Human aspects rapoport
This document discusses human aspects of urban form from a man-environment approach. It makes three key points: 1. Urban design organizes space, time, meaning, and communication in culturally variable ways based on values. People perceive and evaluate their urban environment differently. 2. Environmental perception and cognition involve forming images, schemas, and mental maps to understand quality, areas, distances and morphology. Urban images and subjective definitions shape these cognitive processes. 3. The urban environment can be understood through social, cultural and territorial lenses like clustering, domains, and behavior settings which vary across cultures. Symbolism and forms cope with sensory overload differently depending on cultural landscapes.
Human aspects rapoport
- 1. Human Aspects of Urban Form Towards a ManEnvironment Approach to Urbah Form and Design AMOS RAPOPORT B.Arch., M.Arch., Dip.TRP, FRAIA, ARIBA Professor of Architectgre, and Anthropology University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee P E R G A M O N P R E S S Oxford New York Toronto Sydney Paris Frankfurt
- 2. Contents Preface and A cknowledgements v端i Introduction 1 1 Urban Design as the Organization of Space, Time, Meaning and Communication 8 The meaning of Space 12 Rules of organization 14 The choice model of design 15 Cultural variability of urban environments 21 The role of values in design 24 Environmental perception 25 The perceived environment 28 The excessively broad meaning of "perception" in the literature 30 Evaluation, cognition and perception 31 The distinction between evaluation, cognition and perception in the urban environment an example 34 Pros and cons of making these distinctions 36 The filter model 38 The general concept of image and Schema 40 The development of the concept of image 42 2 Perception of Environmental Quality Environmental Evaluation and Preference 48 Components of environmental quality 60 Habitat selection and migration in response to environmental preference 81 The variability of Standards 91 The problem of "slums" 96 Squatter settlements 100
- 3. vi . Contents 3 Environmental Cognition 108 Urban images 114 Cognitive Schemata and mental maps 118 The construction of mental maps 129 Orientation * 142 The subjective definition of areas 149 Subjective distance - space and time 169 Subjective urban morphology 174 4 The Importance and Nature of Environmental Perception 178 The multisensory nature of perception 184 Information approaches - sensory deprivation and overload 195 Density and privacy in sensory terms 201 Environmental complexity 207 The notion of noticeable differences 220 Effects of scale and speed of movement . 240 5 The City in terms ofSocial, Cultural and Territorial Variables 248 Clustering and urban enclaves 249 Socio-cultural aspects of the city 265 The relevance of ethological concepts in the city 277 Public and private domains 289 Behavior setting System 298 The house-settlement System 305 6 The Distinction Between Associational and Perceptual Worlds 316 Symbolism and the urban environment 319 Environment as communication 325 Culture, Symbols and form as ways of coping with overload 333 Cross-cultural view of the city differences in form and cultural landscapes 345 Designing for cultural pluralism 355 The involvement of people in their environment and its consequences 368
- 4. Contents vii Conclusion 383 References 385 Index ofNames 421 Index of Places , 429 Subiect Index 433