Porcelain *Spices (pepper, cloves, cinnamon) And¡ later, TEA!
- 45. Catherine of Braganza makes tea popular ? Portuguese Princess ? Married King Charles II of England ? 1662 wedding dowry: ¨C Port cities: Tangiers and Bombayities ¨C And a small chest of tea leaves! SHE LOVED TEA! Sipped it from thimble sized cups! ¨C Made tea drinking popular at English court¡ By the end of the 1700¡¯s, everyone was drinking tea!
- 48. 1706, English Advertisement: Prevents consumption and assuages the pains of the Bowels or griping of the Guts or Looseness. Especially when prepared with a bit of milk¡
- 49. $$$ TEA $$$ Mid 1660¡¯s, profit on ONE TON of tea equaled several years¡¯ wages for an East India Company ship captain! 1660: ONE pound of tea cost up to 10 English pounds! 1700: One pound of tea cost as little as 1 pound for cheap tea! **Poor family earned only 20 pounds a year**
- 50. Tea with milk & sugar by 1700¡¯s: WHY? Milk protects the drinker and cup from the hot tea. More people drinking black tea Black tea more bitter than green. Black lasts longer when shipping it from China. Black tea safer with impurities (added to fake green tea to ¡°stretch the tea¡±)
- 51. Meanwhile on the other side of the planet¡
- 52. 1502: Columbus encountered a great Mayan trading canoe carrying cocoa beans as cargo.
- 53. Aztecs called it "xocalatl" meaning warm or bitter liquid
- 54. Hern¨¢n Cort¨¦s arrives in Mexico 1519 (early 16th-century indigenous pictorial manuscript of the conquest of Mexico.)
- 55. Cortes more concerned ²¹²ú´Ç³Ü³Ù¡
- 56. 1500 BCE: The Olmec Indians are believed to be the first to grow cocoa beans as a crop.
- 57. Aztecs used cacao beans as currency
- 58. 1544: Mayans serve King of Spain hot cocoa (popular among Domincan friars)
- 59. 1520¡¯s: Cortes and others set up cocoa plantations in Mexico, Venezuela, Jamaica & Hispaniola The first enslaved Africans were brought to Hispaniola in 1501 to grow sugar on Spanish plantations Sugar is an Asian plant. Hispaniola: today Haiti and Dominican Republic Over the course of the next 350+ years over 12 million enslaved Africans will grow cash crops in the Americas on plantations. Mostly sugar for white people¡¯s sweet tooth: for tea, coffee, cocoa, pies, cakes and puddings.
- 60. Spain began importing Chocolate 1585 and it became popular among elites in Paris and Amsterdam by the 1620¡¯s It will be married to cinnamon, honey, sugar by royal chefs, but not consumed among commoners until the arrival of cafes and cheap sugar (thanks to slavery) in the mid 1600¡¯s¡
- 61. 1657: Chocolate is 1st served in Europe in London at the ¡°Coffee Mill and Tobacco Roll¡± coffeehouse.
- 62. 1650: 1st Coffee Shop in England opens in Oxford. 1652 1st in London. 1657: Hot chocolate served in London coffee shop for the 1st time. 1662: Tea becomes popular in the English Court. 1706: Wet and Dry Tea served at Tom¡¯s coffeehouse by Tom Twinings "New and curious treatises of coffee, tea and chocolate¡° by Philippe Dufour, 1685
- 63. HOT DRINKS REVOLUTION!? Tea, coffee, chocolate become widely known in England at about the same time. From China, Arabia, America¡ to Europe but all are: -Bitter -Were not served with sweeteners in original home (but all much better with) -Heated in liquid form -Stimulants (drink drugs!) -Often deemed as medicinal first 200 years of consumption -Deemed luxury drinks of the elites, then become common -Are non-alcoholic -Are not nutritious (calorie empty) -Come to Europe before SUGAR becomes easily available, cheap -Rivals to wine/beer as the breakfast bevvie of choice (1700¡¯s) -Desired by poor, later preferred by them to other drinks -Make a cold cheap meal of bread and butter feel like a hot meal -Can be sipped in a dish for less than a penny in a public house with friends -Brings clarity (caffeine) rather than DRUNKEN HAZE or¡ violence!
- 64. Coffeehouse or alehouse? Which is a more dangerous place?
- 65. Why were Euros slow to adopt the coffee drinking habit?
- 66. Coffee¡¯s religious opponents argued¡ coffee was evil. The devil¡¯s drink! WHY??
- 67. Coffee seen as the Muslim drink! "Coffee is so delicious it would be a pity to let the infidels have exclusive use of it." -- Pope Clement VIII, 1605
- 68. Pasqua Rosee of Armenia, 1652 first coffee shop in London
- 69. Coffee houses opened in Britain by 1650 and Amsterdam 1660.
- 70. King Charles II of England restored to thrown 1660 Puritan Sir Oliver Cromwell (d. 1658) ruled England after executing King Charles the First. Coffee got its start in England. Cafes well it, full of books & nice furniture, unlike dark dirty taverns. Political debates. The Restoration, 1660. His supporters had met in coffee shops under Cromwell to plot King¡¯s return 1st coffee house 1652 in London. Respectable place to DO BUSINESS¡ By 1663, 83 coffee houses!
- 71. By 1700, there may have been as many as 3000 coffee houses in London. Selling up to 600 dishes a day! City population 600,000 at the time.
- 74. Reply from men in 17th century? Some claimed coffee was, in fact, the Viagra of the day: making "the erection more vigorous, the ejaculation more full, adding a spiritual ascendency to the sperm".
- 75. Tea was was so expensive in 1600¡¯s¡ WHY did it get CHEAPER?? ? One cup of tea = 5 cups of coffee in 1600¡¯s ? After early 1700¡¯s¡ trading posts in China opened to Brits! Direct trade cheaper than middleman trade. ? Even Cheaper after 1784 WHY?? Brits defeat Dutch in wars, Dutch East India Co. ends its monopoly, English Co. has MONOPOLY: CHEAP TEA FOR ALL !!! Hoorayyy!!! Coffee Cheaper Than Tea
- 76. By mid 1700¡¯s, tea = 60% of company¡¯s trade! Tax on that tea = 10% of British govt. revenue! Like the oil and gas companies of their day! Lots of money to be made on taxing tea¡
- 77. ENGLAND GOESE CRAZY FOR TEA Beginning of 1700¡¯s only the wealthy in the Royal Court drank tea¡ ? BUT by 1799, everybody in England drank it! Twice a day! 1699 = 6 tons a year imported 1799 = 11,000 tons a year BLACK TEA vs. GREEN TEA (same plant, diff process) Black more popular in England¡ durable on long ship journey.
- 78. Tea and Identity ? British Identity & rituals of consumption ? Who drinks tea? ? Gender and Class distinctions ? Ceremony and sophistication
- 79. Josiah Wedgewood China (1780¡¯²õ)
- 80. Catherine Queen of Russia, celebrity endorsement for Wedgewood China.
- 82. Tea gardens: elaborate, sophisticated public venues where one might meet members of the opposite sex Moralists warned of the seductive dangers lurking at the Vauxhall gardens! Moralists warned of the seductive dangers lurking at the Vauxhall gardens (Image: NC)
- 83. Vauxhall Tea Garden, London, 1732 A park with lit walkways, bandstands, performers and stalls to sell food (bread and butter) and tea!
- 84. Sex and Tea !?!
- 85. 1773: Boston tea party
- 86. Not this tea party!
- 87. 1773 Boston Tea Party Americans didn¡¯t like EIC monopoly on tea trade.
- 90. But Americans loved trading with the Caribbean for molasses & sugar ? Smuggling molasses from French islands ? Molasses made into RUM for slave trade ? New Englanders trading butter, furniture, cod, rope, candles, chocolate, farming tools, to slave plantations in Caribbean.
- 91. 60% of slaves imported to South America
- 92. Work of the enslaved: ? Sugar Plantations 6,000,000 54.5% ? Coffee Plantations 2,000,000 18.2% ? Mines 1,000,000 9.1% ? Domestic Labor 1,000,000 9.1% ? Cotton Fields 500,000 4.5% ? Cocoa Fields 250,000 2.3% ? Building 250,000 2.3% ? Total 11,000,000 100.0 http://www.slaverysite.com/Body/facts%20and%20figures.htm by Dr. Neil Frankel
- 93. The ¡°Middle Passage¡± Conditions Mortality Rates Business strategies Psychological Trauma
- 95. Empires of Coffee French and Venetians ship from Egypt. Dutch from Mocha Fear of foreign (Arab) dependency¡ Euros want their own supplies. Dutch stole cuttings from Arab trees. Cultivated coffee in green houses in Amsterdam! Dutch plantations by 1690 in (Java) Indonesia Arabs sterilize beans ¨C keep coffee plantations secret. Frenchman Gabriel De Clieu, 1723 Introduces coffee to the Caribbean By stealing a cutting from the King¡¯s Coffee bush. A present from the Dutch ¨C snuck out by royal Doc!
- 96. A long journey! De Clieu carried his plant to deck every day for sun, saved it from a mysterious thieving Dutchmen, a fight with pirates, a broken glass case, a violent storm, near death by sea water. In the end, he gave his water ration to the plant so it might live! Planted it upon arrival, established a guard to watch it, 2 yrs later: berries!
- 97. Coffee from cuttings He sent coffee plants to Santo Domingo, Guadeloupe ¨C then exports to France by 1730. Dutch bring coffee to Latin America (colony of Suriname) ¡ Descendants of that ONE PLANT: coffee in Haiti, Cuba, Costa Rica, and Venezuela!
- 98. Brazil becomes coffee king by 1840¡¯s
- 99. WHY?
- 100. Brazil got coffee via a secret seduction¡ ? The first coffee bush in Brazil was planted by Francisco de Melo Palheta in 1727. ? According to the legend, the Portuguese were looking for a cut of the coffee market, but could not obtain seeds from bordering French Guiana due to the governor's unwillingness to export the seeds. ? Palheta was sent to French Guiana on a diplomatic mission to resolve a border dispute. ? On his way back home, he managed to smuggle the seeds into Brazil by seducing the governor's wife who secretly gave him a bouquet spiked with seeds!
- 101. Caffeine and the Industrial Revolution
- 106. Which beverage do you want your factory workers to be drinking on the job?
- 108. Urbanization: Growth of cities, factories, tenement housing
- 109. The sophistication of the high class: tea sets
- 111. What happens when factory workers start getting tea sets too?
- 112. Tea Time, a meal at 4 p.m. in England
- 113. ¡°High Tea¡±
- 114. Opium and Tea, mid 1800¡¯s
- 115. Poppy seed
- 116. 1st Opium War 1839-1842 2nd Opium War 1856 and 1860
- 118. Assam By the end of the 1800¡¯s tea had beat out both coffee and chocolate, and often beer as the beverage of choice in England Why? India..
- 119. INDIA: The Assam Company, est. 1839. Today: http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html ¡°The tea industry in Assam owes its origins to a river gunboat commander called Charles Alexander Bruce. In 1825 he braved the mighty Brahmaputra to sow the seeds of the tea plant in the wilderness of Assam.¡± First tea company in the world set up by a deed of the British Parliament First company to be awarded the Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1845 First company in the world to establish tea gardens First company to brand premium blends First company to export tea to rest of world
- 121. Imperialism & Tea *English conquer territories *Army installs puppet king in region *Indigenous taxed & evicted from lands *Forcibly settled on plantations *Labeled ¡°criminal¡± for resisting *Brutal conditions, violent abuse *Brits import Chinese & Bengali workers *A few decades before profitable but at what cost to human life & culture? After 40 yrs, by 1872, the production cost of a pound of tea was roughly the same in India and China. British won! ? Natives lost ?