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How the Internet works

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Fokeerah Keessun
Fokeerah Keessun

The document provides an overview of how the Internet works, including: - IP addresses and domain names allow devices to communicate over the Internet and find resources. IP addresses are numeric identifiers while domain names are easier for humans to remember. - When a user enters a domain name, DNS servers work behind the scenes to translate it to an IP address so the request can be routed to the proper destination.

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How does the Internet Work? Internet made easy
Disclaimer I, Keessun Fokeerah(Senior IP number Analyst Hostmaster) am presenting in my own capacity
Objectives: The key Internet Resources (IP addresses and ASN) IPv4 and IPv6? Domain Names, What is Hosting, What happens in the background when you are using the Internet. More about Internet
Analog vs digital
Convert from Binary Digits(Bits)
Conversion
1+1=10?
Space?
How the Internet works
Typical Network
OSI layer
Why an IP address IP addresses are the numbers that enable our computers, servers, telephones, cameras, printers and sensors to communicate with each other. Without IP addresses, we would have to copy data from device to device manually, using CDs, DVDs, hard disks or flash storage, such as a USB drive. But more importantly, our devices could not send data to each other without human intervention.
The packet
IPv4 Made up of 32 Bits Separated into 4 octets Network address identifies the network, Surname Usable address are the useable IPs on the subnet, Name Broadcast address is used to send data to all nodes in the network Example: 128.143.137.144
Dotted Decimal Notation IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal notation Each byte(octet) is identified by a decimal number in the range [0..255]: Example: 1000111110000000 10001001 10010000 1st Byte = 128 2nd Byte = 143 3rd Byte = 137 4th Byte = 144 128.143.137.144
Conversion of IPv4
Subnets Subnet Addresses Netmask Binary /8 16,777,216 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /9 8,388,608 255.128.0.0 11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000 /10 4,194,304 255.192.0.0 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 /11 2,097,152 255.224.0.0 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 /12 1,048,576 255.240.0.0 11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000 /13 524,288 255.248.0.0 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000 /14 262,144 255.252.0.0 11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000 /15 131,072 255.254.0.0 11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000 /16 65,536 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /17 32,768 255.255.128.0 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000 /18 16,384 255.255.192.0 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 /19 8,192 255.255.224.0 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 /20 4,096 255.255.240.0 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 /21 2,048 255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 /22 1,024 255.255.252.0 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 /23 512 255.255.254.0 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 /24 256 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /25 128 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /26 64 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /27 32 255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /28 16 255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /29 8 255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /30 4 255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /31 2 255.255.255.254 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110 /32 1 255.255.255.255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
IPv6 vs. IPv4: Address Comparison IPv4 has a maximum of 232 4 billion addresses Because 232 = 4,294,967,29610 IPv6 has a maximum of 2128 = (232)4 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion addresses Example of IPv6: CEDF:BP76:3245:4464:FACE:2E50:3025:DF12 Example of IPv4: 196.192.10.15
IANA is now PTI
IP distribution
More About the Internet
The typical network
The typical network 2
Having WIFI does not mean you have Internet
What is Internet
DNS
How the Internet works
How are domain names managed?
How the Internet works
Hosting Where do you keep your information/website so that it is accessible to everyone?
Questions? kfokeerah@gmail.com https://www.linkedin.com/in/fokeerahkeessun/

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How the Internet works

  • 1. How does the Internet Work? Internet made easy
  • 2. Disclaimer I, Keessun Fokeerah(Senior IP number Analyst Hostmaster) am presenting in my own capacity
  • 3. Objectives: The key Internet Resources (IP addresses and ASN) IPv4 and IPv6? Domain Names, What is Hosting, What happens in the background when you are using the Internet. More about Internet
  • 5. Convert from Binary Digits(Bits)
  • 12. Why an IP address IP addresses are the numbers that enable our computers, servers, telephones, cameras, printers and sensors to communicate with each other. Without IP addresses, we would have to copy data from device to device manually, using CDs, DVDs, hard disks or flash storage, such as a USB drive. But more importantly, our devices could not send data to each other without human intervention.
  • 14. IPv4 Made up of 32 Bits Separated into 4 octets Network address identifies the network, Surname Usable address are the useable IPs on the subnet, Name Broadcast address is used to send data to all nodes in the network Example: 128.143.137.144
  • 15. Dotted Decimal Notation IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal notation Each byte(octet) is identified by a decimal number in the range [0..255]: Example: 1000111110000000 10001001 10010000 1st Byte = 128 2nd Byte = 143 3rd Byte = 137 4th Byte = 144 128.143.137.144
  • 17. Subnets Subnet Addresses Netmask Binary /8 16,777,216 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /9 8,388,608 255.128.0.0 11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000 /10 4,194,304 255.192.0.0 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 /11 2,097,152 255.224.0.0 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 /12 1,048,576 255.240.0.0 11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000 /13 524,288 255.248.0.0 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000 /14 262,144 255.252.0.0 11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000 /15 131,072 255.254.0.0 11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000 /16 65,536 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /17 32,768 255.255.128.0 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000 /18 16,384 255.255.192.0 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 /19 8,192 255.255.224.0 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 /20 4,096 255.255.240.0 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 /21 2,048 255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 /22 1,024 255.255.252.0 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 /23 512 255.255.254.0 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 /24 256 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /25 128 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /26 64 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /27 32 255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /28 16 255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /29 8 255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /30 4 255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /31 2 255.255.255.254 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110 /32 1 255.255.255.255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
  • 18. IPv6 vs. IPv4: Address Comparison IPv4 has a maximum of 232 4 billion addresses Because 232 = 4,294,967,29610 IPv6 has a maximum of 2128 = (232)4 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion addresses Example of IPv6: CEDF:BP76:3245:4464:FACE:2E50:3025:DF12 Example of IPv4: 196.192.10.15
  • 19. IANA is now PTI
  • 21. More About the Internet
  • 24. Having WIFI does not mean you have Internet
  • 26. DNS
  • 28. How are domain names managed?
  • 30. Hosting Where do you keep your information/website so that it is accessible to everyone?